Timeline of Savannah, Georgia
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The following is a timeline of the history of Savannah, Georgia, United States.
18th century
[edit]| History of the State of Georgia |
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- 1733
- Savannah founded in British Colony of Georgia by James Oglethorpe.
- Ellis, Johnson, Percival, and St. James Squares laid out per Oglethorpe Plan.
- 1734
- Reynolds Square laid out.
- Solomon's Lodge (Masonic lodge) founded.
- 1735 – Congregation Mickve Israel formed.[1][2]
- 1739 – October 5: Creek leader Tomochichi died. He is buried in Percival Square.[3]
- 1740 – Bethesda Orphanage founded near town.
- 1742 – Oglethorpe Square laid out.
- 1750
- Colonial Park Cemetery established.
- Christ Church built.[2]
- Savannah Female Asylum founded.[2]
- 1754
- Savannah becomes capital of British Province of Georgia.[4]
- Pirates' House Inn in business.
- 1755
- January 1: Georgia legislature convenes.[2]
- Independent Presbyterian Church founded.
- 1762 – Bonaventure Plantation established.
- c. 1764 – The Christian Camphor Cottage was built. It is believed to be the city's oldest extant structure.[5]
- 1765
- Levi Sheftall Family Cemetery established.
- Greenwich Plantation established.
- 1771 – Habersham House completed.
- 1773 – Mordecai Sheftall Cemetery established (possibly 1769).
- 1775
- January: Provincial Congress held.[2]
- June: Committee of Safety organized at the liberty pole.[6]
- 1776 (or before) – The Eppinger House was built. It is believed to be the oldest extant brick structure in the city.[7]
- 1778
- December 29: Battle of Savannah; British in power.[2]
- Georgia state capital relocated from Savannah to Augusta.[2]
- 1779
- Town Hall built.[2]
- Siege of Savannah.[2]
- 1782
- 1786
- Georgia state capital relocated again from Savannah to Augusta.[4]
- Chatham Artillery established.[2]
- 1788
- Town becomes part of the U.S. state of Georgia.
- African Baptist Church[8] and Chatham Academy established.[2]
- 1789 – Savannah chartered as a city.[2]
- 1790
- John Houstoun becomes mayor.
- Franklin Square and Washington Square laid out
- 1791 – Warren Square laid out.
- 1796 – November 26: Fire.[9]
- 1799 – City Exchange constructed, replacing one that burned in 1796. Columbia Square and Greene Square laid out.
19th century
[edit]- 1800 – Population: 5,146.[10]
- 1802 – Savannah Volunteer Guards established.[2]
- 1804
- Seamen's Hospital opens.
- Bonaventure Plantation destroyed by fire.
- Lebanon Plantation established.
- 1809 – Savannah Society Library founded.[11]
- 1810 – Population: 5,315.[12]
- 1812 – Hibernian Society organized.[13]
- 1813 – Oliver Sturges House built.
- 1815 – Orleans Square and Chippewa Square laid out.
- 1817 – Savannah Steamboat Company in business.[2]
- 1818
- Telfair Academy built.
- The Savannah Theatre established.[2][14]
- 1819
- May: Steamboat Savannah travels to Liverpool, England.[15][2]
- May: U.S. President Monroe visits town.[3]
- William Scarbrough House (residence) built.
- Owens–Thomas House (residence built).
- 1820
- January: Fire.[12]
- Isaiah Davenport House built.
- 1821 – The city's first hotel, City Hotel, is completed.[16]
- 1824 – Savannah Fire Company formed.[3]
- 1825 – March: Lafayette visits town.[3]
- 1830
- Nathanael Greene Monument in Johnson Square completed.
- Population: 7,303.[17]
- 1831 – Savannah–Ogeechee Canal constructed.
- 1833 – First Baptist Church built.
- 1834 – Oglethorpe Barracks built (approximate date).
- 1837
- Pulaski Square, Lafayette Square, Madison Square and Troup Square laid out.
- Central of Georgia Railroad begins operating.[18]
- 1839 – Georgia Historical Society organized.[2]
- 1840
- Sorrel–Weed House built.
- Population: 11,214.[10]
- 1841 – Crawford Square laid out.
- 1842 – Convent of St. Vincent de Paul founded.[2]
- 1844 – Savannah Institution for Savings instituted.[3]
- 1846 – Bonaventure Cemetery established near town.
- 1847
- Chatham Square and Monterey Square laid out.
- Fort Pulaski built near town.
- 1848
- Customhouse built.[2]
- Population: 13,573.[19]
- 1850
- Daily Morning News begins publication.
