Turks in Russia
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 109,883 (2010 census) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Languages | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Sunni Islam Minority Alevism, Other religions and Irreligion |
Turks in Russia (Turkish: Rusya'daki Türkler, Russian: Турки в России), also referred to as Turkish Russians or Russian Turks, refers to people of full or partial ethnic Turkish origin who have either immigrated to Russia or who were born in the Russian state. The community is largely made up of several migration waves, including: descendants of Ottoman-Turkish captives during the Russo-Turkish wars; the Turkish Meskhetian community; and the more recent Turkish immigrants from the Republic of Turkey.[1]
History
[edit]
Ottoman migration
[edit]The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 8,570 Ottoman Turks living in the Soviet Union. The Ottoman Turks are no longer listed separately in the census, as it is presumed that those who were living in Russia in the 1920s have subsequently either been assimilated into Russian society or have left the country.[3]
Meskhetian Turks migration
[edit]During World War II, the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey. Vyacheslav Molotov, who was at the time the Minister of Foreign Affairs, made a request of the Turkish Ambassador in Moscow that Turkey surrender three Anatolian provinces (Kars, Ardahan and Artvin).[11] Thus, war against Turkey seemed possible, and Joseph Stalin wanted to commit a genocide to the strategic Turkish population situated in Meskheti, near the Turkish-Georgian border, since during the Russo-Turkish Wars the Turks of the region had been loyal to the Ottoman Empire and were therefore likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.[11][12] In 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were forcefully deported from Meskheti, Georgia and accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration with their kin across the Turkish border.[13]
Soviet authorities issued an official ruling that 17,000 Meskhetian Turks, virtually the entire Turkish population in the Ferghana Valley, be transported to Russia. Another 70,000 Meskhetian Turks from other parts of Uzbekistan soon followed the first wave of migrants and settled mainly in Azerbaijan and Russia.
In the late 1970s, the Stavropol and Krasnodar authorities visited various regions of Uzbekistan to invite and recruit Meskhetian Turks to work in agriculture enterprises in southern Russia.[4] In 1985, Moscow issued a proposal inviting more Meskhetian Turks to move to villages in southern Russia that had been abandoned by ethnic Russians who were moving to the cities. However, the Meskhetian Turks response was that they would only leave Uzbekistan if the move were to be to their homeland.[5] Then, in 1989, ethnic Uzbeks began a series of actions against the Turks; they became the victims of riots in the Ferghana valley which led to over a hundred deaths. Within days, Decision 503 was announced "inviting" the Turks to occupy the empty farms in southern Russia that they had resisted moving to for years and around 17,000 Meskhetian Turks were evacuated to Russia.[6][7] Meskhetian Turks maintain that Moscow had planned the Uzbek riots.[7] By the early 1990s, the 70,000 Meskhetian Turks who were still resident in Uzbekistan left for Azerbaijan, Russia and Ukraine due to fears of continued violence.[6]
Mainland Turkish migration
[edit]During the 2000s, Russia witnessed increasing numbers of immigrants from Turkey; the number of Turkish labour migrants grew, on average, by 30–50% per annum.[8] By 2008, over 130,000 Turkish citizens were working in Russia; most Turkish immigrants are those who married Russians in Turkey and then came to reside in the homeland of their spouse.[8]
Demographics
[edit]According to the 2010 Russian Census, 105,058 people declared themselves as "Turks" and 4,825 stated that they were "Meskhetian Turks"; hence, the census showed that there was a total of 109,883 Turks living in the country.[9]
| Turks in Russia according to the Russian Census | |||||||
| Russian census | Turks | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1939[10] | 2,936 | ||||||
| 1959[11] | 1,377 | ||||||
| 1970[12] | 1,568 | ||||||
| 1979[13] | 3,561 | ||||||
| 1989[14] | 9,890 | ||||||
| 2002[15] | 95,672[a] | ||||||
| 2010[9] | 109,883[b] | ||||||
Discrimination
[edit]Meskhetian Turks in Russia, especially those in Krasnodar, have faced hostility from the local population. The Meskhetian Turks of Krasnodar have suffered significant human rights violations, including the deprivation of their citizenship. They have been deprived of civil, political and social rights and are prohibited from owning property and employment.[16] Since 2004, many are now leaving the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees.[17]
Noble families
[edit]Notable people
[edit]This list includes people of full and partial Turkish origin.
