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Timeline of cable television in the United Kingdom

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This is a timeline of cable television in the United Kingdom.

The first part of the timeline covers the development of cable across the country, including details of the cable-exclusive channels which launched in the 1990s as part of cable television's attempt to compete with BSkyB's satellite television.

The merger of NTL and Telewest effectively resulted in a single national network, covering just over half the country. The second part of the timeline covers Virgin Media.

Pre-Virgin Media

[edit]
  • 1928
    • The foundations for cable television are laid in Swindon when a company called Radio Relay starts transmitting two audio channels on a wire that runs around the town to a relatively small number of homes.[1]
  • 1936
    • Rediffusion, a supplier of cable radio services since 1928, starts providing "Pipe TV" to customers, to coincide with the BBC's launch of the world's first regular high-definition television service.[2]
  • 1950
    • A cable network is launched in Gloucester, to provide better television reception than is possible at the time via a rooftop aerial.[3] Further such systems were built in other cities over the next three decades and by the late 1970s, 2.5 million British homes received their television service via cable.[4]
  • 1961
    • A new cable network launches in Swindon to transmit television signals. As reception in the area is poor, take-up is high and by the end of the decade around 15,000 homes were paying to receive their pictures via cable television. However, only those channels available in the area are allowed to be carried on the system.
  • 1964
    • The company which provides the cable relay service in Swindon is acquired by Radio Rentals and is called Radio Rentals Cable.
  • 1969
    • 15,000 people in Swindon are paying to receive their television pictures via cable television. However, because only existing terrestrial programmes could be put on the cable, and in consequence, the interest in cable started to decline as more and more BBC and ITV transmitters made reception clearer.
  • 1972
    • The UK's Minister for Posts and Telecommunications authorises five experimental community cable television channels.[5] The first to launch is Greenwich Cablevision.[6]
  • 1976
    • 2 January – Sheffield Cablevision closes when the funds run out.[10]
    • Greenwich Cablevision closes as a full-time service although programming made by volunteers keeps the station on air in a restricted form until the early 1980s.
    • Swindon Viewpoint’s experimental phase ends when EMI decided to pull out of funding the service. However, the channel continues after it was sold to the public of Swindon for £1.
  • 1980
    • April – Regular programming on Swindon Viewpoint ends when funding dries up.[11] but continues intermittently for the next decade with programmes made by volunteers.
  • 1981
    • Radio Rental Cable Television launches the UK's first pay-per-view movie channel, 'Cinematel', for cable viewers in Swindon. The channel later expands to Chatham in Kent. As well as showing movies, the channel also broadcasts some local programming, including one-off documentaries and shortly after a live news-magazine format programme, called Scene in Swindon launches. Also provided is a local teletext service, with pages about film information, horoscopes, recipes, local bus times and job vacancies.
    • 9 September – Rediffusion launches a movie channel called Starview.[12] It is allowed to launch the channel following a decision by the Home Office granting several experimental licences to broadcast subscription television and Rediffusion had won one of these licenses.
  • 1982
    • Proposals to liberalise cable television in the UK are drawn up. Previously, apart from the 1981 experiments, the cable networks were only allowed to relay the over-the-air channels.[13]
  • 1983
    • Ahead of the enacting of the forthcoming liberalisation, the Government licenses eleven interim franchises for broadband systems. Each covers an individual town or city of around 100,000 homes.
  • 1984
    • 16 January – Satellite Television Ltd launches in the UK on Swindon Cable as Sky Channel with the opening ceremony involving Kate Bush cutting a red ribbon. The channel initially broadcasts for five hours each night and as more operators start to carry the channel, its broadcast hours slowly expand.[14][15][16]
    • Thorn EMI, which operates Swindon Cable, launches four channels – movie channel The Entertainment Network, music channel Music Box, sport channel Screensport and The Children's Channel. Despite being delivered by satellite, they are created with the planned roll-out of cable across the UK in mind. The Entertainment Network (rebranded as Premiere) and Music Box closed down by the end of the decade, Screensport (purchased by WHSmith) merged with Eurosport and moved to their frequencies in 1993, and The Children's Channel closed down at no notice in 1998.
    • The Cable and Broadcasting Act 1984 is enacted. This allows cable companies to offer as many channels as they liked, and also allowed cable companies to offer a telephone service in competition with British Telecom.
