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Transair Flight 810

Coordinates: 21°16′30″N 158°01′34″W / 21.275°N 158.026°W / 21.275; -158.026
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Transair Flight 810
Forward fuselage of the 737 found on the seabed a week after the crash
Accident
DateJuly 2, 2021 (2021-07-02)
SummaryDitched after engine failure
SiteMāmala Bay, Oahu
21°16′30″N 158°01′34″W / 21.275°N 158.026°W / 21.275; -158.026
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 737-275C[Note 1]
OperatorRhoades Aviation
Call signRHOADES EXPRESS 810
RegistrationN810TA[1]
Flight originDaniel K. Inouye International Airport
DestinationKahului Airport
Occupants2
Passengers0
Crew2
Fatalities0
Injuries2
Survivors2

Transair Flight 810 was a Boeing 737-200 converted freighter aircraft, owned and operated by Rhoades Aviation under the Transair trade name, on a short cargo flight en route from Honolulu International Airport to Kahului Airport on the neighboring Hawaiian island of Maui. Immediately after an early morning takeoff on July 2, 2021, one of its two Pratt & Whitney JT8D turbofan engines faltered, and the first officer, who was flying the aircraft, reduced power to both engines. The two pilots—the only occupants of the aircraft—began executing the Engine Failure or Shutdown checklist, but became preoccupied with talking to air traffic control (ATC) and performing other flying tasks, never reaching the section of the checklist where the failing engine was to be positively identified and shut down. The captain assumed control but misidentified the failing engine, increased power to that engine, and did not increase power to the other, properly functioning engine. Convinced that neither engine was working properly and unable to maintain altitude with one engine faltering and the other idling, the pilots ditched off the coast of Oahu about 11 minutes into the flight.

The pair were rescued about an hour after the crash in a coordinated inter-agency response involving multiple aircraft and boats. Both were hospitalized and later released. The wreckage was located the following week at depths up to 420 feet (130 m) 2 miles (3 km) off Ewa Beach and was subsequently recovered.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and National Transportation Safety Board immediately began investigating. Transair voluntarily withdrew its four remaining 737s from service for an internal review. Transair resumed flying their one operational 737-200 a week later, but subsequently had to cease 737 operations due to deficiencies identified by the FAA prior to the ditching. The accident was attributed to the pilots' ineffective crew resource management, high workload, and stress.

Flight

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On July 2, 2021, at 1:33 a.m. HST, the aircraft began its take-off from Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL) just west of Honolulu on the southern coast of Oahu.[2] The captain was 58-year-old Henry Okai, an experienced pilot with around 15,781 hours of flying time, 871 on the Boeing 737-200. The first officer was 50-year-old Gregory Ryan, also an experienced pilot with around 5,272 hours of flying time, 908 of them on the Boeing 737-200. At around 1:42 a.m., after air traffic control had cleared the flight to climb to 13,000 feet (4,000 m), the pilots informed Honolulu tower that the aircraft had "lost an engine."[3] Publicly available flight data show the aircraft had only climbed to around 2,100 feet (640 m).[4]

The tower controller offered an immediate return for landing, but the crew instead requested delay vectors to run a checklist.[3] They continued on a southwest heading, away from the airport.[5] At around 1:46 a.m., the crew reported that the second engine had overheated, and they could not maintain altitude.

