Toxophora

Toxophora
	Toxophora amphitea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Brachycera
Infraorder:	Asilomorpha
Superfamily:	Asiloidea
Family:	Bombyliidae
Subfamily:	Toxophorinae
Tribe:	Toxophorini
Genus:	Toxophora; Meigen, 1803
Type species
	Asilus fasciculatus; Villers, 1789
Synonyms
	Eniconevra Macquart, 1840; Heniconevra Agassiz, 1846; Heniconeura Bezzi, 1903; Toxomyia Hull, 1973; Enicocera;

Toxophora is a genus of flies belonging to the family Bombyliidae (bee-flies). There are 47 described species, distributed throughout the world, although they are most abundant in Southwestern United States and western Mediterranean. World catalog of bee flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae) They are strange, stout, robust flies with a hunchbacked form, with a body length of 6–12 mm and wings 4 to 7.5mm. Most species are black with banding or spots.^[1]

Larvae feed in the nest of wasps of the genus Odynerus.^[1]^[2]

Ectoparasitoids in nests of solitary bees & wasps Research.net. Yeates, D. The evolutionary pattern of host use in the Bombyliidae (Diptera): a diverse family of parasitoid flies

Species

T. aegyptiaca Efflatoun, 1945 (Afrotropical: Sudan. Palaearctic: Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia)
T. albivittata Bowden, 1964 (Afrotropical: Ghana, Ivory Coast)
T. albonotata Loew in Alayo & Garcia Avila, 1983
T. americana Guérin-Méneville, 1835 (Nearctic:)
T. amicula Séguy, 1930 (Neotropical: Argentina)
T. amphitea Walker, 1849 (USA (Texas))
T. fucata Osten Sacken, 1877 (Nearctic: Mexico (Guerrero, Sonora), USA (District of Columbia, Florida, Maryland, Missouri, Texas))
T. turkestanica var. angusta Paramonov, 1933 (Palaearctic: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)
T. aurea Macquart, 1848 (Brazil (Paraná) )
T. aurifera Rondani, 1848 (Brazil or Uruguay)
T. dryitis Séguy, 1930 (French Guiana)
T. verona Curran, 1934 (Neotropical: Brazil (Acre, Paraná, Roraima), French Guiana, Guyana)
T. australis Hesse, 1938 (Afrotropical: Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa (Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Western Cape))
T. bezzii Paramonov, 1933 (Palaearctic: Egypt, Israel)
T. carcelii Guérin-Méneville, 1830 (Afrotropical: Ghana, Ivory Coast, Senegal)
T. coeruleiventris Karsch, 1887 (Afrotropical: Botswana, Burundi, Kenya, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Northern Province), Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe)
T. compta Roberts, 1929 (Australasian/Oceanian: Australia (Queensland))
T. crocisops Hesse, 1938 (Afrotropical: Namibia, South Africa (Western Cape))
T. cupreus (Fabricius, 1787) (Nearctic: Mexico (Morelos, Nayarit). Neotropical: Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará), Colombia, French Guiana, Panama, Suriname)
T. deserta Paramonov, 1933 (Turkmenistan)
T. tadzhikorum Paramonov, 1933 (Palaearctic: Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)
T. diploptera Speiser, 1910 (Tanzania)
T. cyanolepida Hesse, 1938 (Afrotropical: Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa (Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Northern Province, Western Cape), Tanzania, Zimbabwe)
T. emeljanovi Zaitzev, 1980 (Palaearctic: Mongolia)
T. epargyra Hermann, 1907 (Afrotropical: Sudan. Palaearctic: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Gruzia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)
T. epargyroides Hesse, 1938 (Afrotropical: ?Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)
T. fasciculatus (Villers, 1789) (Afrotropical: Sudan. Palaearctic: Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, France (incl. Corsica), Germany, Greece (incl. Zakynthos), Gruzia, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy (incl. Sicily), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, Romania, Russia (SET), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan)
T. fusca Gray in Griffiths & Pidgeon, 1832 (Patria Ignota)
T. fuscipennis (Macquart, 1840) (Palaearctic: Algeria, France)
T. gittinsi Tabet, 2001 (Nearctic: USA (Idaho))
T. iavana Wiedemann, 1821 (Oriental: China (Fujian), India (Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Hong Kong, Indonesia (Java, Nusa Tenggara), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Philippines. Palaearctic: China)
T. lebedevi Paramonov, 1925 (Palaearctic: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)
T. lepidocera (d’Andretta & Carrera, 1950) (Neotropical: Brazil (Pará, São Paulo))
T. leucon Séguy, 1930 (Neotropical: Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay)
T. leucopyga Wiedemann, 1828 (Nearctic: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina))
T. leyladea Efflatoun, 1945 (Afrotropical: Sudan. Palaearctic: Egypt)
T. maculipennis Karsch, 1886 (Afrotropical: Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Senegal)
T. maxima Coquillett, 1886 (Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur Tiburon I), USA (Arizona, California, Idaho, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas))
T. obliquisquamosa Hesse, 1938 (Afrotropical: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Eastern Cape, Western Cape))
T. pallida d’Andretta & Carrera, 1950 (Neotropical: Brazil (Ceará))
T. pellucida Coquillett, 1886 (Nearctic: Canada (Alberta), Mexico (Baja California Sur), USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Washington))
T. psammophila Paramonov, 1933 (Palaearctic: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Gruzia, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.punctipennis)
T. punctipennis Bezzi, 1921 (Afrotropical: Namibia, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), Zimbabwe)
T. quadricellulata Hesse, 1963 (Afrotropical: Namibia, South Africa (Northern Cape, Western Cape))
T. seyrigi Séguy, 1934 (Palaearctic: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Gruzia)
T. travassosi (d’Andretta & Carrera, 1950) (Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo))
T. tristis (Séguy, 1930) (Neotropical: Cuba)
T. trivittata Bezzi, 1908 (Afrotropical: Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria)
T. turkestanica Paramonov, 1933 (Palaearctic: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)
T. varipennis Williston, 1901 (Nearctic: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Morelos, Veracruz-Llave).Neotropical: Guatemala)
T. vasta Coquillett, 1891 (Nearctic: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada))
T. virgata Osten Sacken, 1877 (Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Sur, Sonora), USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah))
T. vitripennis Bezzi, 1924 (Afrotropical: Uganda)
T. zikani (d’Andretta & Carrera, 1950) (Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro))

