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Polycephaly

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"Two heads" redirects here. For the Jefferson Airplane song, see After Bathing at Baxter's. For Coleman Hell song "2 Heads", see 2 Heads (song).
"Two-headed" redirects here. For the album by Spirit of the West, see Two Headed.
"Triple-headed" redirects here. For the rail transport operation, see Double-heading.

The Tocci Brothers, c. 1881

Polycephaly is the condition of having more than one head. The term is derived from the Greek stems poly (Greek: "πολύ") meaning "many" and kephalē (Greek: "κεφαλή") meaning "head".[1] A polycephalic organism may be thought of as one being with a supernumerary body part, or as two or more beings with a shared body.

Two-headed animals (called bicephalic or dicephalic) and three-headed (tricephalic) animals are the only type of multi-headed creatures seen in the real world, and form by the same process as conjoined twins from monozygotic twin embryos.[2]

In humans, there are two forms of twinning that can lead to two heads being supported by a single torso. In dicephalus parapagus dipus, the two heads are side by side. In craniopagus parasiticus, the two heads are joined directly to each other, but only one head has a functional torso. Survival to adulthood is rare, but does occur in some forms of dicephalus parapagus dipus.

There are many occurrences of multi-headed animals in mythology. In heraldry and vexillology, the double-headed eagle is a common symbol, though no such animal is known to have ever existed.

Occurrences

[edit]

Two-headed people and animals, though rare, have long been known to exist and documented.

Occurrence in humans

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A (female) case of Dicephalus parapagus.

In humans, as in other animals, partial twinning can result in formation of two heads supported by a single torso. Two ways this can happen are dicephalus parapagus, where there are two heads side by side, and craniopagus parasiticus, where the heads are joined directly.[3]

Dicephalus parapagus dipus

[edit]

In dicephalus parapagus dipus, the two heads are side by side, on a torso with two legs, with varying levels of twinning of organs and structures within the torso. The shared body may have four arms altogether, or three arms, or two arms only. There are Greek-based medical terms for the variations, e.g. dibrachius means two-armed and tribrachius means three-armed. Both heads may contain a fully formed brain, or one may be anencephalic.[4] If carried to term, dicephalus parapagus twins are usually stillborn, or die soon after birth. Survival to adulthood does however occasionally occur in cases where the twins are born with three to four arms.[5] Chances of survival are improved if two complete hearts are present.[6] Separation surgery is contraindicated, except in cases where one of the twins is clearly dying.[7]

Giacomo and Giovanni Battista Tocci (born between 1875 and 1877), were dicephalus parapagus dipus twins who survived to adulthood. Each had his own pair of arms. They learned to speak several languages, but never learned to walk. Abigail and Brittany Hensel, born in 1990, are another instance of dicephalus parapagus dipus twins who grew up. They were born with two functional arms, plus a vestigial third arm, which was surgically removed. Each twin has her own complete head, heart and spine, and controls one arm and one leg. They developed good motor skills, and completed courses at school and university.[8]

Craniopagus parasiticus

[edit]
Drawing of the eighteenth century Boy of Bengal, affected by craniopagus parasiticus.

Craniopagus parasiticus is an extremely rare condition in which the two heads are joined directly together, and one twin (known as the autosite) has a functioning torso, while the other (known as the parasite) has only a vestigial torso. The parasite is supported by blood supplied from the autosite head. This threatens the life of the autosite by placing an additional burden on the autosite's vital organs. Operations to separate the two heads have been performed in the hope of saving the autosite.

Skeletal structure in a case of dicephalus parapagus dipus. From: Hirst & Piersol, 1893.

