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1997 Atlantic hurricane season

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1997 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJune 1, 1997
Last system dissipatedOctober 17, 1997
Strongest storm
NameErika
 • Maximum winds125 mph (205 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure946 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions9
Total storms8
Hurricanes3
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		1
Total fatalities12 total
Total damage$111.46 million (1997 USD)
Related articles
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999

The 1997 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average hurricane season. It officially began on June 1,[1] and lasted until November 30 of that year.[2] These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The 1997 season was fairly inactive, with only seven named storms forming, with an additional tropical depression and an unnumbered subtropical storm. It was the first time since the 1961 season that there were no active tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin during the entire month of August–historically one of the more active months of the season—a phenomenon that would not occur again until 2022. A strong El Niño is credited with reducing activity in the Atlantic, while increasing the number of storms in the eastern and western Pacific basins to 19 and 26 storms, respectively. As is common in El Niño years, tropical cyclogenesis was suppressed in the tropical latitudes, with only two becoming tropical storms south of 25°N.

The first system, an operationally unnoticed subtropical storm, developed north of the Bahamas on June 1 and dissipated by the following day without any impact. Tropical Storm Ana developed offshore South Carolina on June 30 and dissipated on July 4, after causing minor affects in North Carolina. Hurricane Bill was a short-lived storm that lasted from July 11 to July 13 and produced light rainfall in Newfoundland. As Bill was dissipating, Tropical Storm Claudette developed and generated rough seas in North Carolina. The most devastating storm was Hurricane Danny, which caused extensive flooding, particularly in southern Alabama. Danny resulted in 9 fatalities and about $100 million (1997 USD) in damage. The outer bands of Hurricane Erika brought rough seas and gusty winds to the Lesser Antilles, resulting in two deaths and $10 million in losses. The precursor to Tropical Storm Grace caused flooding in Puerto Rico, while Tropical Depression Five and Tropical Storm Fabian did not impact any land. Collectively, the storms of the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season resulted in 12 fatalities and approximately $111.46 million in damages.

Seasonal forecasts

[edit]
Predictions of tropical activity in the 1997 season
Source Date Named
storms 		Hurricanes Major
hurricanes 		Ref
Average (1981–2010) 12.1 6.4 2.7 [3]
Record high activity 30 15 7† [4]
Record low activity 1 0† 0† [4]
CSU December 6, 1996 11 7 3 [5]
WRC Early 1997 7 4 N/A [6]
CSU April 4, 1997 11 7 3 [7]
CSU May 30, 1997 11 7 3 [2]
CSU August 6, 1997 11 6 2 [8]
Actual activity
 8 3 1
† Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all)

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU), as well as the Weather Prediction Center (WPC). As stated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981–2010 contained roughly twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, three major hurricanes, and an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 66–103 units.[3] NOAA typically categorizes a season as either above-average, average, of below-average based on the cumulative ACE Index; however, the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a hurricane season is considered occasionally as well.[9]

CSU's first outlook for the season, issued in December 1996, predicted eleven named storms, seven hurricanes, and three major hurricanes, which are defined as a tropical cyclone reaching at least a Category 3 rating on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.[5] These numbers went unchanged during their forecast updates released in April and May.[7][2] CSU issued these predictions based on the possibility of El Niño weakening,[2] a cessation of drought conditions over the Sahel, and nearly identical trade wind and atmospheric pressure patterns compared to the previous season.[7] In August, however, CSU slightly decreased their predicted number of hurricanes and major hurricanes to six and two, respectively, after the El Niño strengthened instead.[8] In early 1997, the WRC anticipated a less active season, forecasting seven named storms and four hurricanes, but issuing no prediction on the number of major hurricanes.[6]

Seasonal summary

[edit]
Hurricane Erika (1997)Hurricane Danny (1997)Saffir-Simpson scale
Map of rainfall totals from Hurricane Danny in the United States

