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Theravada New Year

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For Theravada New Year in Thailand, see Songkran (Thailand). For the variant of the festival called Sangkran in Cambodia, see Cambodian New Year.
Theravada New Year
Official nameDifferent names denote the festival across South and Southeast Asia
Regional names
  • သင်္ကြန် (Burmese)
  • មហាសង្ក្រាន្ត (Khmer)
  • ປີໃໝ່ (Lao)
  • 泼水节 (Mandarin)
  • संक्रांति (Sanskrit)
  • අලුත් අවුරුද්ද (Sinhalese)
  • มหาสงกรานต์ (Thai)
Also calledSoutheast Asian New Year Songkran
Observed byBurmese, Cambodian, Dais, Laotians, Thais, Bangladeshis (CHT), Sri Lankans, Tai Dam and certain ethnic groups of northeast India
SignificanceMarks the new year
DateGenerally 13–15 April
2024 dateGenerally 13–15 April
FrequencyAnnual
Related toMesha Sankranti
Theravāda New Year celebrations
Paying respects to elders is important in many Theravāda New Year celebrations, such as those in Songkran Thailand.
As Thingyan in Myanmar; water throwing is a cleansing ritual of many Songkran celebrations.
As Choul Chnam Thmey in Cambodia; pouring water on Buddha is important in SE Asia. Often known as blessing in Cambodia
As Aluth Avuruddu in Sri Lanka; the blossoming of the Erythrina fusca symbolizes the advent of the New Year in Sri Lanka.
As Pii Mai in Laos.
Ancestor altars are common during New Year celebrations in Cambodia and Thailand.
Songkran celebrations involve a variety of diverse traditions practiced in the many countries and regions that celebrate the traditional New Year festival

Theravāda New Year, also known as Songkran, is the water-splashing festival celebration in the traditional new year for the Theravada Buddhist calendar widely celebrated across South and Southeast Asia in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, parts of northeast India, parts of Vietnam, and Xishuangbanna, China[2][3] begins on 13 April of the year.

There are many names used to refer to the festival, such as Songkran in Thailand, Aluth Avurudda in Sri Lanka, Thingyan in Myanmar, Sangken in Northeast India, Sangrai in Bangladesh, Choul Chnam Thmey in Cambodia, Pi Mai Lao in Laos, and Pōshuǐ jié in China and parts of northern Vietnam.

Etymology

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In Thai,[4] Songkran[5] or Songkrant (outdated form)[6] is a contractive form of Sangkran (sim kranti), which itself is a loanword[7][8] from Sanskrit saṅkrānti (or, more specifically, meṣha saṅkrānti)[9] or Pali Saṅkhāra.[10] The original meaning of saṅkrānti, marked of the sun, transits the constellation of Aries, the first astrological sign in the Zodiac, as reckoned by sidereal astrology.[11] It is related to the equivalent Hindu calendar-based New Year festivals in most parts of South Asia, which are collectively referred to as Mesha Sankranti.

Oxford English Dictionary defines Songkran as "The festival of the Thai New Year, characterized by various observances involving the pouring or splashing of water (1727–present.)".[12] Term has also entered other languages, such as French: La fête du Songkran,[13] Dutch: Sonkraen,[14] Japanese: ソンクラーン,[15] Chinese: 宋干节[16] and Korean: 송끄란.[17]

Ethnic groups

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The word Songkran written in different ethnic groups, languages or cultures as the following,

Khmer language

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Songkran written as Sankranti can be found in many Khmer inscriptions,[36] namely at these locations;

  • Stone Inscription of Phimeanakas[37] (K.291) dated 910 CE found in Siem Reap Province in Cambodia.
  • Stone Inscription of Prasat Hin Pimai 2[38] (N.M.29, K.953) 1025 CE, Phimai Historical Park, Nakhon Ratchasima province, written as Sankranti.[19]: 9  (Read and translated by Prof. Cham Thongkhamsuwan.)
  • Stone Inscription of Wat Sa Kamphaeng Yai[39] (S.K.1, K.374) 1042 CE, Sisaket province, written as Vishuva Sankranti.[19]: 9  (Read and translated by Amphai Khamtho, the Fine Art Department of Thailand.)
  • Stone Inscription of Prasat Phanom Wan[40][41]: 5  (N.M.1, K.391) 1082 CE, Nakhon Ratchasima province, written as Sankranti which marked the beginning of the New Year. (Read and translated by Thongsub Subhamark.)
  • Stone Inscription of Wat Phra That Choeng Chum[42] (S.N.2, K.369) 1000-1100 CE, Sakon Nakhon province, written as Kranti, meaning of Songkran. (Read and translated by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Santi Pakdekham, Ph.D.).[43]

