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Tulasnella

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Tulasnella
Tulasnella violea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Tulasnellaceae
Genus: Tulasnella
J.Schröt. (1888)
Type species
Tulasnella lilacina
J.Schröt. (1888)
Synonyms[1]

Hormomyces Bonord. (1851)
Pachysterigma Johan-Olsen ex Bref. (1888)
Prototremella Pat. (1888)
Muciporus Juel (1897)
Gloeotulasnella Höhn. & Litsch. (1908)
Hormisciopsis Sumst. (1914)
Epulorhiza R.T. Moore (1987)

Tulasnella is a genus of effused (patch-forming) fungi in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when visible, are typically smooth, ceraceous (waxy) to subgelatinous, frequently lilaceous to violet-grey, and formed on the underside of fallen branches and logs. They are microscopically distinct in having basidia with grossly swollen sterigmata (or epibasidia) on which basidiospores are formed. One atypical species, Tulasnella aurantiaca, produces orange to red, gelatinous, pustular anamorphs on wood. Some species form facultative mycorrhizas with orchids and liverworts. Around 80 species of Tulasnella are known worldwide.

Taxonomy

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History

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Tulasnella was originally circumscribed by German mycologist Joseph Schröter in 1888, partly based on an earlier illustration by Charles Tulasne, after whom the new genus was named.[2] Schröter believed the unusual basidia sufficiently distinct to warrant the creation of a new genus which he considered intermediate between Sebacina (then used for most effused "heterobasidiomycetes" with septate basidia) and Thelephora (then used for many effused "holobasidiomycetes" with conventional non-septate basidia).[2] The genus was subsequently placed among the "heterobasidiomycetes" by most authors.[3][4]

Between 1909 and 1928, French mycologists Hubert Bourdot and Amédée Galzin described more than a dozen new species of Tulasnella from collections made in France.[5] In the USA, American mycologist D.P Rogers published a review of the Tulasnellaceae in 1933 in which he extended the definition of Gloeotulasnella, originally established to accommodate cystidiate species, to include "all mucous forms",[3] though Gloeotulasnella was subsequently considered synonymous with Tulasnella by most authors.[6] Later, in Australia, Jack Warcup and P.H.B. Talbot described several new Tulasnella species isolated from orchid mycorrhizas.[7][8][9] In 1987 American mycologist Royall T. Moore proposed the new genus Epulorhiza for anamorphic (hyphal) states of Tulasnella previously referred to the form genus Rhizoctonia.[10] In the UK in the 1990s, Peter Roberts described additional new species of Tulasnella and monographed the genus in a series of papers[11][12][13][6] with a worldwide key to species.[14]

Current status

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Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed Tulasnella as a distinct genus, but has placed it within the Cantharellales rather than in its own order the Tulasnellales.[15]

Following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus has been discontinued, meaning that Epulorhiza has become a synonym of the earlier name Tulasnella.[16] As a result, existing anamorphic species have been transferred to Tulasnella[16] and new anamorphic species have been described in this genus.

Molecular research has also shown that the anamorphic, pustular, wood-inhabiting genus Hormomyces is a synonym of Tulasnella, not Tremella as previously thought.[17]

An updated morphological key to species was published in 2016.[18]

Association with orchids

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In 1899 French botanist Noël Bernard discovered that orchid seeds require a fungal associate to germinate[19][20] and most if not all orchids maintain this mycorrhizal association with fungi throughout their lifecycle. In the 1960s, cultures derived from orchid mycorrhizas that were induced to form teleomorphs (fruit bodies) showed that Tulasnella species (together with Rhizoctonia species) were frequent associates of terrestrial orchids in Australia.[7][8][9] Direct DNA sequencing of orchid mycorrhizas has confirmed this association on a global scale,[21] for both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids.[22] Most recently described anamorphic Tulasnella species have been isolated from orchid mycorrhizas, but many more await formal description.[23][24]

Association with liverworts

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Molecular research has shown that thalloid liverworts in the family Aneuraceae associate frequently and perhaps exclusively with species of Tulasnella, ether in a mycorrhizal or parasitic relationship.[21][25][26]

Species

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Species currently accepted by Species Fungorum

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Species currently regarded as synonyms by Species Fungorum

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[27]

  • T. albolilacea Bourdot & Galzin (1924) = Tulasnella pallida
  • T. anceps Bres., Syd. & P. Syd. (1910) = Rhizoctonia anceps, Ceratobasidiaceae
  • T. araneosa Bourdot & Galzin (1924) = Tulasnella pruinosa
  • T. caroliniana (L.S. Olive) L.S. Olive (1957) = Tulasnella allantospora
  • T. cinchonae Racib. (1909) - Rhizoctonia species, Ceratobasidiaceae[6]
  • T. cremea Jülich (1982) = Tulasnella thelephorea
  • T. eichleriana var. lilaceocinerea Bourdot & Donk (1930) = Tulasnella eichleriana
  • T. grisea (Racib.) Sacc. & P. Syd. (1902) = Rhizoctonia solani, Ceratobasidiaceae[6]
  • T. incarnata sensu auct. = Tulasnella violea
  • T. inclusa sensu auct. = Tulasnella thelephorea
  • T. intrusa Hauerslev (1989) = Tulasnella albida
  • T. lactea Bourdot & Galzin (1924) = Tulasnella eichleriana
  • T. lividogrisea Rick (1934) = Auriculariales species[6]
  • T. metallica Rick (1934) = Scotomyces subviolaceus, Ceratobasidiaceae
  • T. microspora Wakef. & A. Pearson (1923) = Tulasnella eichleriana
  • T. obscura Bourdot & Galzin (1924) = Tulasnella eichleriana
  • T. rosella Bourdot & Galzin (1924) = Tulasnella deliquescens
  • T. rubropallens Bourdot & Galzin (1924) = Tulasnella allantospora
  • T. sordida Bourdot & Galzin (1924) = Tulasnella pinicola
  • T. tremelloides Wakef. & A. Pearson (1918) = Tulasnella pinicola
  • T. violacea sensu auct. = Tulasnella pallida
  • T. vitrea Rick (1934) = Basidiodendron species, Auriculariales[6]

