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Coordinates: 50°37′40″N 3°03′30″E / 50.6278°N 3.0583°E / 50.6278; 3.0583
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For other uses, see Lille (disambiguation).

Lille
Rijsel (Dutch)
Lile (Picard)
Rysel (West Flemish)
Prefecture and commune
From top to bottom, left to right: the Lille Tower, some towers of Euralille, the Rue de la Clef in Old Lille, the Place du Général-de-Gaulle, the Shangri-La tulip sculpture for Lille 2004, the Porte de Paris with the belfry of the City Hall and Lille-Flandres train station
From top to bottom, left to right: the Lille Tower, some towers of Euralille, the Rue de la Clef in Old Lille, the Place du Général-de-Gaulle, the Shangri-La tulip sculpture for Lille 2004, the Porte de Paris with the belfry of the City Hall and Lille-Flandres train station
Flag of Lille
Flag
Coat of arms of Lille
Coat of arms
Location of Lille
Map
Lille is located in France
Lille
Lille
Lille is located in Hauts-de-France
Lille
Lille
Coordinates: 50°37′40″N 3°03′30″E / 50.6278°N 3.0583°E / 50.6278; 3.0583
CountryFrance
RegionHauts-de-France
DepartmentNord
ArrondissementLille
CantonLille-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
IntercommunalityEuropean Metropolis of Lille
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Martine Aubry[1] (PS)
Area
1
34.8 km2 (13.4 sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2020[2])
446.7 km2 (172.5 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2020[3])
1,666.4 km2 (643.4 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[4]
236,710
 • Rank10th in France
 • Density6,800/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (Jan. 2020[5])
1,053,636
 • Urban density2,400/km2 (6,100/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (Jan. 2020[6])
1,515,061
 • Metro density910/km2 (2,400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
59350 /59000, 59800
Websitewww.lille.fr
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Lille (/ˈliːl/ LEEL; French: [lil] ⓘ; Dutch: Rijsel [ˈrɛisəl]; Picard: Lile; West Flemish: Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, within French Flanders. Positioned along the Deûle river, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture of the Nord department, and the main city of the European Metropolis of Lille.

The city of Lille proper had a population of 236,234 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of 35 km2 (14 sq mi),[7] but together with its French suburbs and exurbs the Lille metropolitan area (French part only), which extends over 1,666 km2 (643 sq mi), had a population of 1,515,061 that same year (Jan. 2020 census),[6] the fourth most populated in France after Paris, Lyon, and Marseille. The city of Lille and 94 suburban French municipalities have formed since 2015 the European Metropolis of Lille, an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues, with a population of 1,182,250 at the Jan. 2020 census.[8]

More broadly, Lille belongs to a vast conurbation formed with the Belgian cities of Mouscron, Kortrijk, Tournai and Menin, which gave birth in January 2008 to the Eurometropolis Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai, the first European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), which has more than 2.1 million inhabitants.

Nicknamed in France the "Capital of Flanders", Lille and its surroundings belong to the historical region of Romance Flanders, a former territory of the county of Flanders that is not part of the linguistic area of West Flanders. A garrison town (as evidenced by its Citadel), Lille has had an eventful history from the Middle Ages to the French Revolution. Very often besieged during its history, it belonged successively to the Kingdom of France, the Burgundian State, the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and the Spanish Netherlands before being definitively attached to the France of Louis XIV following the War of Spanish Succession along with the entire territory making up the historic province of French Flanders. Lille was again under siege in 1792 during the Franco-Austrian War, and in 1914 and 1940. It was severely tested by the two world wars of the 20th century during which it was occupied and suffered destruction.