- Olga Semyonovna Zaplatina Aksakov, wife of Sergey Aksakov (Turkish mother)[18][19]
- children:
- Grigory Sergeevich Aksakov, Privy Councillor (Turkish grandmother)[19]
- Ivan Aksakov, littérateur and notable Slavophile (Turkish grandmother)[19][18]
- Konstantin Aksakov, critic and writer (Turkish grandmother)[20][19]
- Vera Aksakova, writer known for her diaries at the time of the Crimean War (Turkish grandmother)[19]
- Alina Boz, actress (Turkish Bulgarian father)[21][22]
- Ivan Bunin,
- Elena Dmitrievna, Turkish captive during the Siege of Anapa; she converted to Christianity and married Mikhail Shchepkin[23][24]
- children and descendants:
- Dmitry Mikhailovich Schepkin, philologist
- Nikolai Mikhailovich Schepkin, publisher, teacher and public figure
- Evgeny Nikolaevich Schepkin, historian, teacher and public figure
- Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Shchepkin , linguist and art historian
- Nikolai Nikolaevich Shchepkin), politician
- Petr Mikhailovich, lawyer, assistant chairman of the Moscow District Court
- Tatiana Shchepkina-Kupernik, writer, dramatist, poet and translator
- Fyokla (Faina) Mikhailovna, actress
- Alexandra Mikhailovna, actress
- Dmitry Andreevich Dril, criminologist (paternal Turkish grandmother)
- Vasily Ekimov, sculptor (works include the Bronze Horseman, the Samson Fountain, and the Monument to Minin and Pozharsky)[25]
- Niyaz Ilyasov, judoka; medalists winner in the 2018 and 2019 World Judo Championships (Turkish Meskhetian origin)[26]
- Strongilla Irtlach, singer and theater actress
- Tina Kandelaki, journalist, public figure, TV presenter and producer (half Turkish mother)[27]
- Vasily Kapnist, playwright and nobleman (Turkish mother)[28][29]
- Alemdar Karamanov, composer (Turkish father)[30]
- Maria Kexholmskaia, Turkish child adopted by Russian soldiers during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878); she became a nurse during World War I[2]
- Eşref Kolçak, actor (Turkish father)[31]
- Elizaveta Vasilievna Krupskaya, mother-in-law of Vladimir Lenin (Turkish great-grandmother)[32]
- children:
- Nadezhda Krupskaya, Russian revolutionary and the wife of Vladimir Lenin
- Aishat Magomayev, actress (Turkish father)[33]
- Muslim Magomayev, opera and pop singer (Turkish maternal grandfather)[33]
- Maxim Can Mutaf, basketball player (Turkish father)[34]
- Mamedov Minur İsa Oğlu, Soviet war hero during the Great Patriotic War (Turkish Meskhetian origin)[35]
- Konstantin Paustovsky, writer nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature in 1965 (partial Turkish origin)[36]
- Pyotr Ivanovich Poletika, second Russian ambassador to the United States (Turkish mother)[37][38]
- Ekaterina Pavlovna Rosengeim, adopted daughter of Dmitry Golitsyn (Turkish mother)
- Malik Mukhlis Ugli, educator (Turkish Meskhetian origin)
- Alexey Verstovsky, composer and musical bureaucrat (Turkish grandmother)[39][40]
- Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, poet and a leading figure in Russian literature (Turkish mother)[41][42]
- children and descendants:
- Alexandra Zhukovskaya, Countess of the Russian Empire (Turkish grandmother)
- Aleksey Belevsky-Zhukovsky, Count of the Russian Empire (Turkish great-grandmother)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ryazantsev 2009, 155.