Occurrence in animals

[edit]

Polycephalic animals often make local news headlines when found. The most commonly observed two-headed animals are turtles and snakes.[9] Other species with known two-headed occurrences include cattle, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, and fish. In 1894, a two-headed partridge was reported in Boston, Massachusetts.[10] It was notable as a dicephalic animal for surviving into adulthood with two perfect heads. Scientists have published in modern journals about dissecting such animals since at least the 1930s.[9] A 1929 paper studied the anatomy of a two-headed kitten.[9]

Polycephalic animals, due to their rarity, are a subject of novelty. "We", a two-headed albino rat snake born in captivity in 2000 with both female and male genitalia, was scheduled to be auctioned on eBay with an expected price tag of $150,000 (£87,000), though their policy of not trading in live animals prevented the sale.[11][12] On October 31, 2006, the World Aquarium[13] announced that "We" was adopted by Nutra Pharma Corporation, a biotechnology company developing treatments using modified cobra venom and cobratoxin.[14] "We" died of natural causes at age seven in June 2007, not long after being acquired by Nutra Pharma.[12]

Two-headed farm animals sometimes travel with animal side shows to county fairs. Most notably, The Venice Beach Freakshow supposedly houses the largest collection of two-headed specimens in the world, including over 20 two-headed animals that are alive. Many museums of natural history contain preserved two-headed animals. The Museum of Lausanne[15] in Lausanne, Switzerland, and the Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, have collections of preserved two-headed animals. A very well preserved 2-headed lamb is on display in Llanidloes museum in Wales. A live two-headed tortoise named Janus can be seen at the Natural History Museum in Geneva, Switzerland.[16][17]

Anatomy and fitness

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In cases where multiple heads are fully developed and non-parasitic, they share control of the organs and limbs, though the specific structure of the connections varies. Animals often move in a disoriented and dizzy fashion, with the brains "arguing" with each other; some animals simply zig-zag without getting anywhere.[18] Snake heads may attack and even attempt to swallow each other. Thus, polycephalic animals survive poorly in the wild compared to normal monocephalic animals.

Most two-headed snakes only live for a few months, though some have been reported to live a full life and even reproduced, with the offspring born normal. A two-headed black rat snake with separate throats and stomachs survived for 20 years. There is some speculation that the inbreeding of snakes in captivity increases the chances of a two-headed birth.[19]

Questions on number of organisms

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It is difficult to draw the line between what is considered "one animal with two heads" or "two animals that share a body".

Abigail and Brittany Hensel, born in 1990, were given two distinct names at birth. They identify as two people, and are recognised as two people legally and socially.[20] On the other hand, Syafitri, born 2006 in Indonesia, were given one name by their parents because they only had one heart.[21] In early Germany, conjoined twins that could not be separated were legally considered one person.[22] Millie and Christine McKoy were often referred to in the singular, including by themselves, with the name "Millie-Christine",[23] as well as plural.[24]

In Peter Mogila’s 17-century Catechism, the following instructions are given for baptism of polycephalic infants: should there be distinct heads and distinct chests, this means there are separate people each of whom must be baptised normally; if the heads and chests are not completely distinct from each other, however, one person must be baptised normally but baptism of the other(s) should be preluded by the formula "if not already baptised".[25]

With other animals, polycephaly is usually described as "one animal with two heads".[11][26] One of the heads, especially in three-headed animals, may be poorly developed and malformed, and not "participate" much.[18]

Two faces on one head

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Where twinning of the head itself is only partial, it can result in the condition known as diprosopus—one head with two faces.

Earliest known occurrence

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The February 22, 2007, issue of the journal Biology Letters detailed the discovery of a 122 million-year-old fossil of a two-headed Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis, marking the earliest known occurrence of axial bifurcation.[27]

List of notable occurrences

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Humans

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Dicephalic conjoined twins (dicephalus parapagus dipus)