Songkran in Cambodia written as Maha Sankran[44] in 1904 by Étienne Aymonier and Maha sankrant[45] or Sankrant[45] in 1909 by Adhémard Leclère which marked the beginning of Cambodia New Year found in The Cambodian's Almanac and Its Calendar for 1907–1908.

Étienne Aymonier also distinguished the difference of the term Maha Sankran in Cambodia that only refers to the small official calendar which must appear for the new year, while in Siam (Thailand) which refers to the beginning of New year, Siamese called Sankranta, which pronounced as Songkran.[44]

Thailand

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Songkran in Sanskrit forms, written as Vishuva Sankranti in Khom[B] script epigraphs, which marked the beginning of the New Year in the Odisha calendar and referred to the sun on midday has equally orbited in the day and night, was found in Thailand at these locations;

The word Songkran not only can be found those Thai archaeological evidences, but also being recorded by foreigners who ever lived in Thailand. Its meaning especially marked the beginning of Songkran festival, holidays, water-splashing and Siamese new year observances different the meaning of the Sanskrit word, saṅkrānti which can be found in these contemporary archives;

  • De Beschryving van Japan (The History of Japan) recorded by Engelbert Kaempfer in 1690 after he sailed reached to Siam in reign of King Phetracha of Ayutthaya Kingdom, Engelbert Kaempfer handwrote of Siamese New year observance as Sonkraen[50] in old-17th century Dutch.
  • Grammatica Linguæ Thai version of J. Bapt. Pallegoix[51] written by Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix in 1850 while was living in Siam in reign of King Rama III. There are the word Songkran both in Thai and English.
  • Sappa Pachana Pasa Thai[52] (Thai: สัพะ พะจะนะ พาสา ไท), the Thai-Latin-German-English Quadrilingual dictionary written in 1854 reign of King Mongkut, by Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix said of the word Songkran such in four languages as spelled in English; SONGKRAN, its meaning in Latin:- "Ad alium locum pergere; angelus qui praesidere anno", in French:- "Aller dans un autre endroit; ange qui préside à l'année." and in English:- "To go to another place; angel preside over the year." as well as written in the contemporary archive, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam[53] by Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix.
  • Bangkok Calendar written in 1861 by Dan Beach Bradley, an American Protestant missionary to Siam from 1835 of The American Missionary Association (AMA), in reign of King Mongkut.
  • A Journey Round the World in the Years 1875-1876-1877 by John Henry Gray, archdeacon of Hong Kong, in reign of King Chulalongkorn.[54]
  • The Siam Repository (1871) written by Samuel J. Smith, a Baptist missionary in Siam, at his office in Bangkok.
  • The Pearl of Asia: Reminiscences of the Court of a Supreme Monarch (1892) written by Jacob T. Child, said of Songkran Holidays observance in Thailand.[55]
  • Siam: A Handbook of Practical, Commercial, and Political Information (1912) written by Walter Armstrong Graham, an adviser to the Thai government to the state of Kelantan (1903-1909).[56]

Also found in these Thai contemporary archives;

  • Khun Chang Khun Phaen, a Thai epic poem originated around 1600 in reign of King Naresuan, written as Songkran and described Siamese tradition observance at Wat Pa Lelai Worawihan (built in 1200 CE), Suphan Buri Province, e.g. making merit, sand parade procession to temples, forming pile of sand (sand stupas) at temples, and offering food to monks.[57]
  • The Concise Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom of royal forming pile of sand in reign of King Borommakot (1733-1758), written as Maha Songkran[58] with description of tradition-inherited from past generations of King of Ayutthaya of forming pile of sand (sand stupas) with royal ornaments, offering food to monks, the sand parade procession, and musical fanfares.
  • Rattana Gosa newsletter Issue of Chula Sakarat 1239 (1877 AD), reign of King Chulalongkorn, written as Songkran.[41]: 34 

