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Tobias Rustat

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Rustat, a 1796 engraving by W. N. Gardiner (after Kneller, 1682)

Tobias Rustat (bapt. 17 September 1608 – 15 March 1694 N. S.) was a courtier to King Charles II and a benefactor of the University of Cambridge. He is remembered for creating the first fund for the purchase of books at the Cambridge University Library. He was an investor in, and Assistant of, the Royal African Company, an English mercantile company involved in the slave trade.

Life

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Rustat was born at Barrow upon Soar, Leicestershire, where his father Robert was vicar.[1] His mother Alice was a sister of Robert Snoden, bishop of Carlisle, 1616–1621. He was baptised at Barrow on 17 September 1608.[2]

After an apprenticeship to a barber-surgeon in London, Rustat entered the service of Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh and attended him in his embassy to Venice, before becoming a servant to his nephew George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. An ardent Royalist, he acted as a courier between England and the exiled court. During the Second English Civil War, Rustat joined Buckingham in a 1648 uprising in Kent, where he saved the Duke's life. In 1648 he escaped to the continent with Buckingham. He was present following the Battle of Worcester (1651) and aided the escape of Charles II.[3]

In 1650 Rustat was made Yeoman of the Robes to Charles II, remaining in the position until the king's death in 1685. Rustat's personal wealth came from his career as a courtier and his loyalty to the king. He became an investor, alongside the king and his brother the Duke of York, in a series of trading companies including the Royal African Company and the Gambia Adventurers. Rustat played a role in running the Royal African Company, being elected for three one-year terms as an Assistant (equivalent of a company director) in 1676, 1679 and 1680.[4] The Members of the Court of Assistants can be considered equivalent to a modern-day board of directors.[5][6] Historian William Pettigrew has stated that this company “shipped more enslaved African women, men and children to the Americas than any other single institution during the entire period of the transatlantic slave trade” and that investors in the company were fully aware of its activities and intended to profit from this exploitation.[7]

In 1675, the University of Cambridge awarded Rustat a Master of Arts degree per literas regias.[8]

John Evelyn wrote of Rustat "He is a very simple, ignorant, but honest and loyal creature."[9]

Rustat is buried in the chapel of Jesus College, Cambridge where there is a monument to him by the studio of Grinling Gibbons. This bears an inscription to Rustat's belief that giving away as much as one is able in life can bring one closer to God in death, and records that he died at the age of 87 on 15 March 1693 (Old Style).[10]

Benefactions and legacy

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Statue of Charles II, Royal Hospital Chelsea, commissioned around 1680–1682

In later life Rustat became an important benefactor to a number of colleges of the University of Cambridge, in particular to Jesus College where his father had been a student.[11] In January 1667 he created the first fund for the purchase of books at the Cambridge University Library with a donation of £1,000.[12] The books purchased from the fund[13] were to be bound in the same way with Rustat's arms stamped in gold on the cover,[14] kept in one place in the library, and recorded in a vellum book.[2]

Rustat created a scholarship at Jesus College for the orphan sons of Anglican clergymen. Among the Rustat scholars were poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge[11] and clergyman Henry Venn.[15] The Tobias Rustat's Charity supports vicars in Leicestershire.[16]

Rustat commissioned three statues of Stuart kings from the workshop of Grinling Gibbons in the 1670s and '80s. These were the standing statue of Charles II at the Royal Hospital Chelsea, an equestrian statue of Charles II in Windsor Castle and the statue of James II, now in Trafalgar Square. The last was commissioned for the Palace of Whitehall, apparently at the same time as the standing Charles II, and the two works might have been intended as pendant pieces.[17]

Jesus College, Cambridge owns a 1682 portrait of Rustat painted by Godfrey Kneller (previously attributed to Lely).[18] This used to hang in the senior combination room but has been placed in storage. The college commemorated him in the naming of Rustat Road in Cambridge.[19] The Rustat Conferences, founded in 2009, were named after him; in 2020 they were renamed the Jesus College Conferences.

Rustat is commemorated by a small, late 19th-century stone statue at the Old Schools, the original site of the University Library.[20]

Rustat monument

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Jesus College, Cambridge by David Loggan (1690)

A white marble memorial monument to Rustat in the chapel of Jesus College is attributed to the studio of Grinling Gibbons, with parts carved by Arnold Quellin and others less certainly by John Nost.[10] The college proposed that this memorial should be removed from the chapel,[21] and a faculty application to permit this was made to the Diocese of Ely in December 2020.[22][23]

The removal of the monument from the west wall of the college chapel was opposed by Rustat’s descendants and some alumni. An objection by 65 alumni, calling themselves the Rustat memorial group, stated that the character of the chapel would be altered, that the college was trying to alter that character, and that its arguments opposed the whole idea of heritage. The objectors stated that Rustat's involvement with the slave trade was marginal in his life and not unusual in the culture of his time.[24][25] Evidence had been filed with the University of Cambridge Advisory Group on Legacies of Enslavement which attempted to exonerate Rustat from any significant links to the 17th-century slave trade, as his RAC holdings constituted only 1.7 per cent of his total worth measured by his lifetime giving and his estate at death.[24] English Heritage opposed the proposed relocation while the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby criticised the delay in removing what he described as "a memorial to slavery" on 8 February 2022.[26]

The faculty application to move the Rustat memorial was considered at a three-day consistory court hearing in February 2022.[27][28] David Hodge QC, Deputy Chancellor of the Diocese of Ely, ruled that removing the memorial would case significant harm to the chapel as a building of special historical and architectural interest. His judgement concluded that Jesus College had not presented a clear and compelling case for removal that outweighed this harm.[29][30] After the ruling the Archbishop of Canterbury stood by his comments and stated "Memorials to slave-traders do not belong in places of worship."[31]