A merchant city since its origins and a manufacturing city since the 16th century, the Industrial Revolution made it a great industrial capital, mainly around the textile and mechanical industries. Their decline, from the 1960s onwards, led to a long period of crisis and it was not until the 1990s that the conversion to the tertiary sector and the rehabilitation of the disaster-stricken districts gave the city a different face. Today, the historic center, Old Lille, is characterized by its 17th-century red brick town houses, its paved pedestrian streets and its central Grand'Place. The belfry of the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) is one of the 23 belfries in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Somme regions that were classified as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in July 2005, in recognition of their architecture and importance to the rise of municipal power in Europe.[9]

The construction of the brand-new Euralille business district in 1988 (now the third largest in France) and the arrival of the TGV and then the Eurostar in 1994 put Lille at the heart of the major European capitals. The development of its international airport, annual events such as the Braderie de Lille in early September (attracting three million visitors), the development of a student and university center (with more than 110,000 students, the third largest in France behind Paris and Lyon), its ranking as a European Capital of Culture in 2004 and the events of Lille 2004 (European Capital of Culture) and Lille 3000 are the main symbols of this revival. The European metropolis of Lille was awarded the "World Design Capital 2020".[10]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Lille
See also: Timeline of Lille

Origins

[edit]

Archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC,[citation needed] most notably in the modern quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes and Vieux Lille. The original inhabitants of the region were the Gauls, such as the Menapians, the Morins, the Atrebates and the Nervians, who were followed by Germanic peoples: the Saxons, the Frisians and the Franks.

The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of Lille at 640. In the 8th century, the language of Old Low Franconian was spoken, as attested by toponymic research.[dubious – discuss][citation needed] Lille's Dutch name is Rijsel, which comes from ter ijsel (at the island) from Middle Dutch ijssel ("small island, islet"), calque of Old French l'Isle ("the Island"), itself from Latin Īnsula, from īnsula ("island").

From 830 to around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. After the destruction caused by Normans' and the Magyars' invasion, the eastern part of the region was ruled by various local princes.

The first mention of the town dates from 1066: apud Insulam (Latin for "at the island"). It was then controlled by the County of Flanders, as were the regional cities (the Roman cities Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai as well as the Carolingian cities Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Ghent and Bruges). The County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the Scheldt, one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe.

Middle Ages

[edit]

The Carolingian duke Évrard lived in the city in the 9th century and participated in many of the day's political and military affairs. There was an important Battle of Lille in 1054. Raimbert of Lille (fl. c. 1100) was an early nominalist who taught at Lille.[11]

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. In 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier Saint-Sauveur.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and East Frankia and tried to regain territory taken by Philip II of France following Henry II of England's death, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. She was said to be well loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000.

In 1225, the street performer and juggler Bertrand Cordel, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared at the battle of Adrianople. He pushed the counties of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. In 1226 the king agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital (Hospice Comtesse). It was in her honour that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century.

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Margaret's son, Guy of Dampierre. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305).

The county of Flanders fell to the Burgundian State next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital.

On 17 February 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philip the Good organised a Pantagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Feast of the Pheasant". There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity.

In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders.

Early modern era

[edit]
The Vieille Bourse on the Grand' Place

The 16th and the 17th centuries were marked by a boom in the regional textile industry, the Protestant revolts and outbreaks of the plague.

Lille came under the rule of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1519. The Low Countries fell to his eldest son, Philip II of Spain, in 1555. The city remained under Spanish Habsburg rule until 1668. Calvinism first appeared in the area in 1542, and by 1555, the authorities were taking steps to suppress that form of Protestantism. In 1566, the countryside around Lille was affected by the Iconoclastic Fury.[12] In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, and they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. At the same time (1581), at the call of Elizabeth I of England, the north of the Seventeen Provinces, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the Dutch Republic. The war brought or exacerbated periods of famine and plague (the last in 1667–1679).[13]

The first printer to set up shop in Lille was Antoine Tack in 1594. The 17th century saw the building of new institutions: an Irish College in 1610, a Jesuit college in 1611, an Augustinian college in 1622, almshouses or hospitals such as the Maison des Vieux hommes in 1624 and the Bonne et Forte Maison des Pauvres in 1661, and of a Mont-de-piété in 1626.[14]

1641 map of Lille in Flandria Illustrata by Anton Sander

Unsuccessful French attacks on the city were launched in 1641 and 1645.[13] In 1667, Louis XIV of France (the Sun King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the French king to gradually gain the confidence of his new subjects in Lille, some of whom continued to feel Flemish, but they had always spoken the Romance Picard language.