- ^ a b The story of Marie Kexholmskaia, a Turkish Child Adopted by Russian Soldiers, The Salt Lake Herald, 11 July 1890, retrieved 23 May 2021,
During the Russian-Turkish war a private in the Kexholm regiment when in Bulgaria found a little Turkish girl about four years old... The child, who was suffering for want of food, soon recovered and told her protectors that her name was Aisha. When the regiment returned to Warsaw the officers resolved to take best care of the girl. They imposed upon themselves an income tax of 1 per cent. Aish, who meanwhile had been christened under the name Lexholmskaia...
- ^ Akiner 1983, 381.
- ^ Ryazantsev 2009, 168.
- ^ Goltz 2009, 124.
- ^ a b Ryazantsev 2009, 167.
- ^ a b Goltz 2009, 125.
- ^ a b Ryazantsev 2009, 159.
- ^ a b Демоскоп Weekly. "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 г. Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации". Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Barton, Heffernan & Armstrong 2002, 9.
- ^ Coşkun 2009, 5.
- ^ a b I, Aksakov (2020), Иван Сергеевич Аксаков в его письмах: Часть 1: учебные и служебные годы, Litres, ISBN 9785042442186,
Его жена и мать Ольги Семеновны была Турчанка, Игель-Сюма, взятая летъ, при осаде Очакова.
- ^ a b c d e Рубрика "Аксаковы. История разбитых судеб": "Глава I", Aksakoff, retrieved 11 April 2021,
От брака с Ольгой Семеновной Заплатиной (1 марта 1793 г. – 2 мая 1878 г.), дочерью генерал-майора Семена Григорьевича Заплатина и пленной турчанки Игель-Сюм, Сергей Тимофеевич Аксаков имел четырех сыновей – Константина, Григория, Ивана, Михаила и семь дочерей – Веру (1819–1864 гг.), Ольгу (1821–1861 гг.), Надежду (1829–1869 гг.), Анну (1829–1829 гг.), Любовь (1830–1867 гг.), Марию (1831–1906 гг.), Софью (1835–1885 гг.).
- ^ Поколенная роспись: поколение XXV, Aksakoff, retrieved 11 April 2021,
Дочь генерал-майора Семена Григорьевича Заплатина и пленной турчанки Игель-Сюм (Руммель В.В., Голубцов В.В. Т. I. С. 29).
- ^ 'Mithat Can ile her şey çok güzel', Hürriyet, 2018, retrieved 11 April 2021,
Moskova'da doğmadım, Moskova'nın yakınlarında bir kasabada doğdum... annem Rus. Babam Bulgar göçmeni Türk.
- ^ Bulgaristan Göçmeni Bir Türk'ün Kızı - Alina Boz, Bizim Gazete, 2018, retrieved 11 April 2021,
14 Haziran 1998 tarihinde Rusya, Moskova'da dünyaya gelen Alina Boz'un annesi Rus Olga Boz, babası Bulgaristan göçmeni Türk'dür.
- ^ Первый русский Актёр, Белгород Медиа, 2013, retrieved 11 April 2021,
А ведь он был уже семейным человеком. Супругой его стала прекрасная турчанка Елена Дмитриевна Дмитриева, которую муж ласково называл Алёшей.
- ^ "Роза в черных кудрях". История любви Михаила и Елены Щепкиных, The Armenian Museum of Moscow and Culture of Nations, 2017, retrieved 11 April 2021,
В 1812 году Елена Дмитриевна стала женой провинциального крепостного актера Михаила Щепкина. Она — турчанка по происхождению и русская по духу — стала своему мужу верным другом, поддержкой и опорой, хранительницей очага...Однажды, когда Елена Дмитриевна уже была замужем, до нее дошли слухи, что семья турецкого паши, приехавшая в Санкт-Петербург, разыскивает дочь, пропавшую у них при взятии Анапы. Как пишет невестка Щепкиных в своих воспоминаниях, Елена Дмитриевна была уверена, что разыскивают именно ее: о своем происхождении ей все было известно. Люди, у которых ей довелось побывать в воспитанницах, не делали из этого секрета и довольно подробно обо всем рассказывали. Но Елена Щепкина не пожелала что-либо менять в своей жизни. Посланцы турецкого паши уехали ни с чем.