The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1,[2] and an unnamed subtropical storm developed on the same day. Only nine tropical depressions formed. Eight of the depressions attained tropical storm status, making 1997 the least active Atlantic hurricane season in the ongoing above-average era of tropical cyclogenesis, which began in 1995. Just three of these systems attained hurricane status and only one tropical cyclone intensified into a major hurricane,[10] which was below the 1981–2010 average of three per season.[3] Only Danny made landfall at hurricane strength during the season, although Hurricane Erika and Tropical Storm Grace also caused damage and fatalities. Those three cyclones collectively caused 12 deaths and $111.46 million in damage.[10][11][12][13][14][15] The last storm of the season, Tropical Storm Grace, dissipated on October 17, over a month before the official end of the season on November 30.[10]

The 1997 Atlantic hurricane season had a very active beginning. In June, two tropical cyclones developed – the unnoticed subtropical storm and Tropical Storm Ana. An unusual four tropical cyclones formed in the month of July, three of which reached tropical storm intensity, and two of them became hurricanes. Despite the active start, the other months of the season featured record low activity, especially in August and September, both of which combined produced only one tropical cyclone. As a result of the active start and subsequent lack of activity, it showed that early season activity has no correlation to the entire season.[10] Further, this marked the first occurrence of no tropical cyclogenesis in August since 1961,[16] and the most recent instance of no activity in that month until 2022.[17] The lone tropical cyclone during the period was Hurricane Erika, which developed on September 3. In October, two short-lived tropical cyclones developed, Fabian and Grace. Tropical cyclogenesis ceased after Grace transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 17.[10]

The season's activity was reflected with a low accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 41. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm strength.[18]

Systems

[edit]

Unnumbered subtropical storm

[edit]
Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 1 – June 2
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1003 mbar (hPa)

A cluster of thunderstorms developed over Florida in late May. A shortwave trough brought it to the northeast, enhancing convection around a developing center of circulation. The low pressure area, which formed on May 31, developed into a subtropical depression on June 1. Operationally, it was treated as a frontal low, but post-analysis suggested it remained separate throughout its lifetime, and was classified as an unnamed subtropical storm. It reached subtropical storm strength six hours later as it moved rapidly parallel to the East Coast of the United States. The convection continued to wrap around the center, and despite unfavorable conditions from an approaching cold front it continued to intensify. Late on June 1, it reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) while off the coast of North Carolina. The storm turned to the east, and transitioned extratropical late on June 2 southeast of Massachusetts. Shortly thereafter, the remnants of the storm merged with a cold front.[19]

Tropical Storm Ana

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 30 – July 4
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1000 mbar (hPa)

A frontal low pressure system off the coast of South Carolina developed into Tropical Depression One at 1200 UTC on June 30. It moved slowly eastward, and attained tropical storm status on July 1. After becoming a tropical storm, Ana slightly intensified. Early on July 2, Ana attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,000 mbar (30 inHg). Later on July 2, a shortwave trough forced Ana to northeastward, into a region of increasing vertical wind shear. Simultaneously, Ana began to weaken, as it was moving into an area of decreasing sea surface temperatures.[20]

By late on July 3, Ana weakened to a tropical depression. The storm also lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on July 4, over the western Atlantic Ocean. The extratropical remnants persisted until dissipating about twenty-four hours later.[20] Minimal impact was reported as a result of Ana, other than rip currents in coastal North Carolina. Due to the rough seas, 14 rescues and one serious injury occurred at Carolina Beach. In addition, five rescues were made at Kure Beach and at least one person was hospitalized. However, there were no fatalities at either location.[21]

Hurricane Bill

[edit]
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 11 – July 13
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
986 mbar (hPa)

A large upper-level low separated from a trough north of Puerto Rico in early July. Convection increased on July 7 after a surface trough developed, and a low pressure area formed east of the Bahamas once the upper-level low retreated to the southwest. Wind shear decreased across the region, allowing the convection to increase and organize, and it is estimated the system developed into a tropical depression on July 11 about 330 mi (530 km) southwest of Bermuda. After developing, the cyclone moved northeastward in advance of an approaching cold front. It quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Bill, and briefly threatened to pass near Bermuda. As a result, a tropical storm warning was issued, although it was quickly dropped; there was no impact on the island from Bill.[22]