- 1851
- Calhoun Square and Whitefield Square laid out.
- The Marshall House opens.
- 1853
- Forsyth Place (park) laid out.[13][20]
- Catholic Diocese of Savannah[13] and Laurel Grove Cemetery established.
- St. John's Church consecrated.
- Green–Meldrim House built.
- Georgia State Railroad Museum built.
- 1854
- Yellow fever outbreak.[21]
- Central of Georgia Railway Company Shop Property built.
- Augusta and Savannah Railroad in operation (approximate date).[citation needed]
- 1855 – Young Men's Literary Association organized.[11][22]
- 1858 – Old Harbor Light erected.
- 1859
- First African Baptist Church rebuilt.
- The Great Slave Auction at Ten Broeck Race Course, March 2 & 3.[23]
- John G. Lawton riverboat explodes, June 9[24]
- 1860 – Central of Georgia Depot and Trainshed built.
- 1861
- March 21: Cornerstone Speech by Alexander H. Stephens.
- Port blockaded by U.S. government.[2]
4 dollar banknote from the Bank of Commerce in Savannah, Georgia, 1864.
- 1864 – December 22: Savannah taken by Union forces.[25]
- 1866 – City board of education incorporated.[2]
- 1867 – Beach Institute established.[13]
- 1868 – Mercer House (residence) built (approximate date).
- 1870 – McCarthy's Business College established.[13]
- 1871 – Abend Zeitung newspaper begins publication.[13]
- 1873 – First Bryan Baptist Church rebuilt.
- 1874 – Youth's Historical Society founded.[13]
- 1875
- Civil War Memorial in Forsyth Park dedicated.
- Colored Tribune newspaper begins publication.[26]
- Savannah Rifle Association established.[13]
- 1876
- Cathedral of St. John the Baptist dedicated.[2]
- Another yellow fever outbreak[27] (see J. W. Schull)
- 1878 – Congregation Mickve Israel synagogue built.[2]
- 1879 – City boundaries expanded.[2]
- 1880
- Confederate memorial built in Forsyth Park.[28]
- Population: 30,709.[10]
- 1882 – Ford Dramatic Association incorporated.[13]
- 1883
- City boundaries expanded.[2]
- William Washington Gordon Monument in Wright Square completed.
- 1886 – Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences opens.[2]
- 1887
- Savannah Cotton Exchange building built.
- Tybee-Savannah railway built.[21]
- 1888 – William Jasper Monument in Madison Square dedicated.
- 1890 – Population: 43,189.[10][2]
- 1891 – Georgia Industrial College established.[2]
- 1893 – August: Sea Islands hurricane.
- 1898 - Fire at the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist.[2]
- 1899
- Kate Baldwin Free Kindergarten established.
- Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse built.
- 1900
- Population: 54,244.[10][2]
- Great Dane Trailers founded as the Savannah Blowpipe Company
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20th century
[edit]- 1901
- City boundaries expanded.[2]
- Hill Hall at Savannah State College built.
- 1902
- Benedictine College founded.
- Savannah Union Station completed.
- 1904 – City Exchange demolished.
- 1906 – Savannah City Hall built.[2][29]
- 1908 – Savannah, Augusta and Northern Railway in operation (approximate date).[citation needed]
- 1909 – December: Savannah axe murders
- 1910
- James Oglethorpe Monument in Chippewa Square dedicated.
- Population: 65,064.[10][2]
- 1912 – Girl Guides of America founded.[30]
- 1914 – East Henry Street Carnegie Library opens.
- 1919
- Armstrong House completed.
- April: Savannah Centennial Pageant performed.[31]
- 1920 – Population: 83,252.[10]
- 1921 – Lucas Theatre built
- 1925 – Savannah Economic Development Authority established.[32]
- 1926 – Municipal Stadium built.
- 1929
- WTOC radio begins broadcasting.[33]
- Savannah Municipal Airport begins operating.
- Savannah Technical College established.
- 1933 – Greenwich Cemetery established.
- 1935
- Armstrong Junior College founded.
- Union Bag and Paper opens mill.[34]
- 1938 – Atlantic Greyhound Bus Terminal built.
- 1939 – WSAV radio begins broadcasting.[33]
- 1940 – Coastal Transitional Center opened.
- 1942 – U.S. Army Chatham Field (airfield) active.
- 1950 – Little Theatre of Savannah founded.
- 1951 – Palm Drive-In movie theatre opens.[35]
- 1953 – Talmadge Memorial Bridge built to Hutchinson Island.
- 1954
- Council–manager form of government adopted.
