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Tokanui Branch

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The Tokanui Branch, also known as the Seaward Bush Branch, was a branch line railway located in Southland, New Zealand. It diverged from the Bluff Branch south of the main railway station in Invercargill and ran for 54 kilometres in a southeasterly direction. Construction began in 1883 and it operated until 1966.

Construction

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The line was built to access timber resources south-east of Invercargill and to open up the region to farming development, replacing an earlier bush tramway that had run in the area in the 1870s. Governments of the Southland Province and Otago Province had rejected a railway line due to lack of finances and an 1880 Royal Commission did not view the line as advisable. By 1882 the Provinces of New Zealand had been abolished and the railways centrally controlled by the New Zealand Railways Department, and despite the Long Depression, funds for construction were made available.[1] Work commenced, with turning of the first sod by the Prime Minister, Harry Atkinson, on 9 April 1883,[2] and the first section opened on 9 July 1886 to Waimatua,[3] followed by Mokotua on 16 January 1888.[4] The opening to Mokotua was marked by the operation of a special train from Invercargill hauled by a steam locomotive of the 1874 J class.[5]

The next extension, into the lower Mataura River area, was 6 mi 62 ch (10.9 km) long[6] and not constructed immediately as there was some debate over whether the Wyndham Branch should be extended south from Glenham instead. Ultimately, the Wyndham Branch proposal was rejected and the line beyond Mokotua to Gorge Road was opened[7] on 6 March 1895 by the local MP, Robert McNab,[8] and when a bridge over the Mataura River was completed, a further 6 mi 40 ch (10.5 km) extension[9] to Waimahaka was opened on Friday, 9 June 1899 by the Prime Minister, Richard Seddon.[10] A connection with the Catlins River Branch was proposed and a further 8 mi 11 ch (13.1 km)[11] was added to the branch when it opened to Tokanui on Wednesday 20 September 1911,[12] making it 54.42 kilometres in total length. Although a connection with the Catlins River Branch appears logical on a map, the rugged country beyond Tokanui discouraged further extension, and the 'promise' to connect the two branches may have merely been an electoral ploy, though the Public Works Department referred to the line as 'Catlins-Waimahaka Railway' in 1910.[13] Even the extension to Tokanui had curves with a radius as tight as 7+1⁄2 chains (500 ft; 150 m)[14] and gradients as steep as 1 in 50.[15] A ten kilometre route to Marinui was surveyed, but no further work was done and Tokanui remained the line's terminus.[7] In 1911 it was planned to spend £80,000 on 5+1⁄2 mi (8.9 km) of the extension from Tokanui,[16] as far as the AA trig point (now near the Marinui Road junction).[17] However, there were delays and a change of government, so that work had still not started on the eve of World War 1.[18] As late as 1931 the line was reported as part of a 105 mi 49 ch (170.0 km) Balclutha to Seaward Bush line, both the unbuilt 23 mi 63 ch (38.3 km) Tahakopa-Marinui and 6 mi (9.7 km) Marinui-Tokanui sections having been surveyed.[19]

Stations

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Thirteen stations were established on the line even though none served any actual towns, and an engine shed with turntable was initially established at Waimahaka. This was also the first station on the line to actually have an enclosed goods shed. With the completion of the line to Tokanui, the locomotive depot was moved from Waimahaka to the terminus.[20]

The following stations were located on the Tokanui Branch (in brackets is the distance in kilometres from the start of the branch):[21]

Operation

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Tokanui station in 1956

The Tokanui Branch was largely served by mixed trains that carried both passengers and freight. Upon opening, the first section to Waimatua was served by just two mixed trains from Invercargill per week, but when the line was opened to Waimahaka, services changed to a daily mixed train that ran from the terminus to Invercargill and back. These trains were changed to run from Tokanui when it was reached by the line.[20] Initially, timber was the major traffic carried on the branch, but as farming areas developed, the main traffic became agricultural lime and fertiliser in and produce of the farms out.[7] The arrival of the railway caused the decline of coastal shipping; the opening of the line to Waimahaka particularly impacted the fortunes of Fortrose's port on Toetoes Bay detrimentally.[22] The railway, in turn, was negatively impacted by the development of road transport in the region. The line was losing money by 1930 but no alterations to improve efficiency and profitability were made to the schedule until 1951, when the mixed service was cut to just once weekly. At this stage, it mainly operated for the benefit of families employed by the Railways Department. The daily freight continued to run on the other days of the week sans passenger wagon.[20] Steam locomotives of the A class were the predominant form of motive power and they occasionally double-headed services during busy periods.[23]

Closure

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Despite the service reductions of 1951, losses continued and the line's economic position was not helped by the improvement of roads in the area.[7] On 1 June 1960, the passenger service was cancelled for good, and the freight train was changed to run when required, which typically meant between three and five times a week. The demand for the line was now insufficient to justify its existence, and it was initially to close on 31 January 1966, but was given an extra two months of life to allow local farmers to rail in lime under subsidies from the government.[24]