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Lycosthenes' case, from Of Monsters and Prodigies (Pare, 1649)
  • Lycosthenes, who lived in the 1500s, described a pair of adult female twins who had separate necks but one body. Both heads ate, drank, slept, and spoke. They had to beg from door to door, "everie one giveing (sic) to her freely". They were banished to Bavaria due to fears pregnant women who saw them would give birth to similar children; nothing else is known of them.[28]
  • In 1990, Abigail and Brittany Hensel were born in the United States and went on to star in their own television show.[8]
  • In 2000, Ayse and Sema Tanrikulu were born in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.[29]
  • In June 2000, Carmen and Lupita Andrade were born in Mexico. They later moved to the United States with their parents for healthcare.[30]
  • In 2003, Sohna and Mohna were born in India.[31]
  • On June 13, 2003, twin girls named Huda and Manal Abdel Nasser Mohammed Mahmoud were born in Asyut, Egypt.[32]
  • In 2006, Syafitri was born in Indonesia. "Syafitri's parents gave the girls only one name because they shared one heart."[21] Syafitri died in 2006.
  • In 2007, Mary Grace and Mary Divine Asis were born in the Philippines with only one heart.[33] They died on April 30, 2008.[34]
  • On August 25, 2008, a baby boy named Kiron was born with two heads in south-western Bangladesh.[35] The baby was described by the gynaecologist present at the birth as having "one stomach and he is eating normally with his two mouths. He has one genital organ and a full set of limbs". He died on August 28, 2009.[36]
  • In July 2009, dicephalic twins were born in Indonesia with two hearts but sharing all other internal organs.[37]
  • In 2011, Sueli Ferreira gave birth to a child with two heads in Campina Grande, in Paraíba state, Brazil, but the baby died a few hours later because of lack of oxygen to one of the heads.[38]
  • On December 19, 2011, a pair of male twins, Emanoel and Jesus Nazare, were born in Marajó Island, Brazil. The children had two heads, two legs and two arms, sharing all the body below the neck. Each child had a separate spine, but shared a heart, liver, lungs and pelvis, and both brains functioned. The boys were featured on the Channel 4 programme Bodyshock on December 19, 2012, where it was reported they had died at six months.[39][38]
  • In March 2014, dicephalic twin girls were delivered via caesarian section at Cygnus JK Hindu Hospital in Sonipat, Haryana, in northern India. The babies reportedly have two heads, two necks and two spinal columns but share all major organs.

Craniopagus parasiticus

[edit]

Craniopagus parasiticus is a condition in which a parasitic twin head with an undeveloped or underdeveloped body is attached to the head of a developed twin. Only four cases have been documented by modern medicine to have survived birth:[40]

  • In 1783 the "Two-Headed Boy of Bengal" was born in India; the second head was joined roughly upside down on top of the developed twin's head. The boy survived until 1787 when killed by a snakebite.
  • In 2003 Rebeca Martinez was born in the Dominican Republic with an extra head but died after surgery at the age of 8 weeks.[41]
  • In 2004 Egyptian Naglaa Mohamed gave birth to Manar Maged who had the head and undeveloped torso of another child attached. In 2005 the second head was removed and later that year Naglaa appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show with her surviving child.[42] Manar died from a brain infection in 2006.[43]
  • On January 20, 2021, a baby was born with two heads at the Elias Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, but died some hours after it was born.[44]

Non-human mammals

[edit]

Cats

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Two-faced kitten, Lausanne
Two-headed cat born in Paris, 1773. It only lived for a few hours.

There have been numerous reports of two-faced cats; most die soon after birth. Reports of two-headed kittens are common, relative to other animals, because of their status as household pets. Recent two-headed kittens include:

  • On May 20, 2020, a two-faced kitten named Biscuits and Gravy was born in Oregon. He died after three days.[45]
  • On June 11, 2013, a two-faced kitten named Deucy was born in Amity, Oregon. She died two days later.[46]
  • In November 2008, a two-faced kitten was born in Perth, Australia.[47]
  • In 2006, Tiger, a two-faced kitten, was born in Grove City, Ohio.[48]
  • In March 2006, Deuce, a two-faced kitten, was born in Lake City, Florida, and was euthanized shortly thereafter, having come down with pneumonia.[49]
  • In June 2006, Image, a two-faced kitten, was born and died later that year in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[50][51]
  • In June 2005, Gemini, a two-faced kitten, was born in Glide, Oregon.[52]

Polycephalic cats in museums include:

  • The Museum of Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland, preserves a two-headed kitten (pictured).
  • The Laing Museum in the small town of Newburgh, Fife, Scotland, preserves the stuffed body of a two-headed kitten born in the 19th century on Mugdrum Island.
  • The Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia, has a full body taxidermy of a two-faced kitten.
  • Ripley's Believe It or Not! Museum on Clifton Hill in Niagara Falls, Ontario (Canada) has a full-body taxidermy of a two-faced kitten.
  • Eton College's Natural History Museum has a full-body taxidermy of a two-faced kitten.
  • London's Viktor Wynd Museum of Curiosities, Fine Art & Natural History has a skeleton of a two headed kitten, a two headed calf, a two headed (and 8 legged) lamb and others.

Cattle

[edit]
Two-headed calf, Lausanne

A full body taxidermy of a two-headed calf is on display at the Garth and Jerri Frehner Museum of Natural History on the Southern Utah University campus in Cedar City, Utah. "The Dancing Calves" were born by natural delivery with considerable assistance from S. T. Nelson of Cedar City, Utah on Mother's Day, May 8, 1949, to a crossbred cow owned by Willard Lund of Paragonah, Utah. The "Father Bull" is unknown but must have been an outstanding Hereford. The double calf was alive and healthy but died during birth. This calf, or calves, joined from the beginning of the neck as far as the belly, with two complete, almost perfect body frames, had but one system of vital organs. Each of the two normal heads had a food channel to one stomach and a breathing channel, or windpipe, to the one set of lungs. The two briskets, or breasts, shared on each side by these calves, contained the one set of lungs on one side and the one heart on the other side. Branching off from the one stomach and digestive system were two channels of elimination. The calf weighed approximately 85 pounds (39 kg) at birth. The over-all measurements as it stands mounted are: 42.5 inches (1,080 mm) high, 20 inches (510 mm) from tail to tail, and 18 inches (460 mm) from side to side including the front legs. The "Mother Cow" lived and was sold as a "fat cow" in July 1949. This calf was stuffed by C. J. Sanders, taxidermist, 2631 South State Street, Salt Lake City 5, Utah, who stated that it is the most unusual monstrosity he has ever worked with. Dr. A. C. Johnson, of Cedar City, Utah, stated that this was the best specimen of monstrosity in animal life that he has ever seen or heard of in his 47 years of practice as a veterinarian. "The Dancing Calves" were owned by West and Gail Seegmiller who displayed them for many years at their Desert Pearl Cafe (no longer in existence), in Cedar City, Utah. Dr. A. C. Johnson, Dr. T. Donald Bell, William H. Lund, Dr. R. G. Williams, Dr. J. S. Prestwich, Dr. A. L. Graff, S. T. Nelson, and James Hoyle Jr. all signed as witnesses that they saw the calf in the flesh soon after birth and knew it to be authentic. The calves and original document were donated to the Garth and Jerri Frehner Museum of Natural History on the Southern Utah University campus in Cedar City, Utah, where they are now on display.