- WTOC-TV (television) begins broadcasting.[36]
- 1955 – Historic Savannah Foundation organized.[37]
- 1956
- WSAV-TV (television) begins broadcasting.[36]
- Juliette Gordon Low house museum opens.
- 1960
- Savannah Protest Movement commenced
- Travis Field airport terminal built.
- Population: 147,537.[10]
- 1962 – Savannah station built.
- 1963 – Savannah Union Station demolished.
- 1967 – Grumman Aircraft Engineering Co. opens Savannah office.[34]
- 1968
- The DeSoto Hotel opens.
- Abercorn Plaza shopping centre opens for business.
- 1969 – Oglethorpe Mall opens up for business.
- 1970
- John Rousakis becomes mayor.
- Population: 118,349.
- 1974 – Savannah Civic Center opens.
- 1976 – Abercorn Cinema opens.[35]
- 1977 – City Records Committee established.[38]
- 1978 – Savannah College of Art and Design founded.
- 1979 – September: Hurricane David makes landfall.[39]
- 1980
- Hyatt Regency Savannah opens.
- 1981
- Coastal State Prison built.
- May 2: The shooting of Danny Hansford occurs at Mercer House, the basis of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
- 1986 – Chatham Area Transit established.
- 1988 – Savannah Music Festival founded.
- 1990
- Savannah Mall (the city's second shopping mall) in business.
- Talmadge Memorial Bridge rebuilt.
- 1991
- Vietnam Veterans Memorial built in Emmet Park.[28]
- Lady & Sons restaurant in business.[40]
- 1994
- Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport terminal built.
- Bestseller book about Savannah Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil published.
- 1998
- Savannah Arts Academy established.
- Floyd Adams becomes the first African American to become the Mayor of the City of Savannah.
- 1999
- Georgia Tech Savannah established.
- City website online (approximate date).[41][chronology citation needed]
21st century
[edit]- 2000 – Lucas Theatre renovated.[35]
- 2002
- African-American Monument on River Street dedicated.
- Islamic Center of Savannah established.[42][43]
- 2004 – Otis Johnson becomes mayor.
- 2005
- Abercorn Walk shopping center in business.
- Savannah-Chatham Metro Police established.
- 2009 – The Savannah Philharmonic Orchestra is established.[44]
- 2010 – Population: 136,286.
- 2012
- Edna Jackson becomes mayor.[45]
- Savannah Law School established.
- 2016
- Eddie Deloach becomes mayor, first Republican since 1996.[46]
- All of Savannah and Chatham county east of I95 was evacuated ahead of Hurricane Matthew.[47]
- 2017 – All of Savannah and Chatham County east of I95 evacuated due to the impact of Hurricane Irma.[48]
- 2018
- Savannah Law School closed.[49]
- City and county police merger ends, separating the two agencies.[50]
- Roy Minter sworn in as new police chief of Savannah Police Department.[51]
- 2022 – Population: 147,780 (+11,494 since 2010)[52]
See also
[edit]- History of Savannah, Georgia
- List of mayors of Savannah, Georgia
- Timelines of other cities in Georgia: Athens, Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, Macon
References
[edit]- ^ "Savannah, Georgia". Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities. Jackson, Mississippi: Goldring / Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Britannica 1910.
- ^ a b c d e George White (1849), Statistics of the State of Georgia, Savannah: W. Thorne Williams, OCLC 1349061, OL 6904242M
- ^ a b c d Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 1711, OL 6112221M
- ^ "Christian Camphor House (Savannah, Ga.)". dlg.usg.edu. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
- ^ Hugh McCall (1811–1816), History of Georgia, Savannah: Seymour & Williams, OCLC 1855580
- ^ Georgia: A Guide to its Towns and Countryside (1940)
- ^ Benjamin Griffith Brawley (1921), Social History of the American Negro, New York: Macmillan, OL 7190762M
- ^ Morse 1797.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
- ^ a b Davies Project. "American Libraries before 1876". Princeton University. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ a b William Darby; Theodore Dwight Jr. (1834), New Gazetteer of the United States of America (2nd ed.), Hartford: E. Hopkins, p. 482
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sholes 1882.
- ^ "Historic Theatre Inventory". Maryland, USA: League of Historic American Theatres. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ Alexander R. Lawton (June 1919), "The 'Savannah', the First Transatlantic Steamship", Georgia Historical Quarterly
- ^ Ease and Elegance, Madeira and Murder: The Social Life of Savannah's City Hotel, Malcolm Bell, Jr. (1992), p. 552
- ^ American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1832. Boston: Gray and Bowen. 1832.