Bill quickly intensified as it continued northeastward. By midday on July 12, an eye feature was observed on satellite images, which suggested that Bill intensified into hurricane status at a relatively high latitude. Bill had in fact intensified into a hurricane, and the storm had attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 986 mbar (29.1 inHg). After only 12 hours at hurricane status, Bill weakened back to tropical storm status, and on July 13 was absorbed by the cold front about 185 mi (300 km) south of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[22] Bill dropped very light rainfall on Newfoundland, peaking at slightly less than 1 in (25 mm).[23]

Tropical Storm Claudette

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 13 – July 17
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1003 mbar (hPa)

The frontal system that influenced the track of Hurricane Bill spawned a non-tropical low off the southeast United States on July 11. The low remained nearly stationary as the front dissipated, and it developed into Tropical Depression Three on July 13 about 325 mi (525 km) south-southeast of Wilmington, North Carolina. The depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Claudette, based on reconnaissance aircraft data. It moved northeastward, passing southeast of the Outer Banks. Despite the presence of wind shear it developed banding features. On July 14, the storm reached peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). Thereafter, Claudette turned eastward ahead of a frontal system.[24]

Its associated thunderstorm activity was sporadic and relatively disorganized, and the storm weakened to a tropical depression on July 16. Claudette briefly re-intensified into a tropical storm before becoming extratropical later that day. Shortly thereafter, it merged with a cold front, while the remnants were last noted near the Azores on July 23.[24] Tropical Storm Claudette had minimal effects on land.[25] Severe rip currents from Claudette in North Carolina caused several rescues and one person was injured, although no fatalities occurred.[21] Some residents of coastal North Carolina were even disappointed that Claudette was to remain offshore, as the region was suffering from dry conditions.[26]

Hurricane Danny

[edit]
Main article: Hurricane Danny (1997)
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 16 – July 26
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
984 mbar (hPa)

A tropical low over the northern Gulf of Mexico developed into Tropical Depression Four on July 16. The depression headed slowly east-northeastward, and intensified into Tropical Storm Danny on the following day. Danny continued east-northeastward, and reached hurricane strength just before landfall near Buras, Louisiana. Because of the narrowness of that piece of land, most of Danny remained over water and it lost little strength. Danny re-emerged into the Gulf of Mexico, and strengthened slightly making two landfalls in Alabama as a low-end Category 1 hurricane on July 19. After remaining stationary for a day, Danny moved northward and weakened to a tropical depression. Heading northward across Alabama, Danny turned to the east and crossed over the Southeastern United States. While centered over North Carolina, Danny interacted with a developing trough, which caused it to re-intensify into a tropical storm. Shortly thereafter, Danny emerged over the Atlantic Ocean near the North Carolina–Virginia border on July 24. Danny took a northward turn, and came within 30 mi (50 km) of Nantucket Island on July 26. It then turned out to sea and was absorbed by a front on July 27.[11]

Although Danny was a hurricane upon landfall, strong winds were confined to a small area, with only portions of extreme eastern Louisiana reporting hurricane-force winds.[27][28] Danny also dropped torrential amounts of rain in Louisiana, peaking at 11.40 in (290 mm) in Buras-Triumph.[29] Flooding occurred in portions of the state due to heavy rainfall. The floods and high winds produced by Danny damaged over 300 houses and more than 170 businesses in Louisiana alone.[27][28] In Mississippi, Danny dropped heavy rainfall on the southern portion of the state, resulting in minor street and house flooding.[30] As Danny crossed Dauphin Island, Alabama on July 19, it dropped 37.75 in (960 mm) of rain. This made Danny the wettest tropical cyclone on record in Alabama.[29][31] Hurricane force-winds were reported on Dauphin Island and the western shores of Mobile Bay. In the same area, many buildings had sustained roof damage. In addition, many homes on the Fowl and Fish Rivers reported significant damage.[32] Further north in South Carolina and Virginia, Danny spawned several tornadoes; some of them caused significant damage.[33] Heavy rainfall also occurred in some isolated areas; in central North Carolina between 8–12 in (200–300 mm) of rain was reported. Danny eventually affected Massachusetts, bring light rainfall[29] and tropical storm-force winds to the southeastern portions of the state.[27][34] Overall, Danny caused nine fatalities, and approximately $100 million in damage.[11]