- ^ Vladimir, Butromeev (1997), Иллюстрированная энциклопедическая библиотека: Искусство России, Алкиона, ISBN 9785270016166,
ЕКИМОВ ( Василий Петрович , он же Якимов ) — литейный мастер Академии художеств , турецкого происхождения ( 1758— 1837 )...
- ^ RUSYA VATANDAŞI AHISKALI TÜRK NİYAZ İLYASOV AVRUPA ŞAMPİYONU OLDU, Ahıskaspor Kulübü, 2018
- ^ Мемория. Тина Канделаки, Polit, 2014, retrieved 23 May 2021,
Тинатин Гивиевна Канделаки (39 лет) родилась в Тбилиси в семье служащих. Отец — Гиви Шалвович происходил из дворянского грузинского рода, работал директором овощной базы в Тбилиси, мать Эльвира Георгиевна — наполовину армянка, наполовину турчанка, работала врачом-наркологом. После выхода на пенсию родители Канделаки переехали в Москву, где отец скончался в 2009 году.
- ^ Brown, William Edward (1980), A History of 18th Century Russian Literature, Ardis Publishing, p. 455, ISBN 9780882333410,
D. Vasily Vasilievich Kapnist (1758-1823): The fourth and longest-lived poet of the Lvov circle was Vasily Vasilievich... there is a family tradition that his own mother was, like Zhukovsky's, a captive Turkish woman...
- ^ Averkov, Stanislav (2021), Современные страсти по древним сокровищам, LitRes, ISBN 9785457752559
- ^ Караманов Алемдар Сабитович, muzcentrum, archived from the original on 2011-11-20, retrieved 6 May 2021
- ^ Eşref Kolçak: Yeşilçam'ın usta oyuncusu Eşref Kolçak 92 yaşında hayatını kaybetti, BBC, 2019, retrieved 11 April 2021,
Babası İspir Gaziler köyünden Harun Kolçakoğlu, annesi ise daha sonra Hateme adını alan Rus kökenli Katya'dır.
- ^ Абрамов Виталий (2005), "Турчанка из рода Крупских. Штрихи к родословной Надежды Константиновны", Родина, 7: 55, ISSN 0235-7089
- ^ a b Муслим Магомаев "Любовь моя — мелодия" (PDF). magomaev.info (in Russian). 1999. p. 17. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
Броская внешность матери, ее одаренность, видимо, в большой степени оттого, что в ней намешано много кровей: ее отец был турок, мать — наполовину адыгейка, наполовину русская... Сама она из Майкопа, а театральное образование получила в Нальчике. Много лет спустя я встретил там одного старого актера, который сказал мне, что учился вместе с моей матерью. Когда я рассказал ей об этой встрече, она вспомнила его.
- ^ Duygu Özaslan yeni sevgilisiyle fotoğrafını ilk kez paylaştı - Can Maxim Mutaf kimdir, kaç yaşında, nereli?, Hürriyet, 2020, retrieved 11 April 2021,
Frutti Extra Bursaspor ve millî basketbol takımı oyuncusu Can Maxim Mutaf, 9 Ocak 1991 tarihinde dünyaya geldi. Babası Türk, Annesi Rus'tur. Rus vatandaşlığına da sahiptir.
- ^ Bogacheva, Irina (2018), Культурный центр турок-месхетинцев "Ватан Ёлунда", Kabardino-Balkarskaya Pravda, retrieved 19 June 2021,
С началом Великой Отечественной войны было мобилизовано практически всё взрослое мужское турецкое население (более 40 тыс. человек, 26 тыс. из них погибли), восемь человек стали Героями Советского Союза, трое – полными кавалерами орденов Славы. Тремя орденами Славы был награждён Минур Иса оглы Мамедов, который последний период жизни провёл в Кабардино-Балкарии, в городе Нарткале.
