Tripartite symbiosis

Tripartite symbiosis is a type of symbiosis involving three species. This can include any combination of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, or archaea, often in interkingdom symbiosis.

Ants

Fungus-growing ants

Ants of Attini cultivate fungi. Microfungi, specialized to be parasites of the fungus gardens, coevolved with them.^[1]

Allomerus-Hirtella-Trimmatostroma

Allomerus decemarticulatus ants use Trimmatostroma sp. to create structures within Hirtella physophora.^[2]^[3] The fungi are connected endophytically and actively transfer nitrogen.^[4]

Lichen

The mycobiont in a lichen can form a relationship with both cyanobacteria and green algae as photobionts concurrently.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Legumes

Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixating bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with legumes. Sometimes, this is aided by the presence of a fungal species.^[8] This is most effective in undistributed soil.^[9] The presence of mycorrhizae can improve the rhizobial-liquorice nutrient transfer in droughts.^[10] Soybeans in particular can improve their ability to withstand soil salinity with the presence of both rhizobium and mycorrhizae.^[11]

References

^ Currie, Cameron R.; Wong, Bess; Stuart, Alison E.; Schultz, Ted R.; Rehner, Stephen A.; Mueller, Ulrich G.; Sung, Gi-Ho; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Straus, Neil A. (2003-01-17). "Ancient Tripartite Coevolution in the Attine Ant-Microbe Symbiosis". Science. 299 (5605): 386–388. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..386C. doi:10.1126/science.1078155. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12532015. S2CID 15815635.
^ Ruiz-González, Mario X.; Malé, Pierre-Jean G.; Leroy, Céline; Dejean, Alain; Gryta, Hervé; Jargeat, Patricia; Quilichini, Angélique; Orivel, Jérôme (2011-06-23). "Specific, non-nutritional association between an ascomycete fungus and Allomerus plant-ants". Biology Letters. 7 (3): 475–479. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0920. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 3097849. PMID 21084334.
^ Leroy, Céline; Séjalon-Delmas, Nathalie; Jauneau, Alain; Ruiz-González, Mario-Xavier; Gryta, Hervé; Jargeat, Patricia; Corbara, Bruno; Dejean, Alain; Orivel, Jérôme (December 2010). "Trophic mediation by a fungus in an ant-plant mutualism: Fungal mediation in a tripartite mutualism". Journal of Ecology: no. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01763.x. S2CID 83551088.
^ "Exploring fungus–plant N transfer in a tripartite ant–plant–fungus mutualism". Retrieved 2022-09-29.
^ Henskens, Frieda L.; Green, T. G. Allan; Wilkins, Alistair (August 2012). "Cyanolichens can have both cyanobacteria and green algae in a common layer as major contributors to photosynthesis". Annals of Botany. 110 (3): 555–563. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs108. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3400443. PMID 22648879.
^ Rikkinen, Jouko (2015-04-01). "Cyanolichens". Biodiversity and Conservation. 24 (4): 973–993. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0906-8. ISSN 1572-9710. S2CID 254277998.
^ Ponsero, Alise J.; Hurwitz, Bonnie L.; Magain, Nicolas; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Lutzoni, François; U’Ren, Jana M. (2021-10-15). "Cyanolichen microbiome contains novel viruses that encode genes to promote microbial metabolism". ISME Communications. 1 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1038/s43705-021-00060-w. ISSN 2730-6151. PMC 9723557. S2CID 235465561.
^ Takács, Tünde; Cseresnyés, Imre; Kovács, Ramóna; Parádi, István; Kelemen, Bettina; Szili-Kovács, Tibor; Füzy, Anna (2018). "Symbiotic Effectivity of Dual and Tripartite Associations on Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Cultivars Inoculated With Bradyrhizobium japonicum and AM Fungi". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 1631. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01631. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 6243127. PMID 30483288.
^ Varennesa, A. D.; Gossb, M. J. (2007). "The tripartite symbiosis between legumes , rhizobia and indigenous mycorrhizal fungi is more efficient in undisturbed soil". S2CID 52247765. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Hao, Zhipeng; Xie, Wei; Jiang, Xuelian; Wu, Zhaoxiang; Zhang, Xin; Chen, Baodong (October 2019). "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Improves Rhizobium–Glycyrrhiza Seedling Symbiosis under Drought Stress". Agronomy. 9 (10): 572. doi:10.3390/agronomy9100572. ISSN 2073-4395.
^ "Increasing plant tolerance grown on saline soil: the role of tripartite symbiosis". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2022-09-30.