Tropical Depression Five

[edit]
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 17 – July 19
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1008 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on July 11. The wave moved westward across the tropical Atlantic, and finally began to show consistent evidence of a cloud system center. Deep convection associated with the wave became concentrated on satellite images on July 17, and it is estimated that the disturbance became Tropical Depression Five around 0600 UTC on that day while centered about 547 mi (880 km) east of Barbados. The tropical depression moved west-northwestward and started showing signs of falling apart on July 18. Early on the following day, the depression degenerated into a tropical wave. Recon observations before the storm fell apart suggested that it may have briefly reached tropical storm strength. The tropical wave continued westward without regenerating and lost its identity on July 23 over the eastern Gulf of Mexico.[35]

Hurricane Erika

[edit]
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 3 – September 15
Peak intensity125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min);
946 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Erika (1997)

A tropical wave, which would later also develop Hurricane Nora, developed into Tropical Depression Six while it was centered about 1,150 mi (1,850 km) east of the southernmost Lesser Antilles on September 3. Later that day, the depression intensified enough to be upgraded to Tropical Storm Erika. It moved west-northwestward and steadily intensified to attain hurricane status on September 4. Erika passed a short distance to the north of the Lesser Antilles, and later turned to the north in response to an approaching trough. The hurricane quickly strengthened to reach peak winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) on September 8, and after maintaining peak strength for 24 hours Erika weakened over cooler waters. It turned to the east, weakened to a tropical storm, and became extratropical after passing near the Azores on September 15.[12]

The hurricane produced light rainfall and winds throughout the northern Lesser Antilles.[12] The passage of Erika brought a cloud of ash to Antigua from the eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano on Montserrat, a rare occurrence. Strong waves from the hurricane produced beach erosion and coastal flooding in northern Puerto Rico, and killed two surfers.[12] Moderate wind gusts in Puerto Rico left thousands without power,[36] and the hurricane resulted in $10 million in damage to the Caribbean territory of the United States.[13] Erika also produced gusty winds and light rain in the Azores. Later in its duration, the storm brought hurricane-force wind gusts and rainfall to the Azores, though no damage was reported.[12] Erika was the only tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin in the month of September in this year, the first such occurrence in a hurricane season since 1929.[37]

Tropical Storm Fabian

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 4 – October 8
Peak intensity40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min);
1004 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa near Dakar, Senegal on September 22. The wave traveled westward with minimal tropical cyclogenesis and reached the Lesser Antilles about a week later. While passing through the islands, heavy rainfall and strong winds were reported. Eventually, the system developed into a broad area of low pressure and acquired a low-level circulation. However, upper-level wind shear resulted in no immediate further organization. After crossing Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, wind shear decreased, since the low was moving in the same direction as the upper-level winds.[38]

At 1800 UTC October 4, it is estimated that system developed into Tropical Depression Seven, while 410 mi (660 km) north of Puerto Rico.[38] However, the National Hurricane Center did not initiate advisories until 1500 UTC on October 7.[39] The depression strengthened and about 24 hours after forming, it became Tropical Storm Fabian later on October 5. No further significant change in intensity occurred for the remainder of its duration, as Fabian had peaked with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). The storm began losing tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 1200 UTC on October 8.[38]

Tropical Storm Grace

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 16 – October 17
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
999 mbar (hPa)

An extratropical low formed just north of Hispaniola on October 14, and on the following day, it attained gale-force winds. In addition, the system was also acquiring tropical characteristics, and was classified as Tropical Storm Grace on October 16 at 0000 UTC. Strong vertical wind shear prevented further intensification, and Grace immediately peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 999 mbar (29.5 inHg). Though Grace was classified as a tropical cyclone, it still held onto some extratropical characteristics. Thereafter, Grace steadily weakened and eventually degenerated into an extratropical low on October 17.[40]