The line's new closure date was 31 March 1966, but a final passenger excursion for local residents and railway enthusiasts was permitted to run on 2 April. Hauled by A 426, it was meant to also retrieve those goods wagons which had been left on the line. However, various problems meant that it was unable to haul the goods wagons and had to return to Invercargill with only the passenger carriages. Accordingly, one more service was required to run, and the next week[25] it successfully retrieved the wagons and the line was officially closed.[23] The closure directly caused the loss in lime traffic from the Browns Branch that led to its demise in 1968.[26]

Today

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Through the southern suburbs of Invercargill, the former line cuts diagonally across the grid pattern of the streets and creates a green belt of parks and playgrounds through the city. Embankments, cuttings, and evidence of level crossings used by the railway can be found at various points along its length, though due to the passage of time, remnants have diminished or been wholly destroyed, either by natural conditions or in the name of development. At the site of the yard in Waimahaka, the old goods shed has been refurbished, and the station platform and loading bank are also still visible.[27] The largest structure on the line was the Mataura River bridge, completed in April 1899[28] by J & A Anderson for £6486,[29] of which three truss girders[30][31] (each 80 ft (24 m) long and made of iron)[10] of the rail bridge still span the river,[32] but are inaccessible as smaller spans at each end were removed during demolition of the line. Another one of the branch's goods sheds survives, in dilapidated condition in Tokanui, where it is owned by a transport company who have used the former yard area for their own business.[27]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Leitch & Scott 1995, p. 124-5.
  2. ^ "The Seaward Bush Railway. Southland Times". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 10 April 1883. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  3. ^ "The Seaward Bush Railway. Southland Times". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 10 July 1886. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  4. ^ "Seaward Bush Railway. Southland Times". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 17 January 1888. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  5. ^ Bruce Hermann, South Island Branch Lines (Wellington: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society, 1997), 44.
  6. ^ "Public Works Statement, by the Minister for Public Works, the Hon R.J. Seddon 21st October, 1895". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Churchman & Hurst 2001, p. 212.
  8. ^ "Seaward Bush Railway. Southland Times". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 7 March 1895. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  9. ^ "Railways Statement. (17th August, 1900). By The Minister For Railways, The Hon. J. G. Ward". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  10. ^ a b "Seaward Bush Railway. Southland Times". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 10 June 1899. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  11. ^ "Waimahaka-Tokonui Railway. Southland Times". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 21 September 1911. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  12. ^ "Southland Times - 1911 railway timetable". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 19 September 1911. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  13. ^ "Page 1 Advertisements Column 6 (Southland Times, 1910-11-23)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  14. ^ "Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1909 Session II Public Works Report". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  15. ^ "WAIMARAKA-TOKONUI RAILWAY (Southland Times, 1911-09-21)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  16. ^ "Public Works Statement. Catlin's-Waimahaka". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 16 October 1911. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  17. ^ "1:63360 map Sheet: S183 Tokanui". www.mapspast.org.nz. 1944. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  18. ^ "THE TOKONUI RAILWAY Southland Times". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 15 April 1914. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  19. ^ "Table of Lengths of Government Lines Authorized, Constructed, and Surveyed up to 31st March, 1931". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  20. ^ a b c Leitch & Scott 1995, p. 125.
  21. ^ New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas, ed. John Yonge (Essex: Quail Map Company, 1993), 30.
  22. ^ Catlins Promotions Association, "History - Fortrose", accessed 15 November 2007.
  23. ^ a b R. A. John, South Island Steam Finale (Timaru: Pleasant Point Railway and Historical Society, 1991), 3.
  24. ^ Leitch & Scott 1995, p. 124.
  25. ^ R. A. John states the service ran on 4 April and was headed by A 426; Leitch and Scott state 5 April and headed by A 178.
  26. ^ Leitch & Scott 1995, p. 122.
  27. ^ a b Leitch & Scott 1995, p. 126.
  28. ^ "Southland Times". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 6 April 1899. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  29. ^ "Southland Times". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 17 April 1895. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  30. ^ Wheel5800 (27 February 2008), Seaward Bush Branch - Mataura Bridge remains 2008, retrieved 12 September 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Wheel5800 (9 June 2019), Mataura River Gorge Bridge 2008, retrieved 12 September 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ "-46.479775732486054, 168.73992593776777". Google Maps. Retrieved 12 September 2023.

Bibliography

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  • Churchman, Geoffrey B; Hurst, Tony (2001) [1990, 1991]. The Railways of New Zealand: A Journey through History (Second ed.). Transpress New Zealand. ISBN 0-908876-20-3.
  • Leitch, David; Scott, Brian (1995). Exploring New Zealand's Ghost Railways (1998 ed.). Wellington: Grantham House. ISBN 1-86934-048-5.
  • Hermann, Bruce J; South Island Branch Lines pp 43,44 (1997, New Zealand Railway & Locomotive Society, Wellington) ISBN 0-908573-70-7
  • Mulligan, Barbara (2000). New Zealand Rail Trails: A Guide to 42 Ghost Lines. Wellington: Grantham House Publishing. pp. 238–242. ISBN 978-1-86934-126-8.
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