The Roswell Incident (1980 book)
 | |
| Author | Charles Berlitz and William Moore |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Subject | Roswell incident |
| Published | October 1980 |
| Publisher | Grosset & Dunlap |
| Publication place | US |
| Media type | Hardcover |
| Pages | 168 |
| ISBN | 9780448211992 |
| OCLC | 6831957 |
| Website | The Roswell Incident at the Internet Archive |
The Roswell Incident is a 1980 book by Charles Berlitz and William Moore. The book helped to popularize stories of unusual debris recovered in 1947 by personnel of the Roswell Army Air Field.
Background
[edit]Events of 1947
[edit]The Roswell incident took place amid the flying disc craze of 1947, sparked by widespread media coverage of pilot Kenneth Arnold's alleged sighting. Amid hundreds of reports nationwide,[1] on July 8, 1947, Roswell Army Air Field's press release was broadcast via wire transmission.[2] The Army quickly retracted the statement, stating the crashed object was a conventional weather balloon.[3][4][5]
Roswell revisited
[edit]The Roswell story gained significant attention in 1978 when retired lieutenant colonel Jesse Marcel, in an interview with ufologist Stanton Friedman, said he believed the debris he retrieved was of extraterrestrial origin.[6]
Authors
[edit]In 1974, Berlitz had authored The Bermuda Triangle, a best-seller which popularized the belief of the Bermuda Triangle as an area of ocean prone to disappearing ships and airplanes, perhaps associated with 'the lost continent of Atlantis'.[7] The book sold nearly 20 million copies in 30 languages.[8][3]
In 1979, Berlitz partnered with UFO researcher William L. Moore to publish The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility, which popularized the tale of a Navy invisibility experiment.[9] The book expanded on stories of bizarre happenings, lost unified field theories by Albert Einstein, and government coverups.[10]
Contents
[edit]The book argues that an extraterrestrial craft was flying over the New Mexico desert to observe nuclear weapons activity when a lightning strike killed the alien crew and, that after discovering the crash, the US government engaged in a cover-up.[3]
The Roswell Incident featured accounts of debris described by Marcel as "nothing made on this earth."[11] Additional accounts by Bill Brazel,[12] son of rancher Mac Brazel, neighbor Floyd Proctor[13] and Walt Whitman Jr.,[14] son of newsman W. E. Whitman who had interviewed Mac Brazel, suggested the material Marcel recovered had super-strength not associated with a weather balloon. Anthropologist Charles Zeigler described the 1980 book as "version 1" of the Roswell myth.[15] Berlitz and Moore's narrative was dominant until the late 1980s when other authors, attracted by the commercial potential of writing about Roswell, started producing rival accounts.[16]
The book introduced the contention that debris which was recovered by Marcel at the Foster ranch, visible in photographs showing Marcel posing with the debris, was substituted for debris from a weather device as part of a cover-up.[17][18] The book also claimed that the debris recovered from the ranch was not permitted a close inspection by the press. The efforts by the military were described as being intended to discredit and "counteract the growing hysteria towards flying saucers".[19]
The authors claimed to have interviewed over 90 witnesses, though the testimony of only 25 appears in the book. Only seven of these people claimed to have seen the debris. Of these, five claimed to have handled it.[20] Two accounts of witness intimidation were included in the book, including the incarceration of Mac Brazel.[21]
This version of the myth began the elevation of Marcel's narrative above that of Cavitt, who gathered material from the site alongside Brazel and Marcel. Cavitt's mundane description of the debris contradicted Marcel and was likely omitted as not supporting UFO-community beliefs.[22] Later authors would selectively quote Cavitt's assertion that the debris was not a German rocket or Japanese balloon bomb.[23] Independent researchers would find patterns of embellishment in Jesse Marcel's accounts, including provably false statements about his military career and educational background.[24]
Alien bodies
[edit]
(1947)
(1947)
The Roswell Incident was the first book to introduce the controversial second-hand stories of civil engineer Grady "Barney" Barnett and a group of archaeology students from an unidentified university encountering wreckage and "alien bodies" while on the Plains of San Agustin before being escorted away by the Army.[26] The second-hand Barnett stories, set 150 miles to the west of Corona, were described by ufologists as the "one aspect of the account that seemed to conflict with the basic story about the retrieval of highly unusual debris from a sheep ranch outside Corona, New Mexico, in July 1947".[27]
Many alleged first-hand accounts of the Roswell incident actually contain information from the Aztec, New Mexico, UFO incident,[28] a hoaxed flying saucer crash which gained national notoriety after being promoted by journalist Frank Scully in his articles and a 1950 book Behind the Flying Saucers.[28][29]
Reception
[edit]Donovan wrote that critics have deemed The Roswell Incident "a collection of wild hearsay" offering "second - and third-hand accounts Berlitz and Moore then use for fantastic speculation and to jump to a lot of unwarranted conclusions", and that when critics and skeptics characterized the Majestic 12 documents as fraudulent, "The accusing fingers were pointing at Moore."[30]
The book "did not make the commercial impact its authors hoped."[31]
Aftermath
[edit]At a 1989 MUFON conference, Moore claimed that he had been engaged in "disinformation" activities against Paul Bennewitz on behalf of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations.[30]
Modern views
[edit]In 1993, in response to an inquiry from US congressman Steven Schiff of New Mexico,[32] the General Accounting Office launched an inquiry and directed the Office of the United States Secretary of the Air Force to conduct an internal investigation. A 1994 Air Force report concluded that the material recovered in 1947 was likely debris from Project Mogul, a military surveillance program employing high-altitude balloons (and classified portion of an unclassified New York University project by atmospheric researchers[33]).