Entrance to the Vauban Citadel (17th century)

For five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch during the War of the Spanish Succession. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic. It took little part in the French Revolution, but there were riots and the destruction of churches. In 1790, the city held its first municipal elections.

Post-French Revolution

[edit]

In 1792, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place" (officially named Place du Général-de-Gaulle), is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André-Bonte [fr]. Although Austrian artillery destroyed many houses and the main church of the city, the city did not surrender, and the Austrian Army left after eight days.

The city continued to grow and, by 1800, had some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the seat of the Nord département in 1804. In 1846, a railway connecting Paris and Lille was built. In the early 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing even more fully. The city was known for its cotton while the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool. Leisure activities were thoroughly organised in 1858 for the 80,000 inhabitants. Cabarets or taverns for the working class numbered 1,300, or one for every three houses. At that time the city counted 63 drinking and singing clubs, 37 clubs for card players, 23 for bowling, 13 for skittles, and 18 for archery. The churches likewise have their social organizations. Each club had a long roster of officers, and a busy schedule of banquets festivals and competitions.[15] In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his lullaby "P'tit quinquin".

In 1858, Lille annexed the adjacent towns of Esquermes, Fives, Moulins-Lille and Wazemmes.[16] Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory.

By 1912, Lille's population stood at 217,000. The city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. The entire region grew wealthy thanks to its mines and textile industry.

First World War

[edit]
German military parade in Lille, 1915

Lille's occupation by the Germans began on 13 October 1914 after a ten-day siege and heavy shelling, which destroyed 882 apartment and office blocks and 1,500 houses, mostly around the railway station and in the centre. By the end of October, the city was being run by German authorities. Because Lille was only 20 km from the battlefield, German troops passed through the city regularly on their way to and from the front. As a result, occupied Lille became a place for the hospitalisation and the treatment of wounded soldiers as well as a place for soldiers' relaxation and entertainment. Many buildings, homes and businesses were requisitioned to those ends.[17]

Lille was liberated by the Allies on 17 October 1918, when General Sir William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. The general was made an honorary citizen of the city of Lille on 28 October.

The only[citation needed] audio recording known to have been made during World War I was recorded near Lille in October 1918. The two-minute recording captured the Royal Garrison Artillery conducting a gas shell bombardment.[18]

Lille was also the hunting ground of the German World War I flying ace Max Immelmann, who was nicknamed "the Eagle of Lille".

[edit]
Lille city hall
Lille's Art Deco Town Hall (1932)

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first anti-tuberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). The Opéra de Lille, designed by Lille architect Louis M. Cordonnier, was dedicated in 1923.

From 1931, Lille felt the repercussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935, a third of the city's population lived in poverty. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front but eventually killed himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him.

Second World War

[edit]
Wrecked vehicles in Lille, after the 1940 siege of the city
Main article: Lille during World War II

During the Battle of France, Lille was besieged by German forces for several days. When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still haunted by the events of World War I, began to flee the city in large numbers. Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, and was never controlled by the Vichy government in France. Lille was instead controlled under the military administration in Northern France. The départements of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkirk) were for the most part liberated from 1 to 5 September 1944, by British, Canadian and Polish troops. On 3 September, German troops began to leave Lille out of fear of the British, who were on their way from Brussels. The city was liberated by a British force consisting largely of tanks.[19]

Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, normality had returned to Lille.

Postwar

[edit]
Euralille quarter
The Euralille quarter

In 1967, the Chamber of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969 the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille.

Throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. From the early 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector.

Pierre Mauroy served as Mayor of Lille for 28 years from 1973 to 2001. Mauroy was Prime Minister for part of the term of Francois Mitterrand.

In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated rapid transit underground network, opened. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. This, with the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 and the arrival of the Eurostar train put Lille at the centre of a triangle connecting Paris, London and Brussels.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodelling project, began in 1991. The Euralille Centre was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops and apartments. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened for the general public, which is free for the public to enter on the first Sunday of every month.

21st century

[edit]

Lille was chosen as a European Capital of Culture in 2004,[20] along with the Italian city of Genoa.

Lille and Roubaix were affected by the 2005 riots, like all of France's other urban centres.