  • A head mount of a two-headed calf is on display in the Museum at the Georgia State Capitol Building in Atlanta, Georgia.[citation needed]
  • A two-faced calf is preserved at the Douglas County Museum in Waterville, Washington. The calf lived for ten days after birth.
  • The Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, has full body taxidermy of a two-headed calf.
  • The Dalton Gang Museum, located in Meade, Kansas, also displays a full body taxidermy of a two-headed calf.
  • A two-headed calf mount can be found at the Old State House in Hartford, Connecticut
  • A two-headed calf was born in Frankston, Texas, on February 13, 2009. Reportedly, the owner/rancher, J. R. Newman immediately took the calf to his local veterinarian for examination/treatment. The veterinarian, Dr. James Brown, was quoted by a local reporter as saying, "I've seen slight variations [of this condition] but nothing like this before. This is by no means normal."[53]
  • A full taxidermy of a two headed calf can be found in Melton Mowbray museum, Leicestershire, UK.
  • A full taxidermy of a two headed calf can be found in the Museum of Marxell (in the Northern Black Forest in Germany). The calf was born by a local cow and died shortly after birth by natural causes.
  • A full taxidermy of a two-headed calf is on display at the Ohio Historical Society.
  • A taxidermy of a two-headed calf was previously on display at Hereford Museum and Art Gallery.
  • A full body taxidermy of a two headed calf can be seen at the Grant County Historical Museum in Canyon City, Oregon. A card next to the specimen states the heifer was born on the Bob Sprout ranch near Mt. Vernon, and that the calf had 2 hearts, lungs, and 2 spinal columns. Also at the museum are the mounted heads of two diprosopus (two-faced) calves.
  • A full taxidermy of a two-headed calf is on display at the Haifa Zoo, in Haifa, Israel.
  • A taxidermy specimen of a two headed calf can be seen at the Michigan State University Museum in their Cabinet of Curiosities exhibit. The two-headed calf was born in Fowler, Michigan, in 1943 and is often paired with a dwarf calf that was born on a farm in Owendale, Michigan, in 1909.
  • A full taxidermy of a two-headed calf can be seen advertising ice cream for College of the Ozarks in Branson, Missouri, where it was delivered by the students.
  • Two full body taxidermies of two-headed calves can be seen at the Huron County Museum in Goderich, Ontario.
  • A full taxidermy of a two-headed calf is on display at the Miami County Museum in Peru, Indiana
  • A full body taxidermy of a two-headed calf is on display at the Finnish Museum of Natural History in Helsinki
  • A taxidermy of a two-headed calf can be found in St. Petersburg, FL in the U.S. at the St. Petersburg Museum of History.[54]
  • A two-headed calf is displayed at the Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
  • The Woolly Mammoth Antiques & Oddities shop in Chicago's Andersonville neighborhood displays a two-headed calf named Brussels Sprouts, originally from Belgium.

Pigs

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Two-headed piglet; Old State House, Hartford, Connecticut

Goats and sheep

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Two-faced lamb, Lausanne
3-headed lamb, born 1577
  • In 1577, a lamb with three heads was born in Blandy, France, and illustrated in Ambroise Pare's Of Monsters and Prodigies. All three heads would bleat simultaneously, the center head being the largest of the three. It appears to have survived into adulthood.[28]
  • Maine's Conant Museum had an adult sheep skeleton with two heads.[55]
  • Various two-headed sheep can be seen in the Bar Central Museum of Llubí, Spain.
  • In 2006, a two-headed lamb was born in Shandong, China.
  • The Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, has a mount.
  • The Llanidloes town museum in Powys, Wales, has an example of a two-headed lamb.
  • The Liebig Extract of Meat Company factory (now a museum) in Fray Bentos, Uruguay, has a preserved two-headed lamb.

Mice

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Reptiles

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Snakes

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Most polycephalic snakes do not live long, but some captive individuals do.[56]

Turtles

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The Greek tortoise "Janus," born in 1997, is in the Museum of Natural History of Geneva, pictured here in 2008.

Two-headed turtles and tortoises are rare but not unknown. Recent discoveries include:

Choristoderes

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In 2006, a paper published by the British Royal Society reported the discovery of a fossil of a two-headed embryo or neonate of the long-necked choristodere reptile Hyphalosaurus, which was the first record of fossilized polycephaly.[73]

Birds

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2-headed pigeon, 1775

Mythological occurrences

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The 16th-century German zoologist Conrad Gesner has been influenced by the Beast of Revelation in his depiction of the Hydra in volume four of Historiae Animalium.

Mesopotamian mythology

[edit]
  • Mušmaḫḫu, a seven headed serpent related to mythology of Ninurta,[75] and Ningishzida.[76][77] Sometimes related to Mušḫuššu.
  • Humbaba, the guardian of the Cedar Forest, where the gods lived. A description from Georg Burckhardt translation of Gilgamesh says, "he had the paws of a lion and a body covered in thorny scales; his feet had the claws of a vulture, and on his head were the horns of a wild bull; his tail and phallus each ended in a snake's head."