- ^ Adiel Sherwood (1860), Gazetteer of Georgia (4th ed.), Macon, Ga: S. Boykin, OL 24245479M
- ^ Joseph Bancroft (1848), Census of the City of Savannah, Savannah: E.J. Purse, printer, OL 23413058M
- ^ MacDonell 1907.
- ^ a b Jones 1890.
- ^ Jane Lightcap Brown (1983). "From Augusta to Columbus: Thackeray's Experiences in Georgia, 1853 and 1856". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 67 (3): 305–320. JSTOR 40581097.
- ^ Kwesi DeGraft-Hanson, Unearthing the Weeping Time: Savannah's Ten Broeck Race Course and 1859 Slave Sale (2010), from SouthernSpaces.org.
- ^ "From the Savannah News, June 11th, the Late Explosion, Further Particulars". The Weekly Telegraph. June 14, 1859. p. 3. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
- ^ "On This Day", New York Times, retrieved November 1, 2014
- ^ "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington DC: Library of Congress. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ Public Health Papers and Reports, Volume 5. American Public Health Association. 1880. p. 90.
- ^ a b City of Savannah 1993.
- ^ Centennial 2006.
- ^ Scouting for Girls: Official Handbook of the Girl Scouts (3rd ed.), New York, N.Y: Girl Scouts, Inc., 1922, OCLC 12687269, OL 23331597M
- ^ Linwood Taft (1921), Technique of Pageantry, New York: A.S. Barnes and Company, OCLC 4260624, OL 6636862M
- ^ "Savannah Economic Development Authority". Archived from the original on January 11, 1998.
- ^ a b Jack Alicoate, ed. (1939), "Standard Broadcasting Stations of the United States: Georgia", Radio Annual, New York: Radio Daily, OCLC 2459636
- ^ a b New Georgia Encyclopedia, Georgia Humanities Council, retrieved October 11, 2013
- ^ a b c "Movie Theaters in Savannah, GA". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ a b Charles A. Alicoate, ed. (1960), "Television Stations: Georgia", Radio Annual and Television Year Book, New York: Radio Daily Corp., OCLC 10512206
- ^ "About Us". Historic Savannah Foundation. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ City of Savannah, Georgia. "Code of Ordinances". Retrieved May 1, 2015 – via MuniCode (Tallahassee, FL).
- ^ Mobley, Chuck. "Hurricane David, 30 years after the storm". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
- ^ "Savannah, Both Sides", New York Times, October 3, 2014
- ^ "City of Savannah". Archived from the original on February 8, 1999 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
- ^ "About Us". Islamic Center of Savannah. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ Pluralism Project. "Savannah, Georgia". Directory of Religious Centers. Harvard University. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ "History". Savannah Philharmonic. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
- ^ "Meet the Mayors". Washington, DC: United States Conference of Mayors. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
- ^ wsavnatalieguillet (December 2, 2015). "Eddie DeLoach wins the Savannah mayoral runoff election Tuesday night". WSAV. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
- ^ Savannah, Connect. "Governor calls for full mandatory evacuation of GA coast". Connect Savannah. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
- ^ "Gov. Deal issues evacuation order for Chatham County, coastal Georgia". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
- ^ Peebles, Will. "Savannah Law School to close after spring semester". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
- ^ Evans, Sean (July 21, 2017). "Savannah City Council votes to dissolve SCMPD merger; effective Feb. 1, 2018". WTOC-TV. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
- ^ Ray, Brittini. "Roy Minter sworn in as Savannah police chief". Savannah Morning News. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
- ^ "Decennial Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
Bibliography
[edit]Published in 18th–19th century
[edit]- Jedidiah Morse (1797), "Savannah", American Gazetteer, Boston: S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews
- John Melish (1818), "Savannah", Travels through the United States of America, in the years 1806 & 1807, and 1809, 1810, & 1811, Belfast: Reprinted by Jos. Smyth
- "Savannah", The North American Tourist, New York: A.T. Goodrich, 1839
- Joseph Bancroft, ed. (1848). Census of the City of Savannah...to Which is Added a Commercial Directory (2nd ed.). E. J. Purse, printer – via HathiTrust.
- "Great Cities of the United States: Savannah, Georgia", De Bow's Review, vol. 17, pp. 30 v, September 1854, hdl:2027/njp.32101065216861
- Thomas Baldwin; J. Thomas (1854). "Savannah". New and Complete Gazetteer of the United States. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
- R.H. Long (1863), "Savannah", Hunt's Gazetteer of the Border and Southern States, Pittsburgh, Pa.: John P. Hunt
- F.D. Lee; J.L. Agnew (1869), Historical record of the city of Savannah, Savannah: J.H. Estill, OL 7125369M
- Charles H. Jones (1873), "Savannah", Appletons' Hand-book of American Travel: the Southern Tour, New York: D. Appleton & Co.