In 2007 and again in 2010, Lille was awarded the label "Internet City".[by whom?][citation needed]

The Saint-Joseph Chapel of Saint-Paul College was demolished in February 2021.[21]

Climate

[edit]

Lille can be described as having a temperate oceanic climate; summers normally do not reach high average temperatures, but winters can fall below freezing temperatures, though with averages still above the freezing mark. Precipitation is plentiful year round.

The table below gives average temperatures and precipitation levels for the 1991–2020 reference period.

Climate data for Lille (LIL), elevation: 47 m (154 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.9
(82.2) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		41.5
(106.7) 		37.1
(98.8) 		35.1
(95.2) 		27.8
(82.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		41.5
(106.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.5
(45.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.0
(44.6) 		15.0
(59.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		4.7
(40.5) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		7.6
(45.7) 		4.7
(40.5) 		11.3
(52.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		1.9
(35.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.3
(48.7) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.2
(57.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.4
(47.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.3
(36.1) 		7.5
(45.5)
Record low °C (°F) −19.5
(−3.1) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−17.3
(0.9) 		−19.5
(−3.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.2
(2.29) 		50.8
(2.00) 		52.1
(2.05) 		45.3
(1.78) 		61.6
(2.43) 		63.7
(2.51) 		67.8
(2.67) 		71.3
(2.81) 		56.8
(2.24) 		64.1
(2.52) 		75.0
(2.95) 		73.3
(2.89) 		740.0
(29.13)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.2 10.6 10.1 9.2 9.5 9.8 9.9 9.9 9.7 10.8 13.3 12.2 126.2
Average snowy days 4.9 4.1 3.2 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 3.8 19.2
Average relative humidity (%) 88 85 82 79 78 79 78 78 83 87 89 90 83
Mean monthly sunshine hours 62.2 73.6 127.3 175.9 195.7 201.5 209.7 196.8 155.3 115.3 61.7 52.5 1,627.4
Source 1: Meteo France[22]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)[23]

Environment

[edit]

Lille is noted for its air pollution, with a 2018 study attributing 1,700 deaths per year in the agglomeration of Lille to pollution. In 2018, Lille held France's record pollution peaks.[24]

Population

[edit]

The population data in the table and graph to the left below refer to the commune of Lille proper in its borders since 2000, i.e. a municipal territory of 35 km2 (14 sq mi). This includes the former communes annexed by the commune of Lille: Esquermes, Fives, Moulins-Lille, and Wazemmes in 1858, Hellemmes-Lille in 1977, and Lomme in 2000.[16]

The Lille metropolitan area (table to the right below), which is much larger than the small commune of Lille proper, covers a territory of 1,666 km2 (643 sq mi) (French part of the metropolitan area only) and had a population of 1,515,061 in 2020 (Jan. census).[6]

Population of the commune of Lille (35 km2)
(within 2020 borders)
YearPop.±% p.a.
180671,067—    
182175,070+0.37%
183183,588+1.08%
183688,112+1.00%
184190,882+0.62%
184699,099+1.72%
1851104,017+0.97%
1856116,738+2.45%
1861135,944+3.05%
1866160,508+3.38%
1872164,355+0.40%
1876169,686+0.71%
1881186,388+1.84%
1886197,963+1.34%
1891211,884+1.41%
1896228,920+1.57%
1901227,090−0.16%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1906225,725−0.12%
1911240,799+1.30%
1921225,603−0.65%
1926236,134+0.92%
1931240,348+0.35%
1936240,747+0.03%
1946221,480−0.83%
1954236,284+0.79%
1962239,955+0.20%
1968238,554−0.10%
1975219,204−1.21%
1982196,705−1.53%
1990198,691+0.13%
1999226,014+1.44%
2009226,827+0.04%
2014233,897+0.62%
2020236,234+0.17%
Source: EHESS[16] and INSEE[7]
Population of the Lille metropolitan area (1,666 km2)
(201 communes, within 2020 borders)
YearPop.±% p.a.
1806 370,322—    
1821 395,338+0.44%
1831 434,838+0.96%
1836 452,668+0.76%
1841 472,634+0.87%
1846 502,181+1.20%
1851 519,591+0.68%
1856 549,796+1.19%
1861 608,512+2.02%
1866 678,660+2.21%
1872 710,385+0.76%
1876 747,544+1.14%
1881 792,750+1.14%
1886 839,849+1.28%
1891 892,240+1.25%
1896 948,958+1.25%
1901 979,033+0.63%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1906 994,319+0.31%
1911 1,031,986+0.75%
1921 918,777−1.16%
1926 1,018,284+2.08%
1931 1,064,589+0.89%
1936 1,063,592−0.02%
1946 1,030,730−0.31%
1954 1,109,301+0.90%
1962 1,195,774+0.96%
1968 1,270,361+1.01%
1975 1,326,496+0.62%
1982 1,344,998+0.20%
1990 1,390,191+0.41%
1999 1,425,497+0.28%
2009 1,454,449+0.20%
2014 1,487,003+0.44%
2020 1,515,061+0.31%
Source: EHESS[25] and INSEE[26][6]

