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TSF, or TransSexual Fiction, is a genre of fiction in which in which the sex of a central character is physically transformed typically in ways characteristic of science fiction and fantasy, making it distinct from transgender literature in which memoirs representations true to real life are common.


Terminology

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One early use of the term “transsexual fiction” was by American academic Karen Nakamura in 1997 with reference to stories shared by users of the online service CompuServe.[1]. “Transsexual fiction” has been commonly abbreviated TSF particularly with respect to manga even to the extent of those English letters being used as the descriptor of the genre in Japan,[2] where the acronym is also interpreted as standing for "transsexual fantasy" as well.[3]

Other terms have been used as well, including transgender (or TG) fiction[4], transgender SF,[5] gender bender[6] or gender bending[7], genderswap[8] (itself sometimes identified as a subgenre of genderfuck[9]), gender-change[10], gender transformation/Geschlechtertausch[11], transformation[12], and trans-body.[13] Issues have been raised for various reasons regarding some of these terms.

Terminology incorporating the word "gender" has been seen by some as problematic for failing to observe the sex–gender distinction.[14] "Genderswap" (or gender flip) is also used to refer to fan fiction and published works in which the sex of an established character is changed by an artist or author external to the work itself, i.e. there is no transformation within the work[15]; related concepts are Rule 63 and crossplay. "Gender bender" and "genderfuck" have also been used as non-binary terms of gender identity by some people.

History

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Folklore and Mythology

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There is a history in a number of cultures of superstitions and folk beliefs[16] as well as folk tales[17] and mythology[18] concerning sex being changed in supernatural ways. E.g. some instances of rainbows in mythology having that effect, and the stories of Ileana Simziana and of Tiresias.

Transvestite Literature

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Several authors who looked at transsexual fiction had also noted earlier studies, dating back to 1963, done by specialists in sexology reviewing “transvestite literature.”[19].

“Transvestite literature” was described as encompassing “straight prose, cartoon strips, photos, a combination of prose with cartoons or photos, and short poems,” both published and unpublished.[20] Those studying it observed the common elements of cross-dressing, forced feminization, and petticoating.[21]

While Ray Blanchard, in briefly touching on the subject in 2010, had used the term “transvestite fiction” interchangeably with “transgender fiction,”[22] in contrast, a 2018 dissertation that was entirely focused on the topic in detail observed, “‘TG’ media is actively disinterested in cross-dressing, instead telling stories about characters whose physical bodies are transformed”.[23]

Tropes

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Often stories of transformations are centered on a heterosexual cisgender man turned into a shapely woman[24]

transformation: magic, curse, chemicals, hormones, alien technology, disease, gene editing or mutation, or surgery that goes beyond the current real-world capabilities of gender-affirming surgery (sometimes shapeshifting?)

or

body swap: magic, possession, brain transplant

unwilling: trick, accident, punishment

facing challenges of having new body: breasts (often large), menstruation, physically weaker, wearing new clothing that conceals transformation or that is feminine, sex

gender dysphoria

eventually adjusts to and welcomes change

bimbofication

Nakamura 1997; Ogas 2012; Hirai 2017; Pilbeam 2018; Hirai 2021.

Media

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The genre has particularly been examined with respect to captioned images ("TG captions")[25], webcomics[26], online erotic literature[27],and manga and anime[28]. Examples have also been identified among novels[29], films[30], and video games[31] as well as websites attempting to catalog examples across all forms of media, including Paul Pichette’s Gender Change Fiction List[32], the Transgender Guide[33], Metamorphose.org[34], and the TG Graphics and Fiction Archive[35], among others.

Examples

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A Florida Enchantment: novel and play (1890s) and film (1914).[36]

Turnabout: novel (1931)[37] and film (1940) about a married couple who switch bodies[38], lending its name to gender swaps in later works including the Star Trek episode "Turnabout Intruder" (1969)[39] and in the Superman comic book Superman #349 (1980) the story "The Turnabout Trap!"[40]

I Are You, You Am Me (1982) film[41]

Ranma ½ manga and anime (1980s-1990s)[42]

Kämpfer (2006-2013) light novel series, manga, and anime.[43]

Futaba-kun Change! manga (1990-1997)[44]

El Goonish Shive webcomic (2002-ongoing)[45]

Your Name (2016) animated film[46]