Greek mythology

[edit]

Greek mythology contains a number of multi-headed creatures. Typhon, a vast grisly monster with many snake heads, is often described as having several offspring with Echidna, a creature with the lower body of a serpent but the upper body of a beautiful woman. Their offspring, by one source or another, account for many of the major monsters of Greek mythos, including:

Other multi-headed creatures in Greek mythology include:

  • The Hecatonchires – giants with fifty heads and one hundred arms. The word "Hecatonchire" means "hundred arms". They were the sons of Gaia, and Uranus.
  • Hecate – Greek goddess of witches, nightmares, crossroads, and one of the Moon deities; sometimes represented with three heads.

Iranian mythology

[edit]

Zahhak, an evil figure in Iranian mythology - also evident in ancient Iranian folklore as Aži Dahāka (Azh dahak) - is the most significant and long-lasting of the ažis of the Avesta, the earliest religious texts of Zoroastrianism. He is described as a monster with three mouths, six eyes, and three heads (presumably meaning three heads with one mouth and two eyes each), cunning, strong and demonic. But in other respects Aži Dahāka has human qualities, and is never a mere animal.

Hinduism

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Hindu deities are often depicted with multiple arms or heads.

Though usually depicted with one head, some deities like Ganesha (in Heramba form) and Shiva (Sadashiva) have aspects where they are depicted with multiple heads; five in this case. The Vishvarupa form of Vishnu is described as having infinite heads.

Besides deities, demons (asura and rakshasa) may be depicted with multiple heads. The demon-king Ravana is depicted and described as having ten heads, although sometimes he is shown with only nine heads because he has sacrificed a head to convince Shiva. Trishira, his son, is depicted with three heads.

Animal races in Hindu mythology like Nāgas (serpents) may have multiple heads. The Naga Shesha is depicted with five or seven hoods, but said to have infinite hoods. Uchchaihshravas is a celestial seven-headed horse. The divine white elephant Airavata is depicted with multiple heads, trunks and tusks.

Taoism

[edit]
  • Nezha, a god sometimes shown in "three heads and six arms" form

Occultism

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Ancient Mediterranean civilizations

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The two-headed Janus.

European culture

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The Corleck Head, Irish, 1st century AD

Eastern Europe

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Northern Europe

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Japan

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Korea

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Judaism

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The Talmud (Brachot 61a) says that originally Adam was created as a single body with two faces (which were then separated into two bodies - male (Adam) & female (Eve)).[82][83]

The Zohar (introduction 1:9B / p. 9B) speaks of descendants of Cain with 2 heads.[84][85]

The Talmud (Menachot 37a) records an incident in which Phlimo asked Judah the Prince which head a two headed person should put on Tefillin. Judah was initially dismissive, but then another man came in saying that his wife had just given birth to a two headed baby, and asked a (different) halachic question.[86][87]