    • 1 December – The Cable Authority comes into existence and on 1 January 1985 takes on the functions granted to it by the Cable and Broadcasting Act 1984, paving the way for fully commercial cable franchises to be awarded on a city-by-city basis.
  • 1985
    • 1 September – Ealing Cable launches Home Video Channel, which shows low-budget movies devoted to horror, action/adventure, science fiction and erotica are subsequently rolled out to other cable operators sending tapes and a copy of the programme schedule so that could be played out locally.[17]
    • 20 December – United Artists Programming launches Bravo.[18] It shows mainly black & white B-movies from the 1950s and 1960s. The channel remains a cable-exclusive service until it launches on satellite in July 1993.
    • Swindon's cable service is re-branded as Swindon Cable and its news programme is renamed as part of this move and became Focus on Swindon. The channel increases the programme's frequency from twice a week to three times a week.
  • 1986
    • 4 February – Thorn EMI sells its stake in Swindon Cable to British Telecom and the new owners axe Focus on Swindon and other local programming and replaces it with bought-in content.
    • May – Ealing Cable launches Indra Dhnush, a subscription-based Asian service devoted to Hindi films and television programmes with some material in other Indian languages.
    • August – Star Channel launches as an alternative film service which broadcasts between 6.30pm and 2.00am, it has been distributed to several cable operators on videotape form rather than by satellite.
  • 1987
    • March – Ealing Cable sells HVC to Premiere.[19] The new owner continues with the channel's existing operational model including the distribution of tapes, and increases its broadcasting hours.
    • July – The loss for expected closure of Star Channel following its merger with Premiere to reduce the remaining film services include Bravo and Home Video Channel.
  • 1988
    • United Cable of Denver purchases Croydon Cable and subsequently merges with United Artists Cable International.
    • Swindon cable's TV channel is relaunched as Swindon's Local Channel. This sees the return to the service of local news, sport and one-off documentaries.
  • 1990
    • 25 March – British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) launches its five-channel service and for the first five weeks, the channels are only available on cable. In November BSB and Sky TV merge and a month later two of the five BSB channels - Galaxy and Now - are closed down.
    • In its final annual report, published at its demise, the Cable Authority stated that by the end of 1990, even though almost 15 million homes had been included in franchised areas, only 828,000 of these had been passed by broadband cable and only 149,000 were subscribing.[20]
  • 1991
    • 1 January – The Independent Television Commission takes over the licensing and regulation of cable from The Cable Authority.
    • 8 June – United Artists merges with its largest shareholder Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI).[21]
    • United Artists Programming initiates a trial project to provide coverage of Yesterday in the Commons to cable networks across the UK.[22]
  • 1992
    • The major cable companies join to form 'Cable Programme Partners One (CPP1)', to try to provide alternative content to the satellite-dominated multi-channel environment of the time.
    • 13 January – Following on from the success of Yesterday in the Commons, United Artists Cable launches a full time channel providing live and recorded coverage of the British Parliament called The Parliamentary Channel.[23]
    • April – On-demand music video channel The Box launches. Initially launched in four cable areas, it slowly rolls out on a regional basis across the entire cable network before getting its first berth on satellite in 1998.
    • 4 May – Wire TV launches. Branding itself as 'The Cable Channel', this is the flagship channel of CPP1. Wire TV broadcasts a mix of entertainment, lifestyle and sport from 1pm until 11pm and includes two hours each day of regional programming.[24]
    • October – Country music channel CMT Europe launches on cable. The following year it starts part-time broadcasts on Astra and it doesn't get a full-time service on satellite until later in the 1990s.
    • December - The Performance Channel launches in the UK. It broadcasts arts programming each night from 7pm until the early hours. It remains a cable-exclusive channel until 2003 and ended broadcasting in July 2008.[25][26]
    • Following the merger of TCI and United Artists, they launch a joint venture called Telewest Communications.
  • 1993
    • Barclay Knapp and George Blumenthal, the founders of the cellular network company Cellular Communications, Inc., establish International CableTel.
  • 1995
    • 16 January – Mirror Group plc launches Mirror Television by purchasing Wire TV. It plans to launch Sportswire as a full-time channel and replace Wire TV with a new channel called L!VE TV.
    • May – Ahead of the planned launch of Sportswire as a full-time channel, Wire TV closes.[32]
    • 1 June – SelecTV launches. It is a general entertainment channel which broadcasts each weeknight from 5pm until midnight and a midday start on weekends.