Economy

[edit]
Lille's Chamber of Commerce

A former major mechanical, food industry and textile manufacturing centre as well as a retail and finance center, Lille is the largest city of a conurbation, built like a network of cities: Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve-d'Ascq. The conurbation forms the Métropole Européenne de Lille which is France's fourth-largest urban conglomeration with a 2016 population of over 1.15 million.[27]

Revenues and taxes

[edit]

For centuries, Lille, a city of merchants, has displayed a wide range of incomes: great wealth and poverty have lived side by side, especially until the end of the 1800s. This contrast was noted by Victor Hugo in 1851 in his poem Les Châtiments: « Caves de Lille ! on meurt sous vos plafonds de pierre ! » ("Cellars of Lille! We die under your stone ceilings!")

Employment

[edit]

Employment in Lille has switched over half a century from a predominant industry to tertiary activities and services. Services account for 91% of employment in 2006.

Employment in Lille[28] from 1968 to 2015
Business area 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2015
Agriculture 340 240 144 116 175 74
Industry and construction 51,900 43,500 34,588 22,406 15,351 8,427
Tertiary activities 91,992 103,790 107,916 114,992 122,736 149,795
Total 144,232 147,530 142,648 137,514 138,262 158,296
Sources of data: INSEE[29][30]
Employment per categories in 1968 and in 2017
  Farmers Businesspersons,
entrepreneurs 		Upper class Middle class Employees Blue-collar worker
1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017 1968 2017
Lille 0.1% 0.0% 7.8% 3.6% 7.5% 29.0% 16.7% 26.0% 33.1% 25.0% 34.9% 13.4%
France 12.5% 1.3% 9.9% 6.0% 5.2% 16.3% 12.4% 24.8% 22.5% 28.5% 37.6% 21.5%
Sources of data : INSEE[31][30][32]
Unemployment in active population from 1968 to 2017
1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2007 2017
Lille 2.9% 4.6% 10.3% 14.6% 16.9% 16.7% 19.2%
France 2.1% 3.8% 7.4% 10.1% 11.7% 11.5% 13.9%
Sources of data : INSEE[31][30][32]

Enterprises

[edit]

At the end of 2015, Lille hosts around 28,000 industry or service establishments.

Enterprises as per 31 December 2015
  Enterprises Number of employees Total employees
None 1 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50+
Agriculture 20 17 2 0 0 1 74
Industries 804 543 186 27 23 25 5423
Construction 1606 1247 282 45 24 8 3004
Commerce, transports, services 16410 11742 3721 477 294 176 55707
Car sales and repair 4815 3105 1495 138 48 29 12962
Administration, education, health, social work 4536 3357 599 196 181 203 81126
Total 28191 20011 6285 883 570 442 158296
Source of data : INSEE[30]

Main sights

[edit]
EuraTechnologies cluster

Lille features an array of architectural styles with various amounts of Flemish influence, including the use of brown and red brick. In addition, many residential neighborhoods, especially in Greater Lille, consist of attached two- to three-storey houses aligned in a row, with narrow gardens in the back. These architectural attributes, many uncommon in France, help make Lille a transition in France to neighboring Belgium, as well as nearby Netherlands and England, where the presence of brick, as well as row houses or the terraced house is much more prominent.