- B.H. Richardson (1875), Pleasure Guide for Northern Tourists and Invalids: Sketch of the Resorts on Savannah, Skidaway & Seaboard Railroad, Savannah, OL 23367197M
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1879), "Savannah", Guide to Southern Georgia and Florida (5th ed.), Savannah, Ga., OCLC 1805741
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Directory of the City of Savannah. A.E. Sholes. 1880 – via HathiTrust.
- 1881
- Sholes' Directory of the City of Savannah. 1882 – via Google Books.
- 1884
- 1896
- A guide to strangers visiting Savannah for business, health, or pleasure, Savannah, Ga.: J.H. Estill, 1881, OCLC 15086225, OL 6904259M
- Savannah: her trade, commerce and industries, 1883-4, Savannah: Jno. E. Land, 1884, OL 23368885M
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (9th ed.). 1886.
- Adelaide Wilson (1889), Historic and Picturesque Savannah, Boston: Boston Photogravure Co., OCLC 003846336, OL 25126895M
- Charles C. Jones Jr. (1890), History of Savannah, Ga., Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Mason & Co.
- Savannah. Ocean Steamship Co. of Savannah. 1899.
- "Savannah", Rand, McNally & Co.'s Handy Guide to the Southeastern States, Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1899 – via Internet Archive
- "Savannah", Reunion, Georgia Division, U.C.V.: Official programme and guide book, Savannah, Ga., 1899, OCLC 5242393
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Published in 20th century
[edit]- 1900s–1950s
- Savannah. 1904.
- F.H. Richardson (1905). "Savannah, Ga.". Richardson's Southern Guide. Chicago: Monarch Book Company – via Internet Archive.
- "Savannah, Georgia, a Leader of the New South", National Magazine, Boston: Chapple Publishing Co., 1905
- A.H. MacDonell (1907), Code of the City of Savannah of 1907
- "Savannah", United States (4th ed.), Leipzig: K. Baedeker, 1909, OCLC 02338437
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 240–241.
- Maude Heyward; Elizabeth V. McLaws (1910), Illustrated guide to Savannah, Savannah, OL 23412048M
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - William Harden (1913), History of Savannah and South Georgia, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company
- Federal Writers' Project (1937), Savannah, American Guide Series, Savannah
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- 1950s–1990s
- Alexander A. Lawrence, A Present for Mr. Lincoln: The Story of Savannah from Secession to Sherman (Macon, Ga.: Ardivan Press, 1961).
- Ory Mazar Nergal, ed. (1980), "Savannah", Encyclopedia of American Cities, New York: E.P. Dutton, OL 4120668M
- Preston Russell and Barbara Hines, Savannah: A History of Her People since 1733 (Savannah, Ga.: Frederic C. Beil, 1992).
- "Monuments and Fountains of Savannah", Historical Documents & Research, City of Savannah, Research Library & Municipal Archives, 1993
- Trudy Ring and Robert M. Salkin, ed. (1995). "Savannah". Americas. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 650+. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4.
- Whittington B. Johnson, Black Savannah, 1788-1864 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1996).
- Derek Smith, Civil War Savannah (Savannah, Ga.: Frederic C. Beil, 1997).
- Patrick Allen, ed., Literary Savannah (Athens, Ga.: Hill Street Press, 1998).
- "The South: Georgia: Savannah", USA, Let's Go, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, OL 24937240M
Published in 21st century
[edit]- Mills B. Lane, Savannah Revisited: History and Architecture, 5th ed. (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 2001).
- Charles J. Elmore (2002). Savannah, Georgia. Black America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia.
- Walter J. Fraser Jr., Savannah in the Old South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003).
- Research Library & Municipal Archives (2006), "Century of History: Savannah City Hall Centennial, 1906-2006 (timeline)", Historical Documents & Research, City of Savannah
- Jacqueline Jones, Saving Savannah: The City and the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008).
- Kwesi DeGraft-Hanson (2010). "Unearthing the Weeping Time: Savannah's Ten Broeck Race Course and 1859 Slave Sale". Southern Spaces. doi:10.18737/M76K6J.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Savannah, Georgia.
- "Savannah", New Georgia Encyclopedia, Georgia Humanities Council
- University of Texas, Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection. Maps of Savannah, various dates
- Items related to Savannah, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)