    • June – TCI (owners of Telewest) and NYNEX, two of the main players of CPP1, do a deal with BSkyB which includes a clause that the cable operators do not launch any rival channels to those already operated by Sky. This marks the end of CPP1 and causes the collapse of sports channel Sportswire, days before its launch.
    • 12 June – L!VE TV launches as Mirror Television's sole television channel.[33]
    • June – Telewest merges with SBC Communications, adding franchises in the Midlands and North West serving 1.3 million homes.
    • 3 July – Bell Cablemedia is formed when a number of cable companies, including Jones Cable UK, merge.
    • 1 October – The Sci Fi Channel launches in the UK but its full-time hours (8am to 4am) are only broadcast on cable due to a lack of space on satellite. It broadcasts on satellite for only three hours each evening, and satellite viewers have to wait until the launch of Sky Digital in 1998 to see the channel's full-time output.
  • 1997
    • 14 February – SelecTV is rebranded Carlton Select following Carlton Television’s purchase of Pearson Television.
    • 9 November – As part of its foray into digital television, the BBC launches BBC News 24. However, the channel launches almost a year prior to the launch of digital television in the UK and is only available 24 hours a day on cable, with all other viewers only able to watch the channel overnight on BBC One.
    • Front Row is created to provide a near on-demand pay-per-view movies service for cable television. However, Cable & Wireless chooses not to carry the service, instead opting for Sky Box Office.
  • 1998
    • March – Telewest and General Cable merge.
    • Telewest also acquires the outstanding interest in Birmingham Cable, adding a further 1.7 million franchise homes in Yorkshire, west London and Birmingham.
    • 19 May – CableTel adopts NTL as its new name.
    • 2 September – The BBC purchases The Parliamentary Channel and relaunches it as BBC Parliament.
    • 25 September – Local news channel Channel One closes at 6pm.[37]
    • 1 October – Sky Digital launches, becoming the UK's first digital television service.[38] Consequently, a number of channels which had only been available full-time on cable are now able to broadcast their full schedule on satellite.
    • 15 November – Rival digital television service ONdigital launches.[39] Two of the channels – Carlton Food Network and Carlton Select – had been available exclusively on cable since the mid-1990s.
  • 2002
    • May – Less than a year after being founded and less than six months after launching,[51] Omne Communications enters administration.
    • June – Carlton Television and Granada Television purchase ITN's 65% stake in the ITN News Channel and on 30 September it is renamed as the ITV News Channel. NTL retains its 35% stake.
    • Following the purchase of Isle of Wight Cable and Telephone Company by CLS Holdings, the service is renamed WightCable.
  • 2005
    • January – Both NTL and Telewest start rolling out video-on-demand services.[55]
    • CLS Holdings sells the assets of Wightcable to private investors in 2005, who formed WightCable (2005) Ltd and in 2012 WightCable was rebranded as WightFibre.
    • 1 December – Telewest launches its first personal video recorder TV Drive.[56]
  • 2006
    • At the start of 2006, Telewest becomes the first company in the UK to launch a high-definition service.[57] It provides between 10 and 30 hours of on-demand content in HD, and that summer it provides HD access to some 2006 FIFA World Cup matches to customers who have the TV Drive box.
    • January – CLS Holdings sells WightCable North, at a loss of £2.1 million, to Netfonics[58][59] Just over a year later WightCable North is rebranded as Smallworld Media, then to Smallworld Cable (2009) and to Smallworld Fibre in 2013.[60]
    • March – NTL and Telewest merge.
  • 2017
    • 31 March – Wrights Radio Relay, the last CATV system in the UK which still carried analogue as well as DVB closes down after 57 years of operation in Newtown Mid Wales.

Virgin Media

[edit]
  • 2006
    • 8 November – Virgin Media comes into being when NTL and Telewest does a deal to license the Virgin name.[61]
  • 2009
    • 23 June – Setanta Sports stops broadcasting.[73]
    • 3 August –
    • 24 November – Virgin Media enters into a strategic partnership with TiVo.[75] Under the mutually exclusive agreement, TiVo will develop a converged television and broadband interactive interface to power Virgin Media's next generation, high definition set top boxes. Virgin Media will be the exclusive distributor of TiVo services and technology in the United Kingdom.
  • 2010
    • 1 March – Virgin Media switches off analogue cable service in Manchester.
