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Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)

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"Chitonga" redirects here. For the chiTonga language of Malawi, see Tonga language (Malawi). For other languages called "Tonga", see Tonga language (disambiguation).
Tonga
Zambezi
isiTonga
Native toZambia, Zimbabwe
EthnicityTonga, Kafwe Twa
Native speakers
1.5 million (2001–2010 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Plateau Tonga
  • Valley Tonga (We)
  • Leya
  • Mala
  • Ndawe
  • Dombe
Latin (Tonga alphabet)
Tonga Braille
Official status
Official language in
 Zimbabwe
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3toi – inclusive code
Individual code:
dov – Dombe
Glottologtong1318  Tonga
domb1246  Toka-Leya-Dombe
M.64[2]
ELPDombe

Tonga (Chitonga), also known as Zambezi, is a Bantu language primarily spoken by the Tonga people (Bantu Batonga) who live mainly in the Southern province, Lusaka province, Central Province and Western province of Zambia, and in northern Zimbabwe, with a few in northwest Mozambique. The language is also spoken by the Iwe, Toka and Leya people among others, as well as many bilingual Zambians and Zimbabweans. In Zambia Tonga is taught in schools as first language in the whole of Southern Province, Lusaka and Central Provinces.

The language is a member of the Bantu Botatwe group and is classified as M64 by Guthrie. Despite similar names, Zambian Tonga is not closely related to the Tonga of Malawi (N15) or the Tonga language of Mozambique (Gitonga: S62).

It is one of the major lingua francas in Zambia, together with Bemba, Lozi and Nyanja. There are two distinctive dialects of Tonga: Valley Tonga and Plateau Tonga. Valley Tonga is mostly spoken in the Zambezi valley and southern areas of the Batonga while Plateau Tonga is spoken more around Monze District and the northern areas of the Batonga.[3]

Tonga developed as a spoken language and was not put into written form until missionaries arrived in the area in the 19th century. Although there are a growing number of publications in the language, it is not completely standardized, and speakers of the same dialect may have different spellings for the same words once put into written text.[4]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
plain pal.
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t t͡ʃ ~ c k
voiced b d d͡ʒ ~ ɟ ɡ
prenasal vd. ᵐb ⁿd ⁿd͡ʒ ~ ᶮɟ ᵑɡ
prenasal vl. ᵐp ⁿt
Fricative voiceless f s sʲ ʃ h
voiced β v z zʲ ʒ ɣ (ɦ)
Liquid l ~ ɾ
Semivowel voiced j w
breathy (j̤) w̤
voiceless (j̊) w̥
  • /l/ can also be heard as a tap sound [ɾ] in free variation.
  • Post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ⁿd͡ʒ/ can also be heard as palatal stops [c, ɟ, ᶮɟ] in free variation among dialects.
  • /w/ can also be heard as a labio-palatal [ɥ] when occurring before /i/.
  • /f, v/ can also be heard as glottal fricatives [h, ɦ] in the Plateau dialect.[5]
  • /sʲ, zʲ/ are heard as voiceless and breathy palatal approximants [j̊, j̤] in the Northern dialects.[6]
  • At least some speakers have a bilabial nasal click where neighboring dialects have /mw/, as in mwana 'child' and kunwa 'to drink'.[7]

Vowels

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Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Open a aː

Verbs

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Tonga or Citonga follows the standard Bantu language structure. A single word may incorporate a subject-marker, a tense-marker, a direct object, and even an indirect object, combined with the verb root itself.

Tense[8] Tense marker Example
Subject-(tense marker)-verb root-(ending) First person "ndi" doing something s/he shouldn't be doing "kukuta"
Present Simple -(verb root) Ndakuta
Present Perfect -a-(verb root)-ide Ndikutide
Present Continuous -la- Ndilakuta
Habitual Present Tense -la-(verb root)-a Ndilakuta
Recent Past (Past of Today) -ali-(verb root)-ide ndalikutide
Simple Past -aka- ndakakuta
Recent Past Continuous -ali-ku-(verb root) ndalikukuta
Habitual Past Continuous -akali-ku-(verb root) Ndakalikukuta
Remote Past -aka- ndakakuta
Near Future -la- Ndilakuta
Simple Future -ya-ku-(verb root)-a Ndiyakukuta
Future Habitual -niku-(verb root)-a ndinikukuta
Extended Future (Tomorrow or after tomorrow) -yaku-(verb)-a ndiyakukuta

Tonal system

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Tonga is a tonal language, with high and low-toned syllables. The placement of the tones is complex and differs from that of other Bantu languages; for example, a syllable which is low in Tonga may be high in the cognate word in other Bantu languages and vice versa.[9] Several scholars, beginning with A. E. Meeussen in 1963,[10] have tried to discover the rules for where to place the tones.

One feature of the tonal system is that high tones tend to get disassociated from their original place and move to the left, as is illustrated in these examples:[11]

  • íbúsi 'smoke'
  • ibusu 'flour'

In these words, the original high tone of the root -sí has moved to the prefix ibu-, whereas the low tone of -su has not affected the prefix.

The above example of a noun is relatively easy to explain. However, the tones of the verbal system are more complex. An example of one of the puzzles discussed by both Meeussen and Goldsmith can be seen below:

  • ndi-la-lang-a 'I am looking at'
  • nda-lang-a 'I am awake'
  • ba-la-lang-a 'they are looking at'
  • ndi-la-bon-a 'I will see'
  • nda-bon-a 'I see'
  • ba-lá-bon-a 'they will see'

The high tone on the tense-marker la in the fourth verb is puzzling. If it comes from the verb root bon, it is hard to see why it does not also appear in the 1st person ndi-la-bon-a.

Some scholars, such as Carter[12] and Goldsmith,[9] have analysed Tonga as having both tones and accents (the accents in Tonga being mainly on low-toned syllables). Others, such as Pulleyblank, analyse the same data purely in terms of tonal rules, without the need to introduce accents.

References

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  1. ^ Tonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Dombe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  3. ^ A Practical Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x
  4. ^ Mweenzu Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v
  5. ^ Sibajene, Alick (2013). A dialectological study of Tonga. University of Zambia.
  6. ^ Carter, Hazel (2002). An outline of Chitonga grammar. Lusaka, Zambia: Bookworld Publishers.
  7. ^ Norval Smith, Harry van der Hulst, 1988. Features, Segmental Structure & Harmony Processes, vol. 1 p. 198
  8. ^ Tenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003
  9. ^ a b Goldsmith, John (1984) "Tone and Accent in Tonga". In Clements, G. N. and John Goldsmith Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone. Dordrecht, Foris Publications, p. 48.
  10. ^ Meeussen, A.E. (1963) "Morphotonology of the Tonga Verb", Journal of African Linguistics Vol.2, Part I.
  11. ^ Pulleyblank (1983) Tone in Lexical Phonology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.
  12. ^ Carter, Hazel (1971) and (1972). "Morphotonology of Zambian Tonga: Some Developments of Meeussen's System". African Language Studies 12: 1-30 and 14: 36-52.
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For a list of words relating to the Tonga language of Zambia, see the Tonga (Zambia) language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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