History

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Variants

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Outside of Asia

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Australia

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Songkran celebrations are held in many parts of the country. One of the most notable celebrations is at the Wat Pa Buddharangsee Buddhist Temple in the Sydney suburb of Leumeah, New South Wales. The festival attracts thousands of visitors each year and involves a water fight, daily prayer, dance performances and food stalls which serve food of Thai, Bangladesh (CHT), Burmese, Cambodian, Laotian, Sri Lankan and Malaysian origin.[61][62] In 2014, the celebration was attended by more than 2000 people.[63] Similarly in the same suburb, the Mahamakut Buddhist Foundation organizes a Songkran celebration featuring chanting, blessing, a short sermon, a fund raising food fete and Southeast Asian traditional dances.[64] Large scale Thai New Year (Songkran) celebrations are held in Thai Town, Sydney in the popular tourist suburb of Haymarket, New South Wales.[65] In Melbourne, the Sinhalese (Sri Lankan) New Year festival is held annually in Dandenong, Victoria.[66] In 2011, it attracted more than 5000 people and claims to be the largest Sinhalese New Year Festival in Melbourne.[67] The Queen Victoria Market held a two-day Songkran event celebrating the Thai New Year in early April 2017.[68] Songkran celebrations celebrating the Thai, Cambodian, Lao, Burmese and Sri Lankan New Year festivals are well known and popular among the residents of the Sydney suburb of Cabramatta, New South Wales which is home to large populations of Cambodians, Laotians and Thais.[69] Temples and organisations hold celebrations across the suburb including a large Lao New Year celebration in the neighbouring suburb of Bonnyrigg organised in partnership with the Fairfield City Council.[70][71] In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray, Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Songkran celebrations of the Thais, Cambodians, Laotians and other Asian Australian communities such as Chinese who celebrate the New Year in either January/February or April.[72] Taronga Zoo in Sydney, New South Wales celebrated the Thai New Year in April 2016 with its Asian elephants and traditional Thai dancers.[73]

United States

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Songkran celebrations often occur in cities which host large Sri Lankan, Thai, Burmese, Laotian and Cambodian populations. The UW Khmer Student Association hosts a new year celebration at the University of Washington in Seattle. The White Center Cambodian New Year Street Festival is held at the Golden House Bakery & Deli in Seattle.[74] The Los Angeles Buddhist Vihara in Pasadena, California celebrates the Songkran festival with a focus on the Sri Lankan New Year. The Brahma Vihara in Azusa, California also holds celebrations with a Burmese New Year focus.[75] The International Lao New Year Festival is held annually in San Francisco and celebrates the Lao New Year with acknowledgment of other Asian communities, Thai, Cambodian, Burmese, Sri Lankan and the Dai people of southern China, who also celebrate the same festival.[76] In February 2015, the Freer and Sackler gallery in Washington D.C. held a Lunar New Year event celebrating the "Year of the Sheep" which also celebrated the Lunar New Year that occurs in mid-April for many other Asian countries. It included activities, information and food from China, Korea, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and other Asian countries that celebrated either of the two new year celebrations.[77] Similarly in 2016, The Wing in Seattle held a Lunar New Year celebration centered around the East Asian Lunar New Year however also focused on New Year customs in Laos as part of its "New Years All Year Round" exhibit.[78]

On April 2, 2024, The legislative assembly of New York State, adopted legislative bill of Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April as an important cultural event on the state as Assembly Resolution No. 1059:[79]-

Songkran is Thailand's most famous festival; this water festival marks the beginning of the traditional Thai New Year[80]

— The legislative assembly of New York State, Assembly Resolution No. 1059, The New York State Senate. (April 2, 2024).