Points of interest include

La Braderie

[edit]
Main article: Braderie de Lille

Lille hosts an annual braderie on the first weekend in September.[33] Its origins are thought to date back to the twelfth century and between two and three million visitors are drawn into the city. It is one of the largest gatherings of France and the largest flea market in Europe.

Many of the roads in the inner city (including much of the old town) are closed and local shops, residents and traders set up stalls in the street.

[edit]
  • Column of the Goddess
    Column of the Goddess
  • Lille Grand Place. La Voix du Nord (newspaper offices)
    Lille Grand Place. La Voix du Nord (newspaper offices)
  • Lille Grand Place
    Lille Grand Place
  • Lille Cathedral
    Lille Cathedral
  • Théâtre Sébastopol
    Théâtre Sébastopol
  • Lion d'or square
    Lion d'or square
  • Porte de Roubaix
    Porte de Roubaix
  • Rihour palace
    Rihour palace
  • Lille Synagogue, 1891
    Lille Synagogue, 1891
  • Anglican Christ Church
    Anglican Christ Church
  • Hôtels particuliers rue Négrier, Vieux-Lille
    Hôtels particuliers rue Négrier, Vieux-Lille

Transport

[edit]

Public transport

[edit]
Lille metro
Lille metro
Main article: Ilevia

The Métropole Européenne de Lille has a mixed mode public transport system, which is considered one of the most modern in the whole of France. It comprises buses, trams and a driverless light metro system, all of which are operated under the Transpole name. The Lille Metro is a VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) that opened on 16 May 1983, becoming the first automatic light metro line in the world. The system has two lines, with a total length of 45 kilometres (28 miles) and 60 stations.[34] The tram system consists of two interurban tram lines, connecting central Lille to the nearby communities of Roubaix and Tourcoing, and has 45 stops. Sixty-eight urban bus routes cover the metropolis, 8 of which reach into Belgium.[35]

Railways

[edit]
Lille Flandres railway station

Lille is an important junction in the European high-speed rail network. It lies on the Eurostar line to London (80-minute journey). The French TGV network also puts it only 1 hour from Paris and 38 minutes from Brussels[36] and connects it to other major centres in France such as Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse. Lille has two railway stations next to each other: Lille-Europe station (Gare de Lille-Europe), which primarily serves high-speed trains and international services (Eurostar), and Lille-Flandres station (Gare de Lille-Flandres), which primarily serves lower-speed regional trains and regional Belgian trains.

Highways

[edit]
Lille: motorway network

Five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:

A sixth one—the A24—would have linked Amiens to Lille if built, but the project was rejected several times then abandoned.

Air traffic

[edit]

Lille Lesquin International Airport is 15 minutes from the city centre by car (11 km). In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year.[37] Its passenger traffic, around 1.2 million in 2010, is modest due to the proximity to Brussels, Charleroi, and Paris-CDG airports. The airport mostly connects other French and European cities (some with low-cost airlines).

Waterways

[edit]
Port de Lille

Lille is the third-largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km (423 mi) of navigable waters. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the river Scarpe and the river Scheldt (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys (to Dunkerque and Calais).

Shipping statistics

Year 1997 2000 2003
Millions of tonnes 5.56 6.68 7.30
By river or sea 8.00% 8.25% 13.33%
By rail 6.28% 4.13% 2.89%
By road 85.72% 87.62% 83.78%

Education

[edit]

With a student population of over 110,000 students within its metropolitan area, Lille is one of the major French student cities.

With roots[38] from 1562 to 1793 as University of Douai, (then as Université Impériale in 1808), the State University of Lille was established in Lille in 1854 with Louis Pasteur as the first dean of its Faculty of Sciences. A school of medicine and an engineering school were also established in Lille in 1854 and the University of Lille was united as the association of existing public Faculties in 1896. It was then split into three independent university campuses in 1970: Lille 1 University of Science and Technology, Lille 2 University of Law and Health and Lille 3 Charles de Gaulle University of Humanities, Social sciences, Literature and Arts.