After turning back toward Honolulu, the aircraft continued to lose altitude, so the controller issued a low-altitude alert and asked if they wanted to go to the closer Kalaeloa Airport instead. The first officer's transmission "We'd like the closest airport runway, please" was one of the last transmissions recorded from the aircraft.[3] The plane went down on the water of Māmala Bay about 2 miles (3 km) short of Kalaeloa Airport.[2][6] The captain sustained serious injuries and the first officer sustained minor injuries as a result of the accident.[7]

Search and rescue

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U.S. Coast Guard Joint Rescue Coordination Center Honolulu watchstanders received a report from Honolulu Air Traffic Control of a downed Boeing 737 offshore. In response, the Coast Guard issued a notice to mariners, launched a Eurocopter MH-65 Dolphin helicopter and HC-130 Hercules airplane from Coast Guard Air Station Barbers Point (co-located at the Kalaeloa Airport), sent out a 45-foot Response Boat – Medium crew, and diverted the cutter Joseph Gerczak.[8] In addition to the Coast Guard, multiple other agencies deployed, including Emergency Medical Services.[9] The Hawaii Department of Transportation’s ARFF boat based at the Honolulu International Airport also responded and took approximately 30 to 40 minutes to get to the scene after navigating through a mile-wide debris field.[10][11]

Coast Guard FLIR video showing rescue of two pilots. Thumbnail shows rescue swimmer being hoisted aboard helicopter

The Coast Guard helicopter located a fuel slick and wreckage at around 2:30 a.m.[12][13][2][6] Both pilots had escaped through the cockpit windows,[14][15] and the captain was seen clinging to the vertical tail (the only part of the aircraft that could still be seen floating above the waves), while the first officer was in the water floating on a bed of cargo soaked in jet fuel.[16][17] The captain was at the point of exhaustion and not fully responsive when he was hoisted aboard the helicopter.[18][19][17] The first officer was lifted on board the ARFF rescue boat.[10][20][21]

Both were taken to The Queen's Medical Center about 20 miles (32 km) away.[8] The captain was hospitalized in critical condition; the first officer was taken to hospital with a minor head injury and multiple lacerations.[22][23](p11) Both men were released from the hospital within a few days.[24]

A Coast Guard press release quoted a watchstander saying, "Our crews often train closely with our counterparts ... That training paid off and we were able to quickly deploy response assets to the scene and recover the two people aboard the aircraft."[8]

At the time of the rescue, there were winds of 17 miles per hour (27 km/h) and seas up to 5 feet (1.5 m).[8]

Aircraft

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N810TA in May 2019, after its full freighter conversion

The aircraft involved was a 45-year-old first-generation Boeing 737-200. From 1968 to 1988, Boeing built 1,114 of the 737-200 type,[25] but by 2021, fewer than 60 were still flying worldwide.[13] Scheduled passenger service using 737-200s largely ended in 2008 with the closure of Aloha Airlines (also based in Honolulu) but a few remained in passenger service through 2020.[26]

C-GDPW in August 1998 in freight service in "combi" configuration[Note 2]

This 737-275C Adv.[Note 1] combi aircraft was originally built for Pacific Western Airlines. It made its maiden flight on July 23, 1975, was delivered on October 10, 1975, and was originally registered in Canada as C-GDPW.[27][28] The aircraft was eventually taken out of passenger service, and later converted to a full freighter. In 1999 the converted airframe was re-registered to Transmile as 9M-PML in Malaysia until it was then re-registered by Transair in the U.S. as N810TA in 2014.[citation needed] It was one of five Boeing 737s in Rhoades Aviation Inc's Transair fleet.[12]

Engines

[edit]
A JT8D engine inlet fan case on the seabed a week after the ditching

First-generation 737s were powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A[29] engines, originally designed for the Boeing 727 around 1960. Pratt & Whitney produced more than 14,000 of these engines before regular production ended in 1985. The company continued actively supplying parts and overhauling engines through 2021 when roughly 2,000 were still in use.[4][30][31][32]

The FAA's Service Difficulty Reports database shows the aircraft involved, N810TA, experienced #1 (left) engine failure on takeoff twice in recent years, but with different engines each time. In a 2018 failure, the engine had accumulated 23,657 hours total time and 35,753 total cycles, while in a 2019 failure the engine had 71,706 total hours and 67,194 total cycles.[33]

Investigation

[edit]
A portion of the aircraft's cargo, still secured by netting, floating among the debris field the day after the ditching