Heraldry

[edit]
Further information: Heraldry

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Sayyed, Amit. "Records of Dicephalic (Two-headed) Snakes from India". Reptiles & Amphibians (22.2 (2015)): 81–82.
  2. ^ "Did you see the snake with two heads? It's not alone". ABC News. October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  3. ^ "Twins born in Brazil with two heads, one heart". BBC News. December 22, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  4. ^ Chatkupt, Surachat; Chervenak, Frank (February 1993). "Antepartum Diagnosis of Discordant Anencephaly in Dicephalic Conjoined Twins". J Clin Ultrasound. 21 (2): 138–142. doi:10.1002/jcu.1870210212. PMID 8381135. S2CID 28491454.
  5. ^ Harma, M.; Oksuzier, C. (February 2005). "Vaginal delivery of dicephalic parapagus conjoined twins: case report and literature review". Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 205 (2): 179–85. doi:10.1620/tjem.205.179. PMID 15673976.
  6. ^ Başaran, Sibel; Sarpel, Tunay (2013). "Parapagus (dicephalus, tetrabrachius, dipus) conjoined twins and their rehabilitation" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Pediatrics (55): 102. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 31, 2016.
  7. ^ Quigley, Christine (2006). Conjoined Twins. McFarland. p. 56. ISBN 1476603235.
  8. ^ a b Chang, Maria L. (October 4, 1996). "Joined for life - co-joined six-year-old Hensel twins share many body parts". Science World. Archived from the original on July 31, 2005. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
  9. ^ a b c d e Anina, Svetlana (November 29, 2003). "Two-Headed Creatures". Pravda. Archived from the original on January 25, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
  10. ^ "A two-headed partridge". The Washington Post. May 6, 1894. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
  11. ^ a b "Two-headed snake 'up for auction'". BBC News. January 3, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2006.
  12. ^ a b c "'We' the 2-headed snake's long odd life ends". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
  13. ^ "World Aquarium". Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
  14. ^ "Nutra Pharma Adopts Famous 2-Headed Snake of St. Louis' World Aquarium". Archived from the original on November 19, 2006.
  15. ^ "Le Musée cantonal de Géologie (The Museum of Lausanne)". Archived from the original on January 8, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
  16. ^ Brahambhatt, Rupendra (September 19, 2023). "The story of Janus, the two-headed tortoise who can't fit inside his own shell". ZME Science. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
  17. ^ "Plan des galeries publiques" [Plan of the public galleries] (in French). Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  18. ^ a b c "Three-headed turtle destined not to go far". Associated Press. January 27, 1999. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
  19. ^ a b Mayell, Hillary (March 22, 2002). "Life Is Confusing For Two-Headed Snakes". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on June 5, 2002. Retrieved March 10, 2006.
  20. ^ Wallis, Claudia (March 25, 1996). "The most intimate bond: Conjoined for life, the Hensel twins are a medical mystery and a lesson in cooperation for us all". Time. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
  21. ^ a b "Conjoined twins still a mystery". The Jakarta Post. August 26, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
  22. ^ Bondeson, Jan (2000). The two-headed boy, and other medical marvels. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0801437670.
  23. ^ Kuroski, John (July 27, 2017). "How The Conjoined McCoy Twins Beat The "Freak Show" System That Had Exploited Them". All That's Interesting. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  24. ^ Biographical Sketch of Millie Christine, the Carolina Twin, Surnamed the Two-Headed Nightingale and the Eighth Wonder of the World. Cincinnati: Hennegan & Co. 1902.
  25. ^ Пётр (Могила). Требник митрополита Петра Могилы. Том 1. Информацийно-видавничий центр Украинской Православной Церкви, 1996 (1646). 860 с. С. 32—33 (In Ukrainian and Church Slavonic)
  26. ^ a b Swarts, Candice (May 30, 2003). "Rare Two-Headed Tortoise Found in South Africa". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 28, 2003. Retrieved March 10, 2006.