    • 4 June – British Sky Broadcasting and Virgin Media announce that they have reached an agreement for the acquisition by Sky of Virgin Media Television.[76][77] The take-over is completed on 13 July.[78]
    • 20 July – Film4 HD launches exclusively on Virgin Media[79][80] and remains exclusive to the platform until it launches on Sky in 2013.
    • 3 September – Virgin 1 is rebranded as Channel One because the Virgin name was not licensed to Sky.
    • December – Virgin Media releases its first TiVo co-branded product.[81]
  • 2012
    • January – Virgin Media shuts down its analogue service in Westminster. Due to a dispute with BT, which owns the cables, Virgin was not able to obtain the access required to launch its digital service in the area.[86]
    • February – The V+ box stops being available to new customers as it starts to be phased out in favour of TiVo boxes.
    • 8 February – For the first time, a UK cable company moves into profit when Virgin Media announces a small profit for 2011.[87]
    • 13 September – Movies-on-demand service FilmFlex is renamed Virgin Movies.[88]
  • 2013
    • 6 February – Virgin Media is bought by Liberty Global at a cost of £15 billion.[89]
    • 15 August – BT Sport starts broadcasting on Virgin Media, a month after the channel's launch. Virgin makes the channel available in its XL package as had been the case with Setanta Sports and with ESPN.[90]
    • 25 October – Four years after launching, Premier Sports finally becomes available on Virgin Media. It launches one day prior to the start of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup and is available to all viewers until early 2014.[91]
    • 28 November – Virgin Media shuts down its analogue service in Milton Keynes. As was the case in Westminster, BT and Virgin Media were not able to reach an agreement allowing Virgin the physical access needed to launch its digital service.
  • 2016
    • 12 January –
      • Virgin Media launches four music channels but they are only available as an app to TiVo customers by pressing the red button on channel 345. This is the first time that Virgin Media has launched channels in this way. Later in 2016, one of the channels – Clubland TV – launches as a linear channel meaning that it can be viewed by non-Tivo customers with the other channels accessible by pressing red.[95]
      • Virgin Media adds the Vevo streaming music service, again only for Tivo customers.[96]
    • 24 August – Sky Sports Mix launches and is available from day one on Virgin Media. Also launching on the platform at around the same time are a number of channels already available on Freeview, including Spike, truTV and Movie Mix.[97]
    • November – Virgin Media launches a new set top box, the TiVo-powered Virgin V6 Box. It is only available to customers who also take Virgin Media's internet service.[98]
  • 2017
    • 10 April – Virgin TV Kids launches, replacing Tiddlers TV.[99]
    • 1 June – Talking Pictures TV appears on Virgin Media, two years after it launched on other platforms.[100]
    • 18 July – Sky Sports is revamped. The numbered services are dropped in favour of dedicated channels devoted to their core sports properties with all other sports moved to two new channels – Action and Arena.[101] Sky allows customers to subscribe to specific channels but Virgin Media customers have to take all the channels or none at all.
  • 2018
    • 8 February – Virgin Media signs its first deal with a US streaming service when it announces a partnership with Amazon to co-fund a sci-fi series The Feed.[102]
    • 21 July – A number of channels start broadcasting on Virgin Media. These include FreeSports, Paramount Network, YourTV, Vice and Horse & Country TV which had all been available on other platforms for some time, and Now 80s, which had previously been available via the red button on Clubland TV, launches as a linear channel. Also, two channels from Canadian company Blue Ant Media – Love Nature and children's channel ZooMoo – launch. Both are exclusive to Virgin Media in the UK.[103]
    • 22 July – The UKTV channels stop broadcasting on Virgin Media.[104] The dispute receives considerable media attention.[105]
    • 27 July – Virgin Media agrees a new three-year deal with ITV after more than a year of discussions.[106]
    • 30 July – BT Sport’s 4K HD channel launches on Virgin Media.[107]
    • 11 August – The UKTV channels return to Virgin Media. The long term deal sees the HD versions of Dave and Gold launch on Virgin Media.[108]
    • 17 September – Virgin Media launches a linear UHD channel, becoming Virgin's first linear television channel since it sold its channels to Sky in 2010. It broadcasts a mix of drama, documentaries and music to customers who have its premium V6 set-top box.[109]
    • 25 September – For the first time, Virgin Media removes standard definition (SD) channels when Gold's SD channel is removed from the platform.
    • 4 December – Virgin Media removes the SD versions of BT Sport.