Jesus College spent £120,000 attempting to remove the Rustat memorial from its chapel, The college has decided against an appeal. Costs were not awarded to the opponents.[32][33]

Rustat scholars

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See also

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  • Okukor, a Benin bronze at Jesus College until 2021

References

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  1. ^ "Rustat, Robert (RSTT581R)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  2. ^ a b "Rustat, Tobias". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24358. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. ^ "Rustat, Tobias" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  4. ^ "Tobias Rustat". Jesus.cam.ac.uk/. Jesus College, Cambridge. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  5. ^ Evans, Chris, 1961- (2010). Slave Wales : the Welsh and Atlantic slavery, 1660-1850. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-2303-8. OCLC 653083564.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Dresser, Madge (1 October 2007). "Set in Stone? Statues and Slavery in London". History Workshop Journal. 64 (1): 162–199. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbm032. ISSN 1363-3554. S2CID 194951026.
  7. ^ "Legacy of Slavery Working Party recommendations". Jesus.cam.ac.uk. Jesus College, Cambridge. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  8. ^ "Rustat, Tobias (RSTT675T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  9. ^ John Evelyn, ed. William Bray, Memoirs, Volume 1 (1819), p. 520
  10. ^ a b Renfrew, Jane M.; Robbins, Michael (September 1990). "Tobias Rustat and his Monument in Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge". The Antiquaries Journal. 70 (2): 416–423. doi:10.1017/S0003581500070852. S2CID 162555093. Retrieved 16 February 2021. "TOBIAS RUSTAT, YEOMAN OF THE ROBES TO KING CHARLES THE SECOND, WHOM HE SERVED WITH ALL DUTY AND FAITHFULLNESS, IN HIS ADVERSITY AS WELL AS PROSPERITY. THE GREATEST PART OF THE ESTATE HE GATHERED BY GOD'S BLESSING, THE KING'S FAVOUR, AND HIS INDUSTRY, HE DISPOSED IN HIS LIFETIME IN WORKES OF CHARITY; AND FOUND THE MORE HE BESTOWED UPON CHURCHES, HOSPITALLS, UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES AND UPON POOR WIDOWS AND ORPHANS OF ORTHODOX MINISTERS, THE MORE HE HAD AT THE YEAR'S END. NEITHER WAS HE UNMINDFUL OF HIS KINDRED & RELATIONS, IN MAKING THEM PROVISIONS OUT OF WHAT REMAINED. HE DIED A BACHELOUR THE 15TH DAY OF MARCH, IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1693. AGED 87 YEARS."
  11. ^ a b Garrett, Martin (2004). Cambridge: A Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. ISBN 1-902669-79-7.
  12. ^ Oates, J. C. T. (13 March 2015). "The seventeenth century". A brief history of the collection. Cambridge University Library. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  13. ^ "Books acquired from the "Rustat fund" according to Cambridge University Library catalogue".
  14. ^ "Binding stamp of Tobias Rustat". St John's College, Cambridge.
  15. ^ Cowie, Leonard W. "Venn, Henry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28184. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  16. ^ "Tobias Rustat's Charity, registered charity no. 219784". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
  17. ^ Ward-Jackson, Philip (2011), Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster: Volume 1, Public Sculpture of Britain, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 291–3, ISBN 9781846316913
  18. ^ Oates, J. C. T.; McKitterick, David (1986). Cambridge University Library: A History: From the Beginnings to the Copyright Act of Queen Anne. Cambridge University Press. p. 372]. ISBN 0521306566. "the oil-portrait at Jesus College (attributed to Lely but actually by Kneller with his signature dated 1682)"
  19. ^ Gray, Ronald (2000). Cambridge Street Names. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-521-78956-7.
  20. ^ "Statement on the University's Historical Involvement with Tobias Rustat". Lib.cam.ac.uk. Cambridge University Library. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  21. ^ "Legacy of Slavery Inquiry update: proposed relocation of Rustat's memorial". Jesus.cam.ac.uk. Jesus College, Cambridge. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  22. ^ "Faculty Application Notice" (PDF). Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  23. ^ "Memorial planning application". jesus.cam.ac.uk. Jesus College, Cambridge. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  24. ^ a b Moore, Charles (30 January 2021). "Will Samuel Pepys be cancelled next?". The Spectator. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  25. ^ "JUSTIN GAU INSTRUCTED TO OBJECT TO THE REMOVAL OF THE TOBIAS RUSTAT MEMORIAL FROM JESUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE". Pumpcourtchambers.com. Pump Court Chambers. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  26. ^ Farley, Harry (8 February 2022). "Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby criticises delay in removing slavery plaque". BBC News. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  27. ^ Turner, Camilla (23 January 2022). "Cambridge college alumni take row over slavery-linked donor to court, in UK first". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  28. ^ "[2022] ECC Ely 1" (PDF). Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  29. ^ "Cambridge college memorial to slave trader will not be removed". BBC News. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  30. ^ Weale, Sally (23 March 2022). "Church court rejects Cambridge college bid to move slave trader memorial". The Guardian.
  31. ^ "Contested heritage and racial justice: statement by the Archbishop". Archbishop of Canterbury. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  32. ^ Brackley, Paul (15 April 2022). "Jesus College spent £120,000 on failed bid to move memorial to slave trade investor Tobias Rustat". Cambridge Independent. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  33. ^ "[2022] ECC Ely 5 Judgment on Costs" (PDF). Retrieved 12 January 2023.
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