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[1] Currie, Cameron R.; Wong, Bess; Stuart, Alison E.; Schultz, Ted R.; Rehner, Stephen A.; Mueller, Ulrich G.; Sung, Gi-Ho; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Straus, Neil A. (2003-01-17). "Ancient Tripartite Coevolution in the Attine Ant-Microbe Symbiosis". Science. 299 (5605): 386–388. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..386C. doi:10.1126/science.1078155. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12532015. S2CID 15815635.

[2] Ruiz-González, Mario X.; Malé, Pierre-Jean G.; Leroy, Céline; Dejean, Alain; Gryta, Hervé; Jargeat, Patricia; Quilichini, Angélique; Orivel, Jérôme (2011-06-23). "Specific, non-nutritional association between an ascomycete fungus and Allomerus plant-ants". Biology Letters. 7 (3): 475–479. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0920. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 3097849. PMID 21084334.

[3] Leroy, Céline; Séjalon-Delmas, Nathalie; Jauneau, Alain; Ruiz-González, Mario-Xavier; Gryta, Hervé; Jargeat, Patricia; Corbara, Bruno; Dejean, Alain; Orivel, Jérôme (December 2010). "Trophic mediation by a fungus in an ant-plant mutualism: Fungal mediation in a tripartite mutualism". Journal of Ecology: no. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01763.x. S2CID 83551088.

[4] "Exploring fungus–plant N transfer in a tripartite ant–plant–fungus mutualism". Retrieved 2022-09-29.

[5] Henskens, Frieda L.; Green, T. G. Allan; Wilkins, Alistair (August 2012). "Cyanolichens can have both cyanobacteria and green algae in a common layer as major contributors to photosynthesis". Annals of Botany. 110 (3): 555–563. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs108. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3400443. PMID 22648879.

[6] Rikkinen, Jouko (2015-04-01). "Cyanolichens". Biodiversity and Conservation. 24 (4): 973–993. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0906-8. ISSN 1572-9710. S2CID 254277998.

[7] Ponsero, Alise J.; Hurwitz, Bonnie L.; Magain, Nicolas; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Lutzoni, François; U’Ren, Jana M. (2021-10-15). "Cyanolichen microbiome contains novel viruses that encode genes to promote microbial metabolism". ISME Communications. 1 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1038/s43705-021-00060-w. ISSN 2730-6151. PMC 9723557. S2CID 235465561.

[8] Takács, Tünde; Cseresnyés, Imre; Kovács, Ramóna; Parádi, István; Kelemen, Bettina; Szili-Kovács, Tibor; Füzy, Anna (2018). "Symbiotic Effectivity of Dual and Tripartite Associations on Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Cultivars Inoculated With Bradyrhizobium japonicum and AM Fungi". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 1631. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01631. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 6243127. PMID 30483288.

[9] Varennesa, A. D.; Gossb, M. J. (2007). "The tripartite symbiosis between legumes , rhizobia and indigenous mycorrhizal fungi is more efficient in undisturbed soil". S2CID 52247765. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

[10] Hao, Zhipeng; Xie, Wei; Jiang, Xuelian; Wu, Zhaoxiang; Zhang, Xin; Chen, Baodong (October 2019). "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Improves Rhizobium–Glycyrrhiza Seedling Symbiosis under Drought Stress". Agronomy. 9 (10): 572. doi:10.3390/agronomy9100572. ISSN 2073-4395.

[11] "Increasing plant tolerance grown on saline soil: the role of tripartite symbiosis". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2022-09-30.

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