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Ukko

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Ukko
God of the sky, lightning, thunder, and harvest
Painting by Robert Ekman in 1867 called Lemminkäinen tulisella järvellä where Lemminkäinen asks help from Ukko ylijumala with crossing the lake in fire on his route to the wedding at Pohjola.
WeaponHammer, sword or axe
SymbolRowan tree, great mullein
ConsortAkka
Equivalents
GreekZeus
HinduIndra
Indo-EuropeanPerkwunos
RomanJupiter
SlavicPerun
NorseThor
BalticPerkūnas
SamiHoragalles[1]
Ukonkivi (Ukko's rock) in Lake Inari in Lapland. Ukonkivi was a holy site to the local Sami. Archeological finds, apparently offerings, have been found at site.

Ukko (Finnish: [ˈukːo]),[2] Äijä [ˈæi̯jæ] or Äijö [ˈæi̯jø] (Finnish for 'male grandparent', 'grandfather', 'old man'),[3][4] parallel to Uku in Estonian mythology,[5] is the god of the sky, weather, harvest, and thunder[6] across Finnic paganism.

Ukkonen, the Finnish word for thunder, is the diminutive form of the name Ukko.[a][b] Unto Salo [fi] believes that Ilmari, another Finnic sky god, is the origin of Ukko, but that as Ukko Ilmari experienced very significant, although far from total, influence from the Indo-European sky god especially in the form of Thor.[7][8] Some believe that Ukko's original name was Baltic Perkūnas.[9]

Ukko is considered to be the most significant god of Finnish mythology, although it is disputed by scholars whether this is accountable to later Christian influence. In the folk poems and prayers, he is also given the epithet Ylijumala ('Supreme God'), probably in reference to his status as the most highly regarded god and on the other hand his traditional domain in the heavens. Other names for Ukko include Pitkänen (pitkä, 'long'), Isäinen (isä, 'father'), Isoinen (iso, archaic form of the above, modern meaning 'great', 'big' or 'large'). Although portrayed active in myth, when appealed to Ukko makes all his appearances in legend solely by natural phenomena.[10] According to Martti Haavio, the name Ukko was sometimes used as a common noun or generalised epithet for multiple deities instead of denoting a specific god.[11]

Pre-Christian pendants associated with thunder gods. A Finnish type, B Swedish type, C Wolf's cross.

Origins

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Corded Ware culture boat-shaped battle axe from Närke, Sweden.

It is likely that the figure of Ukko is mostly Indo-European, possibly Baltic, in origin. Ukko is held by researchers of religion to be parallel to Indo-European patriarchal sky deities, for example to Zeus and Jupiter of the Classical Greco-Roman pantheon, the Indian Hindu god Indra, the Balto-Slavic god Perun-Perkūnas and the Norse god Thor. Tuuri, a Germanic loan and cognate of Thor, was possibly an alternate name for Ukko.[12] Tuuri is rarely encountered in Finnish mythology, and had been relegated to the mere role of deity of harvest and success.[citation needed]

It is possible that when Ukko took the position of the preceding sky god Ilmarinen, Ilmarinen's destiny was to become a mortal smith-hero.[citation needed] Stories tell about Ilmarinen vaulting the sky-dome.[13] Whether Ilmarinen was an earlier, assumably Uralic sky deity is regardless highly questionable. Some researchers hold Ilmarinen and Ukko equivalent.

The Sami worshipped a similar deity, called Aijeke, probably as result of cultural cross-contamination or common origin. The god was equated with Horagalles.

Finnish folklore

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Simplified drawing of a stone carving type found in Karelia, which is believed to have characteristics of both snakes and lightning.

Ukko possessed a weapon, often a hammer called Ukonvasara (Ukko's hammer), sometimes also an axe (Finnish: Ukonkirves) or a sword, by which he struck lightning (see thunderbolt). Ukko's weapon was largely comparable to the Norse Mjölnir, and Iron Age emblematic pendants depicting hammers and axes similar or identical to Scandinavian specimens have been unearthed in Finland. Like Mjölnir, Ukko's weapon has been linked by some to the boat-shaped battle axes of the Corded Ware culture.

Thunderbolts were sometimes called Ukon vaaja (bolt of Ukko) or Ukon nuoli (arrow of Ukko). It is possible that the Birch bark letter no. 292, written in a Baltic-Finnic language and unearthed in Novgorod, makes use of the metaphor, also referring to Ukko as doom-god according to one interpretation translated by Yuri Yeliseyev in modern English and interpreted in modern Finnish: God's arrow, ten [is] your name. This arrow is God's own. The Doom-God leads.[14] The name Ukon vaaja was also used of Neolithic stone tools such as battle axes, which were employed as thunderstones to be buried at the corners of dwellings

Thunderstorms were sometimes interpreted as result of Ukko copulating with his wife Akka lit. 'old woman'.[citation needed] He also was believed to cause thunderstorms by driving his chariot through the skies.