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In the Dai zodiac, the elephant is the twelfth zodiac and thus will be considered the "Year of the Elephant".[1]
  2. ^ The term Khom denotation given by Assoc. Prof. Santi Phakdeekham as it refers to the Tai ethnicity prior 1800 CE, inhabited in lower part of Chao Phraya River which is distinct separation between Angkor and Cambodia.[46]

References

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  42. ^ จารึกวัดพระธาตุเชิงชุม. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  43. ^ The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (SAC). (2007). Inscriptions: Wat Phra That Choeng Chum, Epigraph Line 11. Bangkok: SAC. cited in Inscriptions in Thailand Database Project Staffs (2555 B.E.), SAC., and Khom Script, 15th-16th Buddhist century. Bangkok: The National Library of Thailand, NLT, 2529, pp. 284-286. "จำมลกฺรานฺต นุ ชา ปี ทุกฺ นา องฺคุยฺ". (Epigraph), "แด่สงกรานต์ และไว้ประจำแก่". (Translation).
  44. ^ a b Aymonier, É. (De L'école Coloniale). (1904). Le groupe d'Angkor et L'histoire Vol. III : Le Cambodge. Paris: Ernest Leroux. p. 565. "Aujourd’hui, chez les Cambodgiens, l'expression Mahâ Sankrân ne se rapporte plus qu'au petit calendrier officiel qui doit paraître pour la nouvelle année; mais chez les Siamois, rentrée du soleil dans le signe du Bélier, qui marque le commencement de l'année, est encore appelé Sankranta, terme qu’ils prononcent songkran."
  45. ^ a b Leclère, Adhémard. (1909). "L’ALMANACH CAMBODGIEN ET SON CALENDRIER POUR 1907-1908", Revue des études Ethnographiques et Sociologiques. p. 367, 370-371.
  46. ^ Phakdeekham, S. (2019). Laelang kham Khamen-Thai. Khmer-Thai Words [แลหลังคำเขมร-ไทย (in Thai)]. Bangkok: Matichon. 376 pp. pp. 70-71. ISBN 978-974-02-1687-2
  47. ^ พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่าฉบับหลวงประเสริฐ [The Royal Chronicle of Krung Sri Ayutthaya, the edition of Luang Prasoet (in English)]. (20th Ed.). Bangkok: The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, 1986. 78 pp. ISBN 978-974-9-94331-1
  48. ^ Royal Society of Thailand. (2007). The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand, 32(1–2), (2007, January–June). p 414.
  49. ^ Prince Thammathibet. (1919). Nirat Chaofa Thammathibet (กาพย์ห่อโคลงนิราศเจ้าฟ้าธรรมธิเบศร์), A poetic work composed in the form of Kap Ho Khlong. An explanation thereon, given by Prince Damrongrachanuphap. Bangkok: Sophon Phiphat Thanakon Printing House. LCCN n906-32866 – Thammathibēt, Prince, son of Bō̜rommakōt, King of Siam, 1715-1755.
  50. ^ Engelbert Kaempfer, John Gaspar Scheuchzer and Sir Hans Sloane. (1727). De Beschryving van Japan. Door ENGELBERT KÆMPFER, M.D. Geneesheer van bet Hollandſche... (Translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). Netherlands: Gosse en J. Neaulme. 550 pp. p. 29. "Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in ’t begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, een ander Kitimbac genoemt, ook wel Ktimbac, ..."
    • "Songkran" (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online). Retrieved on 17 April 2024. cited in Engelbert Kaempfer. (1727). The history of Japan: giving an account of the ancient and present state and government of that empire (translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). "They [sc. the Siamites] have besides several yearly solemn festivals, as for instance, at the beginning of the year, call'd Sonkraen [Ger. Sonkraan]."
    • The Fine Art Department of Thailand. (2002). Thai nai chodhmaihet kaempfer [ไทยในจดหมายเหตุแกมป์เฟอร์ (in Thai)]. (5th Ed.) Bangkok: Arthit Communication. 99 pp. ISBN 974-419-467-7. p. 97. "นอกจากนี้ ยังมีพิธีประจำปีอีกหลายอย่าง เช่น พิธีซึ่งทำเมื่อขึ้นปีใหม่เรียกว่าสงกรานต์ (Sonkraen)"