In early 2018, the three universities merged to form the new University of Lille (student enrollment: 70,000). The new university is part of the Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France and the European Doctoral College Lille Nord de France.

Further institutions of higher education established or active in Lille include:

Arts et Métiers ParisTech

Lille is also site of the University and Polytechnic Federation of Lille (Fédération Universitaire et Polytechnique de Lille), a large private educational university that includes a medical school, business school, law school, etc.

Notable people

[edit]

The Arts

[edit]
Émile Bernard, 1897
Carolus-Duran, 1879

Politics, military and public service

[edit]
Charles De Gaulle as depicted on streetart in Lille

Science & Mathematics

[edit]
Bust of Charles Barrois in the Lille Natural History Museum
Jean Perrin, 1926

Sport

[edit]

Media and sports

[edit]

Local newspapers include Nord éclair and La Voix du Nord.

France's national public television network has a channel that focuses on the local area: France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

The city's most major association football club, Lille OSC, currently plays in Ligue 1, the highest level of football in France. The club has won eight major national trophies and regularly features in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. In the 2010–11 season, Lille won the league and cup double. In 2020–21, they won the league and supercup.

Lille's Stade Pierre-Mauroy was the playground for the final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 2015. The same venue will host handball at the 2024 Summer Olympics as Paris getting the city being part instead football, where the city was eliminated as co-host city. It was in Lille that the 100th World Esperanto Congress took place, in 2015.

Lille is home to Lille Lacrosse [fr], former national champion [fr] and continuously one of France's best lacrosse teams. The team plays its home games at Halle de glisse [fr].

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Lille is twinned with:[48][49]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Comparateur de territoire - Unité urbaine 2020 de Lille (partie française) (59702)". INSEE. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  3. ^ "Comparateur de territoire - Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Lille (partie française) (004)". INSEE. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  4. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  5. ^ INSEE. "Statistiques locales - Lille (partie française) : Unité urbaine 2020 - Population municipale 2020". Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d INSEE. "Statistiques locales - Lille (partie française) : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 - Population municipale 2020". Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  7. ^ a b INSEE. "Historique des populations communales - Recensements de la population 1876-2020" (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  8. ^ "Statistiques locales - Métropole Européenne de Lille : Intercommunalité 2021 - Population municipale 2020". INSEE. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  9. ^ "Belfries of Belgium and France". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  10. ^ "Lille Métropole 2020, Capitale Mondiale Du Design". Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  11. ^ Poole, Reginald Lane (1960). Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought and Learning (2 ed.). New York, NY: Dover. pp. 92–93.
  12. ^ Trenard (1981), p. 456.
  13. ^ a b Trenard (1981), p. 457.
  14. ^ Trenard (1981), pp. 456–457.
  15. ^ Theodore Zeldin, France, 1848-1945, vol. 2, Intellect, Taste and Anxiety (1977) pp 2:270-71.
  16. ^ a b c Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Lille, EHESS (in French).
  17. ^ Wallart, Claudine. Lille under German Rule. Remembrance Trails of the Great War. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  18. ^ "Reproducing Traces of War: Listening to Gas Shell Bombardment, 1918". 7 July 2014.
  19. ^ Landry, Gérard (1982). Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing sous l'occupation (in French). Rennes: Ouest-France. ISBN 9782858824236.
  20. ^ "Lille 2004 European Capital of Culture". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
  21. ^ "Lille : des militants identitaires s'opposent à la démolition de la chapelle Saint-Joseph". France 3 Hauts-de-France (in French). Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  22. ^ "Lille-Lesquin (59)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  23. ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Lille-Lesquin – altitude 47m" (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  24. ^ "Particules fines À Lille, un 60e jour de pollution cette année alors que l'OMS en recommande 3 maximum..." lavoixdunord.fr (in French). 15 December 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  25. ^ EHESS. "Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui". Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  26. ^ INSEE. "Statistiques locales - Lille (partie française) : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 - Population municipale (historique depuis 1876)". Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  27. ^ Louis Boisgibault, Fahad Al Kabbani (2020): Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts. Wiley - ISTE. (Energy series) ISBN 9781786304995.
  28. ^ Including the formerly independent communes Lomme and Hellemmes-Lille
  29. ^ "Population active ayant un emploi par secteur d'activité par commune et département de travail (1968 à 1999)" (ZIP) (in French). INSEE. 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  30. ^ a b c d Dossier complet: Commune de Lille (59350), INSEE, retrieved 14 September 2020
  31. ^ a b "Population active selon la catégorie socioprofessionnelle et la position vis à vis de l'emploi par commune et département (1968 à 1999)" (ZIP) (in French). INSEE. 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  32. ^ a b Dossier complet: France entière, INSEE, retrieved 14 September 2020
  33. ^ "The September 'Braderie'". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015.
  34. ^ "Public Transport". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
  35. ^ "Travel & Transport". La mairie de Lille. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
  36. ^ "Coming by train". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
  37. ^ "Lille Lesquin (LFQQ)". AVSIM. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  38. ^ Rapport Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine L'Optimisation du réseau de formation initiale d'enseignement supérieur en région, rapport de M. Alain Lottin Au Conseil Economique et Social Régional Présenté lors de la séance plénière du 7 novembre 2006.
  39. ^ Management, IESEG School of. "IÉSEG School of Management - Business School in France (Paris - Lille)". IÉSEG. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  40. ^ "Bourignon, Antoinette" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 332.
  41. ^ "Carolus-Duran" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 381.
  42. ^ "Lalo, Edouard" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 96.
  43. ^ Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Samain, Albert Victor" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 106–107.
  44. ^ "Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 379.
  45. ^ "Isabella of Hainaut" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 860.
  46. ^ Alphandéry, Paul Daniel (1911). "Alain de Lille" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 467–468.
  47. ^ "Barrois, Charles" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 438–439.
  48. ^ "Lille, une ville au coeur de l'Europe". lille.fr (in French). Lille. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  49. ^ "Nos villes partenaires". lille.fr (in French). Lille. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

