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The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living

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The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living
ArtistDamien Hirst
Year1991
TypeTiger shark, glass, steel, 5% formaldehyde solution
MediumConceptual Installation
MovementAnti-Stuckism
Postmodernism
SubjectLife, apparent death
Dimensions213 cm × 518 cm × 213 cm (84 in × 204 in × 84 in)

The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living is an artwork created in 1991 by Damien Hirst, an English artist and a leading member of the "Young British Artists" (or YBA). It consists of a preserved tiger shark submerged in formalin in a glass-panel display case.

It was originally commissioned in 1991 by Charles Saatchi, who sold it in 2004 to Steven A. Cohen for an undisclosed amount, widely reported to have been at least $8 million. However, the title of Don Thompson's book, The $12 Million Stuffed Shark: The Curious Economics of Contemporary Art, suggests a higher figure.

Owing to deterioration of the original 14-foot (4.3 m) tiger shark, it was replaced with a new specimen in 2006. It was on loan to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City from 2007 to 2010.[1]

It is considered an iconic work of British art in the 1990s,[2] and has become a symbol of Britart worldwide.[3]

Background and concept

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The work was funded by the businessman Charles Saatchi, who in 1991 had offered to pay for whatever artwork Hirst wanted to create. The shark cost Hirst £6,000[4] and the total cost of the work was £50,000.[5] Hirst asked Doris Lockhart for a loan to cover the cost of shipping the shark from Australia, but she gave him the required amount. In return, Hirst invited Lockhart to choose anything she liked from his studio, and she selected a piece called The Only Way is Up.[6] The shark was caught off Hervey Bay in Queensland, Australia, by a fisherman commissioned to do so.[4][5] Hirst wanted something "big enough to eat you".[7]

Death Denied (2008) part of a later artwork, exhibited in Kyiv

The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living was first exhibited in 1992 in the first of a series of Young British Artists shows at the Saatchi Gallery, then at its premises in St John's Wood, north London. The British tabloid newspaper The Sun ran a story titled "£50,000 for fish without chips."[8] The show also included Hirst's artwork A Thousand Years. He was then nominated for the Turner Prize, but it was awarded to Grenville Davey. Saatchi sold the work in 2004 to Steven A. Cohen for an estimated $8 million.[8]

Its technical specifications are: "Tiger shark, glass, steel, 5% formaldehyde solution, 213 × 518 × 213 cm."[9]

The New York Times in 2007 gave the following description of the artwork:

Mr. Hirst often aims to fry the mind (and misses more than he hits), but he does so by setting up direct, often visceral experiences, of which the shark remains the most outstanding.

In keeping with the piece's title, the shark is simultaneously life and death incarnate in a way you don't quite grasp until you see it, suspended and silent, in its tank. It gives the innately demonic urge to live a demonic, deathlike form.[1]

Decay and replacement

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Because the shark was initially preserved poorly, it began to deteriorate, and the liquid grew murky. Hirst attributed some of the decay to the fact that the Saatchi Gallery had added bleach to the fluid.[8] In 1993, the gallery skinned the shark and stretched its skin over a fiberglass mould, thus transforming the shark from a chemically preserved intact carcass to a taxidermy mount displayed in fluid. Hirst commented, "It didn't look as frightening ... You could tell it wasn't real. It had no weight."[8]

When Hirst learned of Saatchi's impending sale of the work to Cohen, he offered to replace the shark, an operation which Cohen funded, calling the expense "inconsequential" (the formaldehyde process alone cost around $100,000).[8] Another shark (a female aged about 25–30 years, equivalent to middle age) was caught off the Queensland coast and shipped to Hirst in a 2-month journey.[8] In 2006, Oliver Crimmen, a scientist and fish curator at London's Natural History Museum, assisted with the preservation of the new specimen.[8] This involved injecting formaldehyde into the body, as well as soaking it for two weeks in a bath of 7% formalin solution.[8] The original 1991 vitrine was then used to house it.[8]

Hirst acknowledged that there was a philosophical question as to whether replacing the shark meant that the result could still be considered the same artwork. He observed:

It's a big dilemma. Artists and conservators have different opinions about what's important: the original artwork or the original intention. I come from a conceptual art background, so I think it should be the intention. It's the same piece. But the jury will be out for a long time to come.[8]

Variants

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Hirst has made other works subsequently which also feature a preserved shark in formaldehyde in a vitrine: The Immortal[10] (a great white shark, 2005), Wrath of God[11] (2005), Death Explained[12] (the shark is split in two, lengthwise, 2007), Death Denied[13] (2008), The Kingdom[14] (2008) and Leviathan (a basking shark, 2010).[15]

In September 2008, The Kingdom, a tiger shark, sold at Hirst's Sotheby's auction, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, for £9.6 million (more than £3 million above its estimate).[16]

Hirst has made a miniature version of The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living for the Miniature Museum in the Netherlands. In this case, he put a guppy in a box (10 × 3.5 × 5 centimetres) filled with formaldehyde.[17]

He also presented a number of other animals preserved in formaldehyde, including: a cow and a calf (Mother and Child (Divided)[18]), a sheep (Away from the Flock[19]), an 18-month old calf with the disk of the Egyptian goddess Hathor between its 18-carat gold horns (The Golden Calf[20]), and a dove in flight (The Incomplete Truth[21]).