  27. ^ January 2007, Ker Than 18 (January 18, 2007). "Ancient Reptile Had Two Heads". livescience.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  78. ^ ("triple chains"), Hercules Furens 60–62 (pp. 52–53) ("triple necks"), 782–784 (pp. 110–111); Statius, Silvae 2.1.183–184 (I pp. 90–91) ("triple jaws"), 3.3.27 (I pp. 168–169) ("threefold"), Thebaid, 2.31 (I pp. 396–397), ("threefold"), 2.53 (I pp. 398–399) ("tri-formed"); Propertius, Elegies 3.5.44 (pp. 234–237) ("three throats"), 3.18.23 (pp. 284–285) ("three heads") Apollodorus, 2.5.12 ("three heads of dogs").
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  82. ^ "Talmud Bavli Tractate Berakhot". sefaria.org (in Aramaic). Retrieved October 4, 2017. דאמר ר' ירמיה בן אלעזר דו פרצופין ברא הקב"ה באדם הראשון... רב ושמואל חד אמר פרצוף וחד אמר זנב
  83. ^ Simon, Maurice. "The Soncino Babylonian Talmud Tractate BERAKOTH" (PDF). halakhah.com. Soncino. Retrieved October 4, 2017. R. Jeremiah b. Eleazar said: God created two countenances in the first man,8 as it says, Behind and before hast Thou formed me.9 And the rib which the Lord God had taken from man made he a woman.10 Rab and Samuel explained this differently. One said that [this 'rib'] was a face, the other that it was a tail.11 ... 8. And out of one of them Eve was made. 9. Ps. CXXXIX, 5. E.V. 'Thou host hemmed me in'. 10. Gen. II, 22. 11. I.e., projected like a tail.
  84. ^ Bleich, J. David (1998). Bioethical Dilemmas: A Jewish Perspective, Volume 1. KTAV Publishing House. pp. 311–312. ISBN 9780881254730. Retrieved October 4, 2017. 25. Seder ha-Dorot, Tanna ve-Amoralm, s.v. . Pelemo, cites a state-ment of the Zohar indicating that Cain was exiled to a place known as "Arks," a locale in which everyone was born with two heads. Seder ha-Dorot explains R. Judah's retort as indicat-ing that Pelemo should go into exile to the same place to which Cain was exiled and that in that place he might appropriately pose his question but that elsewhere the question is frivolous and the intelocutor is deserving of excommunication. See also Zohar, Parashat Va-Ye, rei, p. 157a, and Zohar, introduction, p. 9b. The latter source speaks of descendants of Cain possessing two heads. Cf., R. Chaim Eleazar Shapiro, Ot klayyim ve-Sha-tom 27:9, note 13. See also Zohar, Hashmattot, Berrishit, pp. 2536-254a.
  85. ^ Matt, Daniel Chanan (2004). The Zohar, volume 1. Stanford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780804747479. Retrieved October 4, 2017. "וארקא (Ve-arqa), And earth—the verse should read וארעא (ve-ar'a), [469] but ארקא (arqa) is one of those seven earths below, [470] site of descendants of Cain. After he was banished from the face of the earth, [471] he descended there, generating offspring. [472] He blundered there, knowing nothing. It is a dual earth, dualized by darkness and light. [473] Two officials rule there, one ruling darkness, the other light, inciting one another. When Cain descended there, they joined together—were completed as one—entirely befitting the offspring of Cain. So they have two heads [474] like two snake, but the one of light rules—prevailing, defeating the other. So those of darkness merged in those of light, and they became one. Those two officials are Mrira and Kastimon, [475] who resemble six-winged holy angels. One resembles an ox, the other an eagle, but when they join they are transformed into the image of a human being. [476] ... footnote 474. two heads On the two-headed descendants of Cain, see Beit ha-Midrash, 4:151-52; Judah ben Barzillai, Peirush Sefer Yetsirah, 173; Tosafot, Menahot 37a, s.v. o qum gelei; Zohar 1:157a; 2:80a; ZH 9b; Ginzberg, Legends, 5:143 n. 34; Ta-Shma, HaNigleh she-ba-Nistar, 125, n.84.
  86. ^ "The Soncino Babylonian Talmud Tractate Menachot" (PDF). halakhah.com. Retrieved October 4, 2017. Pelemo enquired of Rabbi, If a man has two heads on which one must he put the tefillin?' 'You must either leave',10 he replied, 'or regard yourself under the ban'. In the meantime there came a man [to the school] saying, 'I have begotten a first-born child with two heads, how much must I give the priest?'11 An old man came forward and ruled that he must give [the priest] ten sela's... [footnotes] (10) Sc. the school. Rabbi thought that this question was put merely from a desire to scoff at him. (11) For his redemption. The fixed sum for redemption was five shekels (sela's in the Rabbinic tongue), cf. Num. XVIII, 16.
  87. ^ "Talmude Bavli Tractate Menachot". Sefaria.org (in Aramaic). Retrieved October 4, 2017. בעא מיניה פלימו מרבי מי שיש לו שני ראשים באיזה מהן מניח תפילין א"ל או קום גלי או קבל עלך שמתא אדהכי אתא ההוא גברא א"ל איתיליד לי ינוקא דאית ליה תרי רישי כמה בעינן למיתב לכהן אתא ההוא סבא תנא ליה חייב ליתן לו י' סלעים
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