Sources

[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of Lille
  • Codaccioni, Félix-Paul (1976). De l'inégalité sociale dans une grande ville industrielle, le drame de Lille de 1850 à 1914. Lille: Éditions Universitaires, Université de Lille 3. ISBN 2-85939-041-3.
  • Collectif (1999). Lille, d'un millénaire à l'autre (Fayard ed.). Fayard. ISBN 2-213-60456-8.
  • Despature, Perrine (2001). Le Patrimoine des Communes du Nord (Flohic ed.). Flohic. ISBN 2-84234-119-8.
  • Duhamel, Jean-Marie (2004). Lille, Traces d'histoire. Les patrimoines. La Voix du Nord. ISBN 2-84393-079-0.
  • Gérard, Alain (1991). Les grandes heures de Lille. Perrin. ISBN 2-262-00743-8.
  • Legillon, Paulette; Dion, Jacqueline (1975). Lille : portrait d'une cité. Axial.
  • Lottin, Alain (2003). Lille – D'Isla à Lille-Métropole. Histoire des villes du Nord. La Voix du Nord. ISBN 2-84393-072-3.
  • Maitrot, Eric; Cary, Sylvie (2007). Lille secret et insolite. Les Beaux Jours. ISBN 978-2-35179-011-3.
  • Marchand, Philippe (2003). Histoire de Lille. Jean-Paul Gisserot. ISBN 2-87747-645-6.
  • Monnet, Catherine (2004). Lille : portrait d'une ville. Jacques Marseille. ISBN 2-914967-02-0.
  • Paris, Didier; Mons, Dominique (2009). Lille Métropole, Laboratoire du renouveau urbain. Parenthèses. ISBN 978-2-86364-223-8.
  • Pierrard, Pierre (1979). Lille, dix siècles d'histoire. Stock. ISBN 2-234-01135-3.
  • Trenard, Louis (1981). Histoire de Lille de Charles Quint à la conquête française (1500–1715). Toulouse: Privat. ISBN 978-2708923812.
  • Versmée, Gwenaelle (2009). Lille méconnu. Jonglez. ISBN 978-2-915807-56-1.
[edit]
  • [1] - Official website
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