The precursor disturbance of Grace dropped moderate to heavy rainfall across Puerto Rico, peaking at 12.69 in (320 mm) in Aibonito.[41] As a result, flash flooding occurred throughout the island of Puerto Rico, while landslides caused damage to roads and bridges. In addition, numerous rivers overflowed their banks, which forced 37 people to seek shelter across the island.[42] One fatality occurred,[14] and damage amounted to $1.46 million.[15] In addition, the extratropical system produced light to moderate rainfall in the U.S. Virgin Islands, and precipitation reached 7 in (180 mm) along western sides of the islands.[41]

Storm names

[edit]
See also: Tropical cyclone naming, History of tropical cyclone naming, and List of historical tropical cyclone names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1997.[43][44] This is the same list used for the 1991 season,[45] except for Bill, which replaced Bob.[46] A storm was named Bill for the first time in 1997. There were no names retired from this list after the season,[47] so it was used again for the 2003 season.[48]

  • Henri (unused)
  • Isabel (unused)
  • Juan (unused)
  • Kate (unused)
  • Larry (unused)
  • Mindy (unused)
  • Nicholas (unused)
  • Odette (unused)
  • Peter (unused)
  • Rose (unused)
  • Sam (unused)
  • Teresa (unused)
  • Victor (unused)
  • Wanda (unused)

Season effects

[edit]

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1997 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
1997 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name 		Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity 		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) 		Min.
press.
(mbar) 		Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Ref(s)
Unnumbered June 1 – 2 Subtropical storm 50 (85) 1003 None None None
Ana June 30 – July 4 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1000 East Coast of the United States Minimal None
Bill July 11 – 13 Category 1 hurricane 75 (120) 986 Newfoundland None None
Claudette July 13 – 16 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1003 East Coast of the United States None None
Danny July 16 – 26 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 984 Gulf Coast of the United States, Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic states, New England $100 million 4 (5) [11]
Five July 17 – 19 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1008 None None None
Erika September 3 – 20 Category 3 hurricane 125 (205) 946 Lesser Antilles, Azores $10 million 2 [12][13]
Fabian October 4 – 8 Tropical storm 40 (65) 994 Lesser Antilles None None
Grace October 16 – 17 Tropical storm 45 (75) 999 United States Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola $1.46 million 1 [14][15]
Season aggregates
9 systems June 1 – October 17   125 (205) 946 $111.46 million 7 (5)  