- ^ Aleksandrova, Vera (1963), A History of Soviet Literature, Greenwood publishing, p. 260, ISBN 978-0837161143,
The Paustovsky family stems from Zaporozhye Cossacks , with an admixture of Turkish and Polish blood.
- ^ Vincent, Veresaev (2018), Спутники Пушкина. Том 1, Рипол Классик, p. 146, ISBN 9785386108564,
ПЕТР ИВАНОВИЧ ПОЛЕТИКА (1778–1849) Сын врача из обрусевших польских шляхтичей и пленной турчанки.
- ^ Петр Иванович Полетика: 15.08.1778 - 26.01.1849, RusDiplomats, retrieved 11 April 2021,
Сын надворного советника Ивана Андреевича Полетики (ок. 1726-1783), врача при карантинной заставе, и турчанки Фатимы, захваченной русскими в плен при взятии Очакова.
- ^ T., Korzhenyants, Алексей Николаевич Верстовский, Belcanto, retrieved 11 March 2021,
Верстовский родился в имении Селиверстово Тамбовской губернии. Отец композитора был внебрачным сыном генерала А. Селиверстова и пленной турчанки, и потому фамилия его — Верстовский — образована от части родовой фамилии, а сам он был приписан к дворянскому сословию как выходец из «польского шляхетства».
- ^ Род Селиверстовых - Верстовских, Tambov State Technical University, 2015, retrieved 11 March 2021,
Дед знаменитого композитора, Алексей Михайлович, был генерал-майором во времена Екатерины II. Под Измаилом он взял в плен красавицу турчанку, в которую влюбился.
- ^ Shirlee, Emmons; Lewis, Wilbur Watkins (2006), Researching the Song: A Lexicon, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199882304,
Zhukovsky, Vasily (1783-1852): Russian poet, the natural son of a wealthy landowner father and a captive Turkish girl.
- ^ Robert, Chandler; Mashinski, Irina; Dralyuk, Boris (2015), The Penguin Book of Russian Poetry, Penguin Books, ISBN 9780141972268,
Vasily Zhukovsky (1783-1852). The son of a small landowner and his Turkish housekeeper...
Notes
[edit]^ a: The 2002 census recorded 92,415 Turks and 3,257 Meskhetian Turks.
^ b: The 2010 census recorded 105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks.
Bibliography
[edit]- Akiner, Shirin (1983), Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-7103-0025-5.
- Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006), Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences (PDF), Center for Applied Linguistics, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-14
- Barton, Frederick D.; Heffernan, John; Armstrong, Andrea (2002), Being Recognised as Citizens (PDF), Commission on Human Security, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17
- Bennigsen, Alexandre; Broxup, Marie (1983), The Islamic threat to the Soviet state, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-7099-0619-6.
- Blacklock, Denika (2005), Finding Durable Solutions for the Meskhetians, European Centre for Minority Issues
- Cornell, Svante E. (2001), Small nations and great powers: a study of ethnopolitical conflict in the Caucasus, Routledge, ISBN 0-7007-1162-7.
- Coşkun, Ufuk (2009), Ahiska/Meskhetian Turks in Tucson: An Examination of Ethnic Identity (PDF), University of Arizona, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-11
- Goltz, Thomas (2009), Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-1711-8.
- Kurbanov, Rafik Osman-Ogly; Kurbanov, Erjan Rafik-Ogly (1995), "Religion and Politics in the Caucasus", in Bourdeaux, Michael (ed.), The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 1-56324-357-1.
- Ryazantsev, Sergey V. (2009), "Turkish Communities in the Russian Federation" (PDF), International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 11 (2): 155–173
- Tomlinson, Kathryn (2005), "Living Yesterday in Today and Tomorrow: Meskhetian Turks in Southern Russia", in Crossley, James G.; Karner, Christian (eds.), Writing History, Constructing Religion, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 0-7546-5183-5.
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