The following day, USCGC Joseph Gerczak completed collection of a small amount of incidental flotsam from the debris field to aid in the investigation.[34] The NTSB examined the retrieved items, described as mostly general cargo.[16]

In an initial statement, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) said, "The pilots had reported engine trouble and were attempting to return to Honolulu when they were forced to land the aircraft in the water ... The FAA and National Transportation Safety Board will investigate."[2][35] The FAA would not comment on its current investigation, but a local investigative reporter for KHON-TV found more than a dozen FAA enforcement actions against Rhoades Aviation and Trans Executive Airlines of Hawaii (doing business as Transair), with fines that totaled over $200,000 over 25 years.[36] A company representative declined to comment because they were a party to the ongoing NTSB investigation, but a former FAA Chief Counsel published critical commentary on the reporting, cautioning against drawing premature conclusions from potentially unrelated historical enforcement actions.[37]

Transair voluntarily grounded its Boeing 737 cargo aircraft for a week after the accident.[16][38] Then on July 15, Rhoades Aviation lost its FAA inspection authorization, after failing to ask for reconsideration of a June 13 notice of deficiencies identified during an FAA investigation that began in 2020. This effectively grounded Rhoades's fleet of 737-200s, which only included one remaining operational aircraft at the time. The FAA said the grounding was not a direct result of the ditching.[39][40][33][41]

Transair had a contract to carry mail between the Hawaiian Islands, but the United States Postal Service said no mail was aboard this flight. They made alternate arrangements after Transair grounded its 737s.[36]

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) deployed a relatively large ten-investigator team to Oahu.[2] Two investigators arrived later that day and began on-scene coordination,[42] and the rest arrived by the next day. Team specialties included air traffic control, systems, maintenance records, human performance, operations, powerplants, and wreckage recovery.[43]

The NTSB also announced that the manufacturers of the airframe and the engines, Boeing and Pratt & Whitney respectively, would be among the parties to the investigation.[44] The NTSB stated, "In general terms, NTSB investigators develop factual information in three areas: the people involved in an accident, the equipment involved in the accident and the environment in which the accident occurred."[44]

Fuselage center section and wings on the seabed a week after the incident
The same section being recovered almost four months later

NTSB met with the parties to the investigation the following day, and said it would use side-scan sonar to locate and evaluate the wreckage prior to attempting to recover the "black box" flight recorders.[45] The wreckage was located the following week at depths between 360–420 ft (110–130 m)—below the depth where human divers could safely recover the flight recorders per the NTSB.[46]

The NTSB also sampled fuel from another aircraft and found no anomalies. By the end of the following week, the on-site "go-team" had completed collection of the perishable evidence, including interviews of more than a dozen key personnel, and returned home, but the flight recorders remained with the wreckage at the bottom of the sea.[47]

Photos from a remotely controlled SEAMOR Marine Chinook underwater vehicle showed that the fuselage broke ahead of the wing, with the nose section separated from the center section, but the inboard sections of both wings were still attached to the fuselage wing carry-through.[48]

On May 25, 2022, citing numerous safety violations found during its investigation, the FAA announced that it was revoking the airline's air operator's certificate. Among the cited violations were 33 flights undertaken with engines that were not airworthy. Rhoades was given until June 8 to appeal the agency's decision.[49]

On December 20, the NTSB released their investigation docket on the accident.[50]

Recovery

[edit]

The NTSB coordinated with the insurance company for Transair to begin an underwater recovery effort.[51][52][53] A research vessel, RV Bold Horizon, with a 7,000 lb. remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) owned and operated by subsea recovery specialists Eclipse Group Inc. was used to raise the engines and rig each fuselage section for hoisting to the surface by a derrick barge Salta Verde equipped with a crane working under contract to Eclipse Group Inc.[54] The recovery is somewhat unusual in that the aircraft did not break up into small pieces during the accident.[55] On November 2, the NTSB recovered both flight recorders as well as the aircraft's fuselage and engines.[56][57]

Video of the recovery operation by the NTSB.