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Neal Dorst (January 21, 2010). Subject: G1) When is hurricane season ? (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Hurricane Expert Predicts Active Season". WRAL-TV. May 30, 1997. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
  3. ^ a b c "Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. College Park, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 6, 2015. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "North Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics". Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
  5. ^ a b William M. Gray; Christopher W. Landsea; John A. Knaff; Paul W. Mielke, Jr.; Kenneth J. Berry (December 6, 1996). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity for 1997" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Jill F. Hasling (May 1, 2008). Comparison of Weather Research Center's OCSI Atlantic Annual Seasonal Hurricane Forecasts with Colorado State Professor Bill Gray's Seasonal Forecast (PDF) (Report). Weather Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c William M. Gray; Christopher W. Landsea; John A. Knaff; Paul W. Mielke, Jr.; Kenneth J. Berry (April 4, 1997). "Early April Forecast of Atlantic Basin Hurricane Activity for 1997" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  8. ^ a b William M. Gray; Christopher W. Landsea; John A. Knaff; Paul W. Mielke, Jr.; Kenneth J. Berry (August 6, 1997). "Early August Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity for 1997" (PDF). Colorado State University. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  9. ^ Philip J. Klotzbach; William M. Gray (December 10, 2008). Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2009 (PDF) (Report). Colorado State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
  10. ^ a b c d e Edward N. Rappaport (October 5, 1998). Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1997 (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d Richard J. Pasch (August 21, 1997). Hurricane Danny Preliminary Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Miles B. Lawrence (October 24, 1997). Hurricane Erika Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c "Erika swipes Caribbean, hits Azores". USA Today. June 11, 1999. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  14. ^ a b c Stuart Hinson (1998). Puerto Rico Event Report: Flash Flood (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  15. ^ a b c Stuart Hinson (1998). NCDC Storm Event Database (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  16. ^ Matthew Cappuci (August 25, 2022). "August may pass without a single named tropical storm in the Atlantic". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  17. ^ Jeff Masters (August 31, 2022). "Hinnamnor in Pacific kicks off as Cat 5; Atlantic appears set to end its slumber". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale climate Connections. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  18. ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (March 2011). Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  19. ^ Jack L. Beven; B. Max Mayfield (November 12, 1997). Unnumbered Subtropical Storm Preliminary Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  20. ^ a b Miles B. Lawrence (August 4, 1997). Tropical Storm Ana Preliminary Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  21. ^ a b Stephen Del Greco (July 1997). Storm Data And Unusual Weather Phenomena With Late Reports And Corrections (PDF) (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  22. ^ a b Lixion A. Avila (August 5, 1997). Hurricane Bill Preliminary Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  23. ^ "1997-Bill". Environment Canada. September 14, 2010. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  24. ^ a b Edward N. Rappaport (August 13, 1997). Tropical Storm Claudette Preliminary Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  25. ^ "Tropical Storm Claudette pushes north". Daily News. Reuters. July 14, 1997. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
  26. ^ Steve Stone (July 15, 1997). "Claudette- and all her rain – expected to remain out to sea". The Virginian-Pilot Archives. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
  27. ^ a b c Preliminary Storm Report...Hurricane Danny...Updated. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in New Orleans, Louisiana (Report). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. August 1, 1997. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  28. ^ a b Stuart Hinson (1997). Event Record Details: Hurricane (Typhoon) (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  29. ^ a b c David Roth (April 23, 2007). Hurricane Danny – July 14–28, 1997 (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
  30. ^ Stuart Hinson (1997). Event Record Details: Hurricane (Typhoon) (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  31. ^ Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Maximum Rainfall caused by North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific Tropical Cyclones and their remnants Per State (1950–2020)". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  32. ^ Stuart Hinson (1997). Event Record Details: Hurricane (Typhoon) (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  33. ^ "Local Sightings of Tornadoes and Funnel Clouds". Virginian Pilot. National Weather Service. 1997. Archived from the original on May 16, 2005. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
  34. ^ "Tropical Storm Danny Visits Portsmouth!". Portsmouth Weather Records Service. July 24, 1997. Archived from the original on October 22, 2002. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
  35. ^ B. Max Mayfield (July 28, 1997). Tropical Depression Five Preliminary Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  36. ^ National Climatic Data Center (1997). Event Report for Puerto Rico (Report). Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  37. ^ Miles B. Lawrence (October 1, 1997). September Monthly Tropical Weather Summary (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (TXT) on June 11, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  38. ^ a b c Lixion A. Avila (October 28, 1997). Tropical Storm Fabian Preliminary Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  39. ^ Gary Padgett. Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: October, 1997 (Report). Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  40. ^ Edward N. Rappaport (November 5, 1997). Tropical Storm Grace Preliminary Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  41. ^ a b David M. Roth (June 21, 2007). Formative stage of Grace – October 12–15, 1997 (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  42. ^ Stuart Hinson (1998). Puerto Rico Event Report: Flash Flood (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  43. ^ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 1997. p. 3-7. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  44. ^ "Names Are Listed For 1997 Hurricanes". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 26, 1997. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  45. ^ National Hurricane Operations Plan (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. April 1991. p. 3-6. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  46. ^ Maher, Brian; Beven, Jack (August 10, 1997). "World-wide Tropical Cyclone Names". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on December 10, 1997. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  47. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  48. ^ "Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Names". National Hurricane Center. March 4, 2003. Archived from the original on April 11, 2003. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
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