Tidal scour
Tidal scour is "sea-floor erosion caused by strong tidal currents resulting in the removal of inshore sediments and formation of deep holes and channels".[1] Examples of this hydrological process can be found globally.[2][better source needed][3][4] Two locations in the United States where tidal scour is the predominant shaping force is the San Francisco Bay and the Elkhorn Slough.[2][better source needed][5][6] Tidal force can also contribute to bridge scour.[2][better source needed]
Historical Perspective and Relevance
[edit]Research on tidal scour is largely centered at Elkhorn Slough in California.[2][better source needed] The slough was directly exposed to tidal flux beginning in 1947 with the creation of the Moss Landing Harbor.[2][better source needed][5] Multiple studies have been done on the slough since tidal exposure to catalog the morphological change and determine how long it will take for the system to reach equilibrium.[2][better source needed][5]
Formation
[edit]Tidal scours are formed in tide-dominated deltas and estuaries with the changing of the tide. As the tide changes from low to high or high to low, water is transported through the channel taking sediment with it. With increasing erosion, there is increasing tidal volume creating a self-perpetuating system.[2][better source needed] Tidal scour is most apparent when a barrier is breached due to natural or anthropogenic forcing.[2][better source needed][3]
Anatomy
[edit]Bathymetry
[edit]Tidal scour can be determined by looking at the change in bathymetry over time. Bathymetry of tidal channels is determined using multi-beam sonar or LiDAR. By comparing cross-sections of channel bathymetry over several years and at various distances in the tidal channel, the amount of tidal scour can be quantified.[2][better source needed][4][7]
Grain Size Distribution
[edit]Sediment grab samples show that in areas demonstrating tidal scour, there is an increase in grain size from surrounding areas.[5]
Ecological Significance
[edit]With direct influence from the Ocean, slough morphology can change significantly making it difficult for native species to persist.[2][better source needed] This can be seen in:
- Increased transport of agricultural runoff, such as DDT-laden sediment, introduced by increased tidal scour.[8]
- The erosion of marshes and eelgrass beds.[2][better source needed]
- The loss of benthic organisms as the channels deepen more than organisms can persist.[6]
See also
[edit]- Bridge scour – Erosion of sediment near bridge foundations by water
- River delta – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river
- Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
- Sediment transport – Movement of solid particles, typically by gravity and fluid entrainment
References
[edit]- ^ Parker, Sybil (1994). McGraw Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-113584-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dean, Edwin Wendell (2003). Tidal Scour in Elkhorn Slough, California: A Bathymetric Analysis (PDF) (BS capstone project). California State University, Monterey Bay. Retrieved 15 December 2019 – via Seafloor Mapping Lab, CSU Monterey Bay.
- ^ a b Lewis, Keith; Carter, Lionel; Davey, Fred (1994). "The Opening of Cook Strait: Interglacial tidal scour and aligning basins at a subduction to transform plate edge". Marine Geology. 116 (3–4): 293–312. Bibcode:1994MGeol.116..293L. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(94)90047-7. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ a b Shaw, John; Todd, Brian; Li, Michael; Wu, Yongsheng (2012). "Anatomy of the tidal scour system at Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, Canada". Marine Geology. 323–325: 123–134. Bibcode:2012MGeol.323..123S. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2012.07.007.
- ^ a b c d Malzonen, Christopher Mario (1999). Tidal scour and its relation to erosion and sediment transport in Elkhorn Slough (MS thesis). San Jose State University. doi:10.31979/etd.zz9e-ww37. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ a b Silberstein 1989 M, Campbell E. 1989. Elkhorn Slough. Monterey, CA: Monterey Bay Aquarium. 64 p.
- ^ McMullen, Katherine; Poppe, Lawrence; Parker, Castle (2015). "Character, distribution, and ecological significance of storm wave-induced scour in Rhode Island Sound, USA". Geo-Marine Letters. 35 (2): 135–144. Bibcode:2015GML....35..135M. doi:10.1007/s00367-014-0392-0. hdl:1912/7246. S2CID 53695218.
- ^ "Caspian terns: the world's biggest tern nests at Elkhorn Slough!". Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR). 2001. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2019. (dead link)