References

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  1. ^ "Tulasnella J. Schröt. 1888". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
  2. ^ a b Schröter J (1888). Die Pilze Schlesiens in Cohn JV (ed) Kryptogamenflora von Schlesien, vol. 3. Breslau: Kern JV Verlag.
  3. ^ a b Rogers DP (1933). "A taxonomic review of the Tulasnellaceae". Annales Mycologici. 31: 181–203.
  4. ^ Donk MA (1972). "The Heterobasidiomycetes: a reconnaissance. I.". Proc K Ned Akad Wet Ser C. 75: 365–375.
  5. ^ Bourdot H, Galzin A (1928). Hyménomycètes de France. Sceaux.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e f Roberts P (1994). "Globose and ellipsoid-spored Tulasnella species from Devon and Surrey, with a key to the genus in Europe". Mycological Research. 98 (12): 1431–1452. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81075-7.
  7. ^ a b Warcup JH, Talbot PH (1967). "Perfect states of Rhizoctonias associated with orchids". New Phytologist. 66 (4): 631–641. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1967.tb05434.x.
  8. ^ a b Warcup JH, Talbot PH (1971). "Perfect states of Rhizoctonias associated with orchids II". New Phytologist. 70: 35–40. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02506.x.
  9. ^ a b Warcup JH, Talbot PH (1980). "Perfect states of Rhizoctonias associated with orchids III". New Phytologist. 86 (3): 267–272. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb00787.x.
  10. ^ Moore RT. (1987). "The genera of Rhizoctonia-like fungi". Mycotaxon. 29: 91–99.
  11. ^ Roberts P (1992). "Spiral-spored Tulasnella species from Devon and the New Forest". Mycological Research. 96 (3): 233–236. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80973-8.
  12. ^ Roberts P (1993). "Allantoid-spored Tulasnella species from Devon". Mycological Research. 97 (2): 213–220. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80243-8.
  13. ^ Roberts P (1994). "Long-spored Tulasnella species from Devon, with additional notes on allantoid-spored species". Mycological Research. 98 (11): 1235–1244. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80293-1.
  14. ^ Roberts P. (1999). Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 239. ISBN 1-900347-69-5.
  15. ^ Moncalvo J-M; et al. (2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods" (PDF). Mycologia. 98 (6): 937–948. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937. PMID 17486970. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
  16. ^ a b Stalpers, J.A.; Redhead, S.A.; May, T.W.; et al. (2021). "Competing sexual-asexual generic names in Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) with recommendations for use". IMA Fungus. 12 (22): 3. doi:10.1186/s43008-021-00061-3. PMC 8359032. PMID 34380577.
  17. ^ Mack J, Assabgui RA, Seifert KA (2021). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the basidiomycetous hyphomycete genus Hormomyces". Fungal Systematics and Evolution. 7: 177–196. doi:10.3114/fuse.2021.07.09. PMC 8166209. PMID 34124623.
  18. ^ Cruz D, Suárez JP, Piepenbring M (2016). "Morphological revision of Tulasnellaceae, with two new species of Tulasnella and new records of Tulasnella spp for Ecuador". Nova Hedwigia. 102 (3–4): 279–338. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2015/0304.
  19. ^ Bernard N (1899). "Sur la germination de Neottia nidus-avis". C R Acad Sci. 128: 1253–1255.
  20. ^ Bernard N (1909). "L'évolution dans la symbiose des orchideés et leurs champignons commensaux". Ann Sci Nat Bot. 9: 1–196.
  21. ^ a b Oberwinkler F, Cruz D, Suárez JP (2017). "Biogeography and Ecology of Tulasnellaceae". Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Ecological Studies. Vol. 230. pp. 237–271. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_12. ISBN 978-3-319-56362-6. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  22. ^ Suárez JP, Weiss M, Abele A, Garnica S, Oberwinkler F, Kottke I (2006). "Diverse tulasnelloid fungi form mycorrhizas with epiphytic orchids in an Andean cloud forest". Mycol. Res. 110 (11): 1257–1270. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.08.004. PMID 17081740.
  23. ^ Fujimori S, Abe JP, Okane I, Yamaoka Y (2019). "Three new species in the genus Tulasnella isolated from orchid mycorrhiza of Spiranthes sinensis var. amoena (Orchidaceae)". Mycoscience. 60 (1): 71–81. doi:10.1016/j.myc.2018.09.003. S2CID 91485670.
  24. ^ Arifin AR, Reiter NH, May TW, Linde CC (2022). "New species of Tulasnella associated with Australian terrestrial orchids in the subtribes Megastylidinae and Thelymitrinae". Mycologia. 114 (2): 388–412. doi:10.1080/00275514.2021.2019547. PMID 35316155. S2CID 247616558.
  25. ^ Bidartondo MI, Duckett JG (2010). "Conservative ecological and evolutionary patterns in liverwort – fungal symbioses". Proc. R. Soc. B. 277 (1680): 485–492. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1458. PMC 2842645. PMID 19812075.
  26. ^ Krause C, Garnica S, Bauer R, Nebel M (2011). "Aneuraceae (Metzgeriales) and tulasnelloid fungi (Basidiomycota)—a model for early steps in fungal symbiosis". Fungal Biol. 115 (9): 839–851. Bibcode:2011FunB..115..839K. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.013. PMID 21872181.
  27. ^ a b "Tulasnella - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
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