Final investigation

[edit]

The NTSB released their final report on the accident on June 15, 2023. The investigation revealed that during the takeoff the cockpit voice recorder recorded a thud and subsequent vibrations. The engine failure was attributed to oxidation and corrosion within two engine high-pressure turbine blades causing stress fractures and subsequent breakage. The breakage caused secondary damage to the low-pressure turbine resulting in loss of thrust. The pilots correctly identified a loss of thrust in the #2 (right) engine at the time of takeoff.[23]

The first officer reduced power on both engines after leveling off at 2,000 ft. The captain was preoccupied with successfully communicating the emergency to ATC, causing delays to responding to the emergency. The first officer misidentified the left engine as "gone", possibly due to its lower engine power ratio compared to the right. The captain failed to verify the first officer's findings, assuming the first officer had a greater situational awareness as he was distracted with his communications with ATC and his belief that the first officer "never makes a mistake".[23]

Distraction with communicating the emergency to ATC caused the captain to have a delayed call for the start of the Engine Failure or Shutdown checklist. Starting the checklist earlier might have caused the first officer to recall their correct initial identification of the failing right engine. The first officer was not able to complete the engine failure checklist and the captain did not ensure its completion, indicative of ineffective crew resource management.[58] The crew continued to use the damaged right engine, leaving the left undamaged engine on near-idle power. The resulting low energy state eventually rendered the plane unable to maintain altitude.[7]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b The 2 in the suffix denotes that it was a -200 series variant of the 737; 75 is the Boeing customer code for Pacific Western Airlines. The C in the model code designates that this aircraft was originally built as a 737-200 Combi, a specialized model of the aircraft that was designed to carry both passengers and freight on the main deck of the aircraft, separated by a movable bulkhead. Adv stands for Advanced, meaning it was a later variant with improved capacity and range over the original -200.
  2. ^ Note the gravel deflector on the nose gear from the Boeing "Unpaved Strip Kit" (gravel kit), which were sometimes fitted to 737-200s in Canada.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "FAA Registry (N810TA)". Federal Aviation Administration.
  2. ^ a b c d e Wallace, Gregory; Murphy, Paul P.; Andone, Dakin (July 2, 2021). "A Boeing 737 cargo plane makes emergency landing in the water near Honolulu". CNN. Retrieved July 2, 2021. The plane went down approximately two nautical miles south of Kalaeloa, Petty Officer 3rd Class Matthew West of the US Coast Guard District 14 Hawaii Pacific told CNN.
  3. ^ a b c Kaminski-Morrow, David (July 3, 2021). "Transair 737-200 crash crew believed both engines were failing". FlightGlobal. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Levin, Alan; Philip, Siddharth Vikram; Johnsson, Julie; Beene, Ryan (July 2, 2021). "'Let the Coast Guard Know': Cargo Jet Ditches, Triggering Rescue". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  5. ^ "Audio of radio traffic between air traffic controller in Honolulu tower and Transair Flight 810". LiveATC.net. July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Boeing 737 cargo plane crashes off West Oahu with 2 on board". Hawaii News Now. July 2, 2021. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. The Federal Aviation Administration and National Transportation Safety Board are investigating after a cargo plane crashed in waters off West Oahu with two people on board. It happened around 1:45 a.m., about two miles off Kalaeloa Airport, according to the state Department of Transportation.