Neolithic stone carvings have been found in Russian Karelia which have features of both snakes and lightning. It is, however, uncertain whether these are directly connected to the figure of Ukko. Evidence for worship of snakes is found among different cultures around the Baltic, including the Estonians and Finns.[15]

There is evidence that the rowan tree was held sacred to Ukko.[6] Rauni, a vaguely defined being has been hypothesised to be cognate to Germanic words for the rowan tree through Old Norse: *raunir.[11]

The ladybird was also considered sacred to Ukko and called ukonlehmä (Ukko's cow).[12] The Finnish name of the great mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is ukontulikukka (Ukko's fire flower), also linked to worship of Ukko.[16]

Festivals dedicated to Ukko

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See also: Vakkajuhlat

Before the advent of Christianity, the Midsummer festival in Finland, today known as Juhannus after John the Baptist (Finnish: Johannes Kastaja), was held in honor of Ukko and called Ukon juhla (Festival of Ukko). This tradition carried to the 19th century.[17]

Also dedicated to Ukko were the Vakkajuhlat (Vakka festival) also known as Ukon vakat (Ukko's vakkas) or simply vakat (Vakkas). Vakkas were commonly held in May coinciding with the spring sowing. During Vakkas it was customary to consume or otherwise offer a container or some other vessel (Finnish: vakka) of an alcoholic beverage or food as sacrifice. It appears that often the festival was held in the community's sacred grove or hiisi where an animal sacrifice was sometimes also performed as part of the same festival. This ceremony was believed to guarantee good weather for the coming year and thus a good harvest.[6]

It appears that the vakka tradition was rather lively. The last uncontested reports of Vakkas being held originate in the 19th century, although sporadic reports also surface in the 20th century.[6] The festival is also mentioned by the Finnish reformer Mikael Agricola in his account of what from his point of view was Finnish idolatry.[18]

Eponymy

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A number of toponyms in Finland and surrounding regions contain some form of the name Ukko.

Finland

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Modern influence

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The Weather Channel list of winter storms for 2012 list Ukko as one of the alphabetic names they used.[19]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Compare to thunder (Old English: þunor) and German: donner (Old High German: donar) both derived from Proto-Germanic *þunraz and originally synonymic with appellations of the thunder god.
  2. ^ In Finnish, diminutive formations do not carry the same pejorative or belittling connotations they do in some other languages, for example Latin.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Turville-Petre, E. O. G. (1964). Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. Weidenfeld and Nicolson p. 98.
  2. ^ Andrews, Tamra (2000). Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the earth, sea, and sky. Oxford University Press. p. 214. ISBN 0-19-513677-2.
  3. ^ Suomen sanojen alkuperä. Helsinki, FI: SKS. 2000. ISBN 951-717-712-7.
  4. ^ "Äijät ja ämmät, vaarit ja muorit. Isovanhempien nimitykset suomen murteissa". Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
  5. ^ Sapas, J. (October 1919). "Heathan religions of the ancient Estonians". The Esthonian Review. Vol. 1, no. 4. London, UK. pp. 145–146 (re:Uku). Retrieved 2023-07-04 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ a b c d Haavio, Martti (1967). Suomalainen mytologia. Porvoo Helsinki, FI: WSOY.
  7. ^ Salo, Unto (1990). Agricola's Ukko in the light of archeology. A chronological and interpretative study of ancient Finnish religion: Old Norse and Finnish religions and cultic place-names. Turku. ISBN 951-649-695-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Salo, Unto (2006). Ukko: The god of thunder of the ancient Finns and his Indo-European family. Institute for the Study of Man. ISBN 978-0941694940.
  9. ^ Siikala, Anna-Leena (2013). Itämerensuomalaisten mytologia. Helsinki: SKS.
  10. ^ Salo, Unto (1990). Agricola's Ukko in the light of archeology. Turku. ISBN 951-649-695-4. A chronological and interpretative study of ancient Finnish religion: Old Norse and Finnish religions and cultic place-names.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ a b Haavio, Martti (1959). Karjalan jumalat. Porvoo: WSOY.
  12. ^ a b Virrankoski, Pentti (2009). Suomen historia. Vol. 1 & 2. Helsinki: SKS. ISBN 978-952-222-160-5.
  13. ^ Crawford, John Martin, ed. (1888). "Rune X". The Kalevala. stanza 17.
  14. ^ Елисеев, Ю.С. (1959). "Древнейший письменный памятник одного из прибалтийско-финских языков" [The most ancient written monument of one of the Baltic-Finnish languages]. Изв. АН СССР (in Russian). 18 (1). Отд-ние лит. и языка: 65–72.
  15. ^ "Suojelevat käärmeet". taivaannaula.org. 4 April 2011.
  16. ^ Halkka, Antti; et al. (1998) [1994]. Kotimaan luonto-opas (in Finnish) (5th ed.). Porvoo, Helsinki, Juva: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. p. 139. ISBN 951-0-19804-8.
  17. ^ "Juhannus, mittumaari, vuotuisjuhlista vehrein". Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
  18. ^ Agricola, Mikael. "3. B. Selostus suomalaisten vanhoista epäjumalista". 3. Alcupuhe Psaltarin päle, 1551. Otteita esipuheen runomuotoisesta loppuosasta. vvks.info (Report). Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
  19. ^ "Why we name winter storms". The Weather Channel (weather.com). 1 October 2012. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
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