References
[edit]- ^ Bloecher 1967, p. xiii
- ^ Pflock 2001, p. 32
- ^ a b c Olmsted 2009, p. 184: Olmsted writes "When one of these balloons smashed into the sands of the New Mexico ranch, the military decided to hide the project's real purpose." In 1994 and 1997, official government reports (Weaver & McAndrew 1995) concluded (p. 9) "... the material recovered near Roswell was consistent with a balloon device and most likely from one of the MOGUL balloons that had not been previously recovered."
- ^ Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, p. 9
- ^ Peebles 1995, chpt. 2 "The Age of Confusion Begins"
- ^ Rothman, Lily (July 7, 2015). "How the Roswell UFO Theory Got Started". Time. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ Jacobson, Mark (4 September 2018). Pale Horse Rider: William Cooper, the Rise of Conspiracy, and the Fall of Trust in America. Penguin. ISBN 9780698157989.
- ^ "The Bermuda Triangle Mystery". Retrieved 2006-03-28.
- ^ Bainton, Roy (2013). The Mammoth Book of Unexplained Phenomena: From bizarre biology to inexplicable astronomy. London: Robinson. p. 461. ISBN 978-1780337968.
- ^ Donovan, Barna William (2011). Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 106. ISBN 978-0786486151.
- ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 28
- ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 79
- ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 83
- ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 88–89
- ^ Olmsted 2009, p. 184
- ^ Goldberg 2001, p. 197
- ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 33
- ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 67–69
- ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 42
- ^ Korff 1997, p. 29
- ^ Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 75, 88
- ^ Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, pp. 44–45
- ^ Randle & Schmitt 1994, pp. 115, 121 cited in: Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, p. 44.
- ^ Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, p. 58
- ^ Pflock 2001, pp. 82
- ^ Goldberg 2001
- ^ Rodeghier, Mark; Whiting, Fred (June 1992). The Plains of San Agustin Controversy, July 1947: Gerald Anderson, Barney Barnett, and the Archaeologists (PDF). p. 2.
- ^ a b Greer, John Michael (2009). The UFO Phenomenon: Fact, Fantasy and Disinformation (1st ed.). Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-0738713199.
- ^ Malkin, Bonnie (April 11, 2011). "'Exploding UFOs and Alien Landings' in Secret FBI Files". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^ a b Barna William Donovan (2011), Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious, McFarland, pp. 104–, ISBN 978-0786486151
- ^ Jacobson, Mark (4 September 2018). Pale Horse Rider: William Cooper, the Rise of Conspiracy, and the Fall of Trust in America. Penguin. ISBN 9780698157989.
- ^ "The Los Angeles Times 30 Jan 1994, page Page 12". Newspapers.com.
- ^ Frazier, Kendrick (2017). "The Roswell Incident at 70: Facts, Not Myths". Skeptical Inquirer. 41 (6): 12–15. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
Sources
[edit]- Berlitz, Charles; Moore, William (1980). The Roswell Incident. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-0448211992.
- Bloecher, Ted (April 29, 1967). Report on the UFO Wave of 1947 (Report). the University of Michigan. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- Goldberg, Robert Alan (2001). Chapter 6: The Roswell Incident. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300132946. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Korff, Kal (1997). The Roswell UFO Crash: What They Don't Want You to Know. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1573921275.
- Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2009). Chapter 6: Trust No One: Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories from the 1970s to the 1990s. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199753956. Archived from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Peebles, Curtis (March 21, 1995). Watch the Skies!: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth. Berkley Books. ISBN 9780425151174 – via Google Books.
- Pflock, Karl (2001). Roswell: Inconvenient Facts and the Will to Believe. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1573928946.
- Randle, Kevin; Schmitt, Donald (1994). The truth about the UFO Crash at Roswell (Hardcover ed.). New York: M Evans. ISBN 0-87131-761-3.
- Saler, Benson; Ziegler, Charles; Moore, Charles (1997). UFO Crash at Roswell: The Genesis of a Modern Myth. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1560987512.