  7. ^ a b "Pilots' confusion caused 2021 cargo plane crash off Hawaii, NTSB says". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. The Associated Press. June 17, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d "Video available: Coast Guard, partners rescue 2 people from downed aircraft off Oahu". U.S. Coast Guard. July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  9. ^ "2 pilots rescued after Boeing 737 cargo plane crashes in water shortly after takeoff from Honolulu". Hawaii News Now. July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Bernardo, Rosemarie (July 2, 2021). "Cargo plane crashes off Oahu; 2 injured pilots rescued". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  11. ^ Hawaii DOT [@@DOTHawaii] (July 2, 2021). "Mahalo to Aircraft Rescue Firefighters Terrence Kashima, Raymond Vegas Jr., and Steward Lee (R to L) for their water rescue in response to the downed aircraft off Kalaeloa early this morning. We're glad you're always ready! #ARFF (MT Steward Lee should be Stuart Lee. Our apologies.)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.1411020552903434240
  12. ^ a b Shepardson, David; Ajmera, Ankit (July 2, 2021). "Boeing 737 cargo plane makes emergency water landing off Hawaii". Reuters. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  13. ^ a b "'It doesn't look good out here': Air traffic control communications reveal what pilots said as they crashed into Pacific Ocean". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  14. ^ (October 9, 2021).NTSB Media Briefing for TransAir Recovery Operation. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  15. ^ Levin, Alan; Johnsson, Julie; Beene, Ryan (July 2, 2021). "'They Went Down': How Boeing 737 Pilots Survived Hawaii Ditching". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 5, 2021. The rescuers initially focused on the pilot clinging to the packages, said (Lieutenant Gleb) Borovok and Lieutenant Alex Mead, who flew the chopper. But then the tail of the aircraft started to sink, thrusting the man who had been perched there into the water. The helicopter deployed a swimmer and hoisted the Transair pilot aboard.
  16. ^ a b c Fujimori, Leila (July 4, 2021). "Search is underway for cause of cargo plane crash off Kalaeloa". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  17. ^ a b "Interview: KHON2 speaks with USCG crew who rescue pilots from downed cargo plane PT. 2". YouTube. July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  18. ^ "WATCH: Coast Guard video shows dramatic rescue of pilots after cargo plane crash". Hawaii News Now. July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  19. ^ United States Coast Guard (July 2, 2021). "Coast Guard, partners rescue 2 people from downed aircraft off Oahu". Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  20. ^ Parkhomchuk, Mariya (July 2, 2021). "Pilots in critical, serious conditions after plane goes down near West Oahu". KHON-TV. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  21. ^ Boneza, Jenn (July 3, 2021). "Cargo plane crashes in the ocean off Honolulu, two pilots rescued". KHON-TV. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  22. ^ Shapiro, Emily; Stone, Alex (July 2, 2021). "2 pilots alive after plane crashes few miles off coast of Hawaii". ABC News. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  23. ^ a b c "Aviation Investigation Final Report Transair flight 810". National Transportation Safety Board. June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
  24. ^ "NTSB to survey debris field of cargo plane crash off Kalaeloa". Hawaii News Now. July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  25. ^ The Boeing Company. "Boeing Commercial Orders & Deliveries" (Filtered data table). Tableau Public. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  26. ^ "9 Oldest Commercial Passenger Planes in Service". Aero Corner. December 11, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2021. 4. Boeing 737-200 of Air Inuit – 1979; 3. Boeing 737-200 of Venezolana – 1978; 2. Boeing 747-200 of Caspian Airlines – 1978; 1. Boeing 737-200 (G-GNLK) of Nolinor Aviation – 1974.
  27. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-275C Adv. N810TA Honolulu-Daniel K. Inouye International Airport, HI (HNL)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  28. ^ "Trans Air N810TA (Boeing 737 - MSN 21116) (Ex 9M-PML C-GDPW)". www.airfleets.net. Airfleets aviation. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  29. ^ "Registry for N810TA". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  30. ^ "Pratt & Whitney's JT8D Engine Turns Half a Century Old". MediaRoom. Pratt & Whitney. Retrieved July 7, 2021. More than 14,750 JT8D engines have been built, accumulating more than half a billion hours of service. At one point, JT8D engine sales and service contributed about half of United Technologies' profits. Today, it continues to generate revenue through overhauls, spare parts sales and kits to make it quieter and cleaner burning.