  51. ^ Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1850). "Utendum est ส in sequentibus", Grammatica Linguæ Thai, AUCTORE D. J. BAPT. PALLEGOIX EPISCOPO MALLENSI VICARIO APOSTOLICO SIAMENSI. Ex typographià collegii Assumptionis B. M. V. in civitate rcgià Krüng Thèph mahá nàkhon sí Ajùthâja, vulgó. BANGKOK: Anno Domini. p. 7 "สีห ปราช สงกรานต, Sí prãt sôngkran"
  52. ^ Jean Baptiste Pallegoix (Bp. of Mallos). (1854). "ส—S", สัพะ พะจะนะ พาสา ไท DICTIONARIUM LINGUÆ THAĭ. SIVE SIAMENSIS, INTERPRETATIONE LATINA, GALLICA ET ANGLICA illustratum MDCCCLIV. PARISIIS: Jussu Umperatoris Impressum. p. 751 "สงกรานต์. SONGKRAN. Ad alium locum pergere; angelus qui praesidere anno. Aller dans un autre endroit; ange qui préside à l'année, To go to another place; angel preside over the year."
  53. ^ Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1854). Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. Lagny, France: Vialat et Cie. p. 249. "Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l’année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu’ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c’est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n’est qu’à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l’ange de l’année monte un tigre, un bœuf,-un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal."
  54. ^ Gray, John Henry. (1879). "Chapter V.: SIAM", A Journey Round the World in the Years 1875-1876-1877. LONDON: Harrison and Sons. 612 pp. p. 137. "This privilege is exercised by the people during the festivals, which are respectively termed the Chinese new year, the Siamese new year, and Songkran."
  55. ^ Jacob T. Child, Col. (1892). "SONGKRAN HOLIDAYS", The Pearl of Asia: Reminiscences of the Court of a Supreme Monarch; Or, Five Years in Siam. CHICAGO: Donohue, Henneberry & Co. 339 pp. pp. 263.
  56. ^ Graham, A.W., M.R.A.S. (1912) "Brahmanic Observances", Siam: A Handbook of Practical, Commercial, and Political Information with 99 Illustrations and a Map. LONDON: Alexander Moring, Ltd., The De La More Press. 637 pp. p. 522. "The Sôngkran festival marks the beginning of the new year"
  57. ^ Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit. (2015). The Tale of Khun Chang Khun Phaen Abridged Version. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. 380 pp. ISBN 978-163-1-02960-8 "Songkran, the new year, all of Suphan came to Wat Pa Leli to make merit by building sand stupas around the grounds."
    • Smith, R. (2017). "The Tale of Khun Chang Khun Phaen", The Kings of Ayutthaya: A Creative Retelling of Siamese History. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. 368 pp. ISBN 978-194-3-93278-8
  58. ^ "เริ่มก่อพระทรายครั้งรัชกาลสมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมโกศตอนปลายกรุงศรีอยุธยาตามที่บันทึกไว้เมื่อปีเถาะ พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๖ ปีที่ ๒ ในรัชกาลที่ ๑ กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์". The Concise Royal Chronicle Vol. 43: Chapter 69–70: Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom Part I, Nakhon Champassak province, and Khun Borom : ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่มที่ ๔๓ (ประชุมพงศาวดารภาคที่ ๖๙-๗๐) เรื่องเกี่ยวกับกรุงเก่าตอนที่ ๑ เรื่องเมืองนครจำปาศักดิ์ และเรื่องขุนบรมราชา (in Thai). Bangkok: Kurusapha. pp. 3-6.
    • Office of Literature and History. (1999). The Concise of The Royal Chronicle of Thailand Celebrating Golden Jubilee Vol. 5 : ประชุมพงศาวดารฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่มที่ ๕ (in Thai). Bangkok: Kurusapha. pp. 138-142.
    • The Concise Royal Chronicle Vol. 69: Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom Part I. Being contributed in Royal cremation of Phraya Phiriyawichai (Phiap Suwannin) on 22 Jun 1938 at Wat Makut Kasattriyaram Ratchaworawihan. Bangkok: Phra Chan. 118 pp. pp. 2-5.
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