Tomlinson model
The Tomlinson model, also known as the Prandtl–Tomlinson Model, is one of the most popular models in nanotribology widely used as the basis for many investigations of frictional mechanisms on the atomic scale. Essentially, a nanotip is dragged by a spring over a corrugated energy landscape. A "frictional parameter" η can be introduced to describe the ratio between the energy corrugation and the elastic energy stored in the spring. If the tip-surface interaction is described by a sinusoidal potential with amplitude V0 and periodicity a then
where k is the spring constant. If η<1, the tip slides continuously across the landscape (superlubricity regime). If η>1, the tip motion consists in abrupt jumps between the minima of the energy landscape (stick-slip regime).[1][2]
The name "Tomlinson model" is, however, historically incorrect: the paper by Tomlinson that is often cited in this context [3] did not contain the model known as the "Tomlinson model" and suggests an adhesive contribution to friction. In reality it was Ludwig Prandtl who suggested in 1928 this model to describe the plastic deformations in crystals as well as the dry friction.[4][5] In the meantime, many researchers still call this model the "Prandtl–Tomlinson Model".
In Russia this model was introduced by the Soviet physicists Yakov Frenkel and T. Kontorova. The Frenkel defect became firmly fixed in the physics of solids and liquids. In the 1930s, this research was supplemented with works on the theory of plastic deformation. Their theory, now known as the Frenkel–Kontorova model, is important in the study of dislocations.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ Socoliuc, A.; Bennewitz, R.; Gnecco, E.; Meyer, E. (2004-04-01). "Transition from Stick-Slip to Continuous Sliding in Atomic Friction: Entering a New Regime of Ultralow Friction". Physical Review Letters. 92 (13). American Physical Society (APS): 134301. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92m4301S. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.92.134301. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 15089616.
- ^ Popov, Valentin L. (2017). "The Prandtl-Tomlinson Model for Dry Friction". Contact Mechanics and Friction. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 173–192: Chapter "Prandtl–Tomlinson–Model". doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53081-8_11. ISBN 978-3-662-53080-1.
- ^ G. A. Tomlinson, Phil. Mag., 1929, v. 7, p. 905
- ^ L. Prandtl, Ein Gedankenmodell zur kinetischen Theorie der festen Körper. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 1928, Vol. 8, p. 85-106.
- ^ Popov, V.L.; Gray, J.A.T. (2012). "Prandtl-Tomlinson model: History and applications in friction, plasticity, and nanotechnologies". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik. 92 (9): 683–708. Bibcode:2012ZaMM...92..683P. doi:10.1002/zamm.201200097.
- ^ O. M. Braun, "The Frenkel-Kontorova model: concepts, methods and applications", Springer, 2004.
External links
[edit]- The Tomlinson mechanism
- Frenkel–Kontorova–Tomlinson Model
- Michael Weiss, Franz-Josef Elmer: Dry friction in the Frenkel-Kontorova-Tomlinson model: dynamical properties, Zeitschrift für Physik B 104 (1997).
- The complete text of the original paper by Ludwig Prandtl describing the "Tomlinson" model as well as its translation into English
- Description of the basic properties of the Prandtl-Tomlinson Model
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