Responses

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A Dead Shark Isn't Art, 2003. Stuckism International Gallery

In 2003, under the title A Dead Shark Isn't Art, the Stuckism International Gallery exhibited a shark which had first been put on public display two years before Hirst's by Eddie Saunders in his Shoreditch (London) shop, JD Electrical Supplies.[22] The Stuckists suggested that Hirst may have got the idea for his work from Saunders' shop display.[23]

In a speech at the Royal Academy in 2004, art critic Robert Hughes used The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living as a prime example of how the international art market at the time was a "cultural obscenity". Without naming the artwork or the artist, he stated that brush marks in the lace collar of a painting by Velázquez could be more radical than a shark "murkily disintegrating in its tank on the other side of the Thames".[24]

Critics have also questioned the ethics of the part of Hirst's oeuvre that involves dead animals. One estimate puts the number of creatures killed for Hirst's pieces at 913,450, including individual insects.[25]

The 2009 British-Hungarian film The Nutcracker in 3D features a scene in which a pet shark is electrocuted in a water tank, which director Andrei Konchalovsky cites as a reference to Hirst's artwork.[26]

Hirst's response to those who said that anyone could have done this artwork was, "But you didn't, did you?"[7]

Notes and references

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  1. ^ a b Smith, Roberta (16 October 2007). "Just When You Thought It Was Safe". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
  2. ^ Brooks, Richard. "Hirst's shark is sold to America", The Sunday Times, 16 January 2005. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
  3. ^ Davies, Serena. "Why painting is back in the frame", The Daily Telegraph, 8 January 2005. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b Davies, Kerrie (14 April 2010). "The great white art hunter". The Australian. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  5. ^ a b "Saatchi mulls £6.25m shark offer", BBC. Retrieved 23 February 2007
  6. ^ Jones, Dylan (2022). "February : Doris's Saatchi Legacy: The Truth About the YBAs". Faster Than a Cannonball : 1995 and All That. London: White Rabbit. p. 106. ISBN 9781474624589. Doris Lockhart: On one of my visits to see Damien, he asked if I could lend him some money, as he said he wanted to pay to get a shark sent from Australia for one of his pieces, and he didn't have the money to get them to ship it. So I said, "Yeah, sure, how much do you need?" And I gave it to him and forgot all about it. I went back maybe a month or so later to see him, and he said, "Oh, you know that money you lent me?" I said, "I didn't lend it to you, Damien, I gave it to you." And he said, "No, no, no, no, I want to pay it back and here it is." I couldn't believe it. He was insisting I take the money and I was so impressed by that. That's one of my fondest memories of that kid, he wasn't getting millions of pounds for his paintings at that time. The thing that makes me laugh is imagining he got the money to pay me back from Charles. I mean, that really would be a good story. But anyway, I wouldn't take it. So, he said, "Okay, look around the studio and if you see something you like, take it, it's yours." Well, I couldn't turn that offer down but I didn't want to pick anything big, because I didn't want to seem greedy and horrible, because his work was starting to make money. So I picked something that I could actually carry away and I have it to this day, a piece called The Only Way is Up. If my place started to burn down, that's what I would take. Yes, I'd get my cat, but I would actually also get the work that Damien gave me.
  7. ^ a b Barber, Lynn "Bleeding art", The Observer, 20 April 2003. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vogel, Carol "Swimming with famous dead sharks,2 The New York Times, 1 October 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2007
  9. ^ "Damien Hirst", The Artchive. Retrieved 23 February 2007
  10. ^ "The Immortal - Damien Hirst". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  11. ^ "The Wrath of God - Damien Hirst". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  12. ^ "Death Explained - Damien Hirst". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  13. ^ "Death Denied - Damien Hirst". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  14. ^ "The Kingdom - Damien Hirst". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  15. ^ https://qa.damienhirst.com/leviathan [bare URL]
  16. ^ Akbar, Arifa. "A formaldehyde frenzy as buyers snap up Hirst works", The Independent, 16 September 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
  17. ^ "Guppy, formaldehyde" Miniature Museum. Retrieved 26 December 2011. Archived 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Tate. "'Mother and Child (Divided)', Damien Hirst, exhibition copy 2007 (original 1993)". Tate. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  19. ^ Tate. "'Away from the Flock', Damien Hirst, 1994". Tate. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  20. ^ Icon-Icon (18 May 2017). "Damien Hirst's Golden Calf : a Complex and Controversial Work of Art". ICON-ICON. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  21. ^ "Damien Hirst (b. 1965)". www.christies.com. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  22. ^ Alberge, Dalya. "Traditionalists mark shark attack on Hirst", The Times, 10 April 2003. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  23. ^ "A Dead Shark Isn't Art" on the Stuckism International web site Retrieved 21 September 2008
  24. ^ Kennedy, Maev "Art market a 'cultural obscenity'", The Guardian, 3 June 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
  25. ^ Goldstein, Caroline (13 April 2017). "How Many Animals Have Died for Damien Hirst's Art to Live? We Counted". Artnet News. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  26. ^ Zeitchik, Steven. "Andrei Konchalovsky builds a strange maze with The Nutcracker in 3D", Los Angeles Times, 26 November 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2016. [1]
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