Notes

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  1. ^ Nakamura 1997, pp. 76-77.
  2. ^ Hirai 2017; Hirai 2021; Zuo 2023, p. 483.
  3. ^ 作成者: ライトノベル作法研究所 2009; Kirisaki 2023, p. 238.
  4. ^ Veale 2005, p. 27 and passim; Blanchard 2010, p. 368 n.3; Nuzzi 2011, p. 48; Pilbeam 2018, pp. 1-2.
  5. ^ Clute 2018.
  6. ^ Woods 2015, p. 18; Klink 2020, p. 174.
  7. ^ Galbraith 2013, p. 85.
  8. ^ Fielding 2015, 6; Director 2017, p. 15; Klink 2020, p. 174.
  9. ^ Beazley 2014, 8-9.
  10. ^ Matwychuk 1998, p. 12.
  11. ^ Costabile-Heming 1997.
  12. ^ Ogas 2012, p. 232-235.
  13. ^ Straayer 1996, pp. 70-74; McWilliam 2006, p. 63-71; Anderson 2011, p. 196 n. 95; Dung 2012, pp. 169, 212 n. 53; Meiri 2020.
  14. ^ Director 2017, pp. 15-16.
  15. ^ Director 2017, p. 14.
  16. ^ Roberts 1927, p. 163.
  17. ^ Pan 2013, passim; Ready 2021, passim.
  18. ^ Hodgkinson 1987, p. 17.
  19. ^ Nakamura 1997, p. 77; Blanchard 2010, p. 368; Veale 2008, p. 587.
  20. ^ Beigel 1963, 19; Ekins 1996, p. 73.
  21. ^ Beigel and Feldman 1963; Buhrich 1976; Talamini 1982, 43-44; Docter 1988, p. 46; Bullough 1993, 286-292; Ekins 1996, pp. 73-77; Meyerowitz 2001, p. 76.
  22. ^ Blanchard 2010, p. 368.
  23. ^ Pilbeam 2018, p. 89.
  24. ^ Nakamura 1997, p. 76; Ogas 2012, p. 232; Pilbeam 2018, p. 1 and passim.
  25. ^ Pilbeam 2018, 17-; Webb 2019, p. 28.
  26. ^ Campbell 2006, p. 149; Pilbeam 2018, passim.
  27. ^ Nakamura 1997; Boyd 2007, 277; Erhardt 2007, p. 42; Madden 2008, p. 265; Bland 2011, p. 246; Ogas 2012, pp. 232-235; Beedle 2021; Binnie 2022.
  28. ^ Galbraith 2013, p. 85; Woods 2015; Hirai 2017; Pilbeam 2018, pp. 15, 28, 30, et aliae; Kirisaki 2023.
  29. ^ Farrer 1996, p. 126; Pilbeam 2018, pp. 33-34.
  30. ^ Pilbeam 2018, pp. 16, 28, 34.
  31. ^ Pilbeam 2018, pp. 31, 38, 68-69.
  32. ^ Matwychuk 1998, p. 12
  33. ^ Banis 2004, pp. 358-359.
  34. ^ Pilbeam 2018, pp. 14-15.
  35. ^ Pilbeam 2018, p. 15.
  36. ^ Farrer 1996, p. 126; Straayer 1996, pp. 70-72.
  37. ^ Kessel 1994, p. 22; Farrer 1996, p. 131.
  38. ^ Pilbeam 2018, p. 34.
  39. ^ Coppa 2017, p. 263 n. 2.
  40. ^ Booker 2014, p. 1513.
  41. ^ Bornoff 1991, pp. 437-438; Oka 2016; Vigilla 2020.
  42. ^ Campbell 2006, p. 149; Nuzzi 2006, p. 48; Galbraith 2013, p. 85; Denny 2014, p. 563; Hirai 2017; Pilbeam 2018, pp. 29-30; Strayer 2021, p. 218; Etherington 2024, p. 435.
  43. ^ Pilbeam 2018, p. 30; Zuo 2023, passim.
  44. ^ Perper 2002, pp. 29-31, 67; Thompson 2007, p. 117.
  45. ^ Campbell 2006, p. 149; Strayer 2021, p. 217.
  46. ^ Oka 2016; Hui 2021, passim; Joubin 2024, p. 34.