  31. ^ "JT8D". Pratt & Whitney. Retrieved July 7, 2021. The JT8D engine has proven itself to be a highly durable and reliable engine, having completed more than 673 million dependable flying hours since entering service. Once deemed the workhorse of the industry, more than 14,750 JT8D engines have flown. Today, there are 2,400 engines still in use.
  32. ^ McMurtry, Ian (June 3, 2020). "The JT8D Engine Roars into History Books as Delta Retires McDonnell Douglas Fleet". AirlineGeeks.com. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
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  34. ^ @USCGHawaiiPac (July 3, 2021). "Update: The @USCG is assisting the @NTSB during their investigation into the incident involving a downed cargo plane off Oahu Saturday. The Coast Guard continues to work with our partners during the salvage operation and environmental response" (Tweet). Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via Twitter.
  35. ^ Pallini, Natalie Musumeci, Thomas. "Cargo plane makes emergency landing in ocean near Honolulu". Business Insider. Retrieved July 9, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ a b Mangieri, Gina (July 7, 2021). "Transair FAA penalties span decades; no US mail in crashed plane". KHON2. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  37. ^ Murdock, Sandy (July 8, 2021). "Enforcement Records may not tell the full story about cargo crash in Hawai'i". JDA Journal. JDA Aviation Technology Solutions. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  38. ^ "T4809 (RDS809) Transair Flight Tracking and History 09-Jul-2021 (PHNL-OGG / PHOG)". FlightAware. Retrieved July 10, 2021. Friday 09-Jul-2021 06:19AM HST Daniel K Inouye Intl - HNL 06:42AM HST Kahului - OGG B732 0h 23m
  39. ^ "FAA orders Transair to stop jet flights, citing 'deficiencies' in maintenance, safety practices". KHON-TV. July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
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  43. ^ @ntsb_newsroom (July 2, 2021). "Team specialties include air traffic control, systems, maintenance records, human performance, operations, powerplants & structures/wreckage recovery" (Tweet). Retrieved July 4, 2021 – via Twitter.
  44. ^ a b "Update: NTSB Investigation of Transair Flight 810 Crash Continues". National Transportation Safety Board. July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  45. ^ Josephs, Leslie (July 5, 2021). "NTSB to interview pilots, survey site of ditched 737 cargo plane off Hawaii coast". CNBC. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  46. ^ Shepardson, David (July 9, 2021). "Wreckage located of Boeing cargo jet that made emergency landing off Hawaii". Metro US. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  47. ^ "NTSB: Images from cargo plane wreckage released". KITV. July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  48. ^ HNN Staff (July 10, 2021). "NTSB releases first images of cargo plane wreckage in deep waters off Oahu". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  49. ^ Niles, Russ (May 26, 2022) [May 25, 2022]. "FAA Proposes Pulling Certificate After 737 Ditching". avweb.com. AVweb. Retrieved May 26, 2022. The agency claims to have found hundreds of illegal flights and numerous violations.
  50. ^ Hradecky, Simon (July 2, 2021). "Accident: Trans/Rhoades B732 at Honolulu on Jul 2nd 2021, ditched about 2nm out of Honolulu". avherald.com. The Aviation Herald. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  51. ^ Levin, Alan (August 19, 2021). "Recovery of Hawaii Cargo Jet on Sea Floor Set to Begin in Fall". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
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  57. ^ Wolfsteller, Pilar (November 2, 2021). "PICTURES: NTSB recovers wreckage of Transair Boeing 737F that crashed off Hawaii". FlightGlobal. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  58. ^ "DCA21FA174.aspx". www.ntsb.gov. Retrieved June 19, 2023.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Coast Guard, partners rescue 2 people from downed aircraft off Oahu. United States Coast Guard.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board.

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