    • 11 December – BBC Two in SD is replaced on channel 102 by the high definition version although BBC Two continues to be available in SD as BBC Two England on channel 862.[110]
  • 2020
    • 7 January – Almost a decade after it was removed, MTV Classic re-appears on Virgin Media. It relaunches on the platform following the closure of VH1.[117]
  • 2021
    • 25 February – The UHD content from Sky announced in 2019 appears following the launch on Virgin Media of Sky Entertainment and Sky Cinema Ultra HD.[118]
    • 1 September – CNN International is removed from Virgin Media - the reason given is "WarnerMedia’s plans to move [the channel] to a subscription model."[119][120]
  • 2022
    • 26 January – Virgin Media removes all of the remaining standard definition versions of BBC channels, although BBC Parliament in SD isn't removed until 12 April.[121]
    • 27 September – Channel 4 HD moves to position 104 when it axes the standard definition version of the channel.[122]
  • 2023
    • 24 January – Virgin Media instigates its biggest cull of standard definition channels so far when it removes standard definition channels from, among others, ITV, Channel 5 and the majority of the Sky channels.[123]
    • 4 July – Virgin Media makes its biggest ever set of changes to its EPG with more than 80 channel moves. The changes see the +1 channels grouped together lower down the EPG, along with a merger of the entertainment, lifestyle and documentary channels.[124]
    • 1 August – Virgin Media becomes the first UK television provider to launch FAST channels on its EPG. However, these channels are only available to customers who have Virgin Media's newest set-top boxes.[125][126] [127]
  • 2024
    • Virgin Media announces that it will replace its older HFC cable network with FTTP by 2028, retiring and replacing the cable television service with the IPTV-based Virgin Media Stream.[128]
    • 10 September – Three years after it was removed, CNN International returns to Virgin Media.[129]

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  93. ^ "Virgin Media extends BSkyB channels deal". The Guardian. 12 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018.
  94. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 68". Cable Forum. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  95. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 73". Cable Forum. 9 October 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  96. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 71". Cable Forum. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  97. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 73". Cable Forum. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  98. ^ "Game-changing Virgin TV Launch | Virgin Media".
  99. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 74". Cable Forum. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  100. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 74". Cable Forum. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  101. ^ "Sky Sports to replace numbered channels and slash prices in revamp". The Guardian. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023.
  102. ^ VM signs deal to make sci-fi series with Amazon
  103. ^ New Channel Line-up
  104. ^ "Four million Virgin Media customers lose UKTV channels". The Guardian. 22 July 2018. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023.
  105. ^ Virgin Media Television and UKTV bosses go head-to-head live on BBC Breakfast
  106. ^ "Virgin Media reaches deal with ITV to retain access to its channels". The Guardian. 27 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022.
  107. ^ BT and Virgin Media deal: BT UHD channel coming to cable TV
  108. ^ UKTV channels return to Virgin Media
  109. ^ Virgin launches linear UHD TV channel
  110. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 80". Cable Forum. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  111. ^ Virgin Media to move BBC HD channels to prime EPG slots
  112. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 83". Cable Forum. 14 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  113. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 83". Cable Forum. 14 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  114. ^ "Channel Changes 26th September"
  115. ^ Total Country [@TotalCountryTV] (8 March 2019). "It's the news that all @virginmedia customers have been waiting for! We are on channel 348 playing all your country favourites right now!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  116. ^ Extended partnership between Virgin Media and Sky to bring even more benefits to viewers and the industry
  117. ^ "Virgin Media Changelog page 83". Cable Forum. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  118. ^ Virgin TV adds Sky shows and movies in Ultra High Definition
  119. ^ CNN drops Virgin Media and Freesat in online push
  120. ^ CNN channel closure info
  121. ^ Virgin Media Changelog page 91
  122. ^ Hatton, Iain (23 September 2022). "Channel 4 HD by default on Sky, Freesat and Virgin Media". RXTV News. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  123. ^ Virgin Media Changelog page 93
  124. ^ Virgin Media TV channel changes on 4th July
  125. ^ Virgin Media O2 enhances its TV offering with the introduction of FAST channels
  126. ^ Virgin Media O2 bolsters TV offering with a selection of new themed channels
  127. ^ Introducing FAST channels
  128. ^ "Virgin Media O2 announces 2028 full fibre upgrade plan". Liberty Global (Press release). 29 July 2021.
  129. ^ CNN returns to Virgin Media
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