References

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  • Anderson, Mark Lynn (2011). Twilight of the Idols: Hollywood and the Human Sciences in 1920s America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520267084.
  • Beigel, Hugo G.; Feldman, Robert (1963). "The Male Transvestite's Motivation in Fiction, Research and Reality". In Beigel, Hugo (ed.). Advances in Sex Research. NY: Harper and Row.
  • Bland, Jed (2011). "Twenty Five Years". In Purnell, Alice (ed.). Trans in the Twenty First Century: Concerning Gender Diversity. London: Beaumont Trust. ISBN 0952135779.
  • Booker, M. Keith (2014). "Gay and Lesbian Themes". Comics Through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. ISBN 9780313397516.
  • Bornoff, Nicholas (1991). Pink Samurai: The Pursuit and Politics of Sex in Japan. NY: Pocket Books. ISBN 0671742655.
  • Boyd, Helen (2007). She’s Not the Man I Married: My Life with a Transgender Husband. CA: Seal Press. ISBN 1580051936.
  • Campbell, T. (2006). A History of Webcomics: “The Golden Age”: 1993-2005. Vol. 1.0. San Antonio, TX: Antarctic Press. ISBN 9780976804390.
  • Costabile-Heming, Carole Anne (1997). Eigler, Friederike; Kord, Susanne (eds.). The Feminist Encyclopedia of German Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 205-206. ISBN 9780313293139.
  • Docter, Richard F. (1988). Transvestites and Transsexuals: Toward a Theory of Cross-Gender Behaviour. NY: Plenum Press. ISBN 0306428784.
  • Duong, Lan P. (2012). Treacherous Subjects: Gender, Culture, and Trans-Vietnamese Feminism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 9781439901786.
  • Erhardt, Virginia (2007). Head Over Heels: Wives Who Stay with Cross-Dressers and Transsexuals. NY: Routledge. ISBN 0789030950.
  • Farrer, Peter (1996). "120 Years of Male Cross-Dressing and Sex-Changing in English and American Literature.". In Ekins, Richard (ed.). Blending Genders: Social Aspects of Cross-Dressing and Sex-Changing. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415115515.
  • Galbraith, Patrick W. (2013). The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider's Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 1568365497.
  • Kessel, John (August 1994). "Parables and Other Stuff". Fantasy & Science Fiction. 87 (2).
  • Kirisaki, Suzume (2023). I Guess This Dragon Who Lost Her Egg to Disaster Is My Mom Now. Vol. 1. Cross Infinite World. ISBN 9798885601009.
  • Klink, Flourish; Pande, Rukmini; Hutton, Zina; Morimoto, Lori (2020). "A Roundtable Discussion about the Cultures of Fandom on Tumblr". In McCracken, Allison; Cho, Alexander; Stein, Louisa; Hoch, Indira Neill (eds.). A Tumblr Book: Platform and Cultures. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.11537055. ISBN 978-0-472-05456-5.
  • 作成者: ライトノベル作法研究所 [Light Novel Methodology Research Institute] (2009). キャラクター設計教室 [Character Design Workshop]. 秀和システム [Shuwa System]. ISBN 4798023396.
  • Madden, Ed (2008). Tiresian Poetics: Modernism, Sexuality, Voice, 1888-2001. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-1611472301.
  • Matwychuk, Paul (August 6–12, 1998). "Yes, there's a home page for everything; The Web's a godsend for fetishists". Vue Weekly. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  • Meiri, Sanra; Kohen-Raz, Odeya (2020). Traversing the Fantasy: The Dialectic of Desire/Fantasy and the Ethics of Narrative Cinema. NY: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781501328718.
  • Nuzzi, Chris (2011) [2006]. "Anime". In Gerstner, David A. (ed.). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture. NY: Routledge. ISBN 9780415569668.
  • Ogas, Ogi (2012). A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the Internet Tells Us About Sexual Relationships. NY: Plume. ISBN 0452297877.


  • Perper, Timothy (Winter 2002). "Eroticism for the Masses: Japanese Manga Comics and Their Assimilation into the U.S.". Sexuality & Culture. 6 (1): 3–126. doi:10.1007/s12119-002-1000-4.
  • Roberts, Hilda (1927). "Louisiana Superstitions". Journal of American Folk-Lore. 40 (156): 144–208. doi:10.2307/534893.
  • Straayer, Chris (1996). Deviant Eyes, Deviant Bodies: Sexual Re-Orientation in Film and Video. NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231079796.
  • Talamini, John T. (1982). Boys Will be Girls: The Hidden World of the Heterosexual Male Transvestite. Washington, DC: University Press of America. ISBN 0819124028.
  • Violeta, Karlyn J.; Langer, S. J. (2020). "Integration of Desire, Sexual Orientation, and Female Embodiment of a Transgender Woman Previously Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report". In Jacobson, Gary J.; Niemira, Jan C.; Violeta, Karlyn J. (eds.). Sex, Sexuality and Trans Identities: Clinical Guidance for Psychotherapists and Counselors. London: Jessica Kingsley. ISBN 9781785926174.
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