^[3]^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b Hull, F.M. (1973). Bee flies of the world. The genera of the family Bombyliidae. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 687 pp. ISBN 0-87474-131-9.
^ Townsend, C. H. T. (1891). "Description of the Pupa of Toxophora Virgata O. S" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 6 (205). Cambridge: Cambridge Entomological Club: 455–456. doi:10.1155/1893/49585. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
^ "World Catalog Family Bombyliidae Latreille (part 1 (Oligodraninae through Bombyliinae, p. 1-206)" (PDF). Bishop Museum. 1999. pp. 1–206. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
^ "World Catalog Family Bombyliidae Latreille (part 1 (Oligodraninae through Bombyliinae, p. 1-206) - Revised Edition" (PDF). Bishop Museum. September 2003. pp. 1–206. Retrieved 12 January 2009.

[Hull-1] Hull, F.M. (1973). Bee flies of the world. The genera of the family Bombyliidae. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 687 pp. ISBN 0-87474-131-9.

[2] Townsend, C. H. T. (1891). "Description of the Pupa of Toxophora Virgata O. S" (PDF). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 6 (205). Cambridge: Cambridge Entomological Club: 455–456. doi:10.1155/1893/49585. Retrieved 2009-01-12.

[3] "World Catalog Family Bombyliidae Latreille (part 1 (Oligodraninae through Bombyliinae, p. 1-206)" (PDF). Bishop Museum. 1999. pp. 1–206. Retrieved 12 January 2009.

[4] "World Catalog Family Bombyliidae Latreille (part 1 (Oligodraninae through Bombyliinae, p. 1-206) - Revised Edition" (PDF). Bishop Museum. September 2003. pp. 1–206. Retrieved 12 January 2009.

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