The Miracle (1912 film)

This article is about the British film. For the German film, see Das Mirakel.

The Miracle
Scene from the Lyricscope play of The Miracle with Florence Winston, Ernst Matray and Ernst Benzinger
Directed by	Michel Antoine Carré (film) Max Reinhardt (play)
Written by	Karl Vollmöller (play and film)
Produced by	Joseph Menchen
Starring	Maria Carmi Ernst Matray Florence Winston Joseph Klein
Music by	Engelbert Humperdinck (play and film)
Distributed by	Joseph Menchen (UK)
Release date	December 1912 (1912-12) (UK)
Running time	7,000 feet (UK)
Countries	United Kingdom (American producer with main production office in London, French co-director, filmed in Austria, coloured in France, international cast)
Languages	Silent film with intertitles
Budget	$50,000

The Miracle (1912) (German: Das Mirakel, French: Le Miracle), is a British silent full-colour film, using a hand-coloured process similar to Pathéchrome. Produced by Joseph Menchen and directed by Michel Carré, it is among the first full-colour feature films to be made. It stars Maria Carmi, Ernst Matray, Florence Winston and Douglas Payne, and was filmed on location in Austria.

The Miracle was not intended to be shown as an ordinary film in the usual way but was designed by Menchen to be shown as part of a 'Lyricscope play'. This was an unusual (if not unprecedented) spectacular theatrical presentation which – in its most elaborate and complete expression – included: the projected colour film; a full-sized symphony orchestra and chorus performing Engelbert Humperdinck's score; live sound effects such as church bells and crowd noises; stage sets around the projection screen which changed during the performance; and live (non-speaking) actors and dancers in medieval costume. The various component parts of this ideal production varied somewhat according to local conditions.

This 1912 multi-medium production was an adaptation of Max Reinhardt's wordless spectacular stage production of Karl Vollmoeller's play of the same name, which had played to huge audiences at the Olympia, London exhibition hall in 1911–1912. As some contemporary critics realised, The Miracle was not a "moving picture drama" in the normal sense of the word, but a "filmed pantomime," a celluloid record of the action of the stage production in a unique presentation.

The world première of the full-colour 'Lyricscope play' of The Miracle took place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London, on 21 December 1912 and it was shown all over the country until Easter 1913, breaking many records for attendance. The colour film with its attendant show subsequently made its way around the world, being shown in the U.S., Australia and Germany.

A rival, unauthorised version (Das Mirakel) directed by Mime Misu for Continental-Kunstfilm in Germany appeared in the same year with the same subject and English title ("The Miracle") and was the subject of various copyright legal actions in the UK and the United States, resulting in seven different titles shared between the two films.

Plot outline

The film tells the story of a wayward nun, Megildis, who deserts her convent with a knight, influenced by the music of an evil minstrel. A statue of the Virgin Mary comes to life and takes the place of Megildis, who makes her way through the world and its many vicissitudes. Later, Megildis returns to the convent with her dying infant, and is forgiven as the statue resumes its place.

Act 1 – Temptation

• Scene 1: The Nun, Sister Megildis is placed in charge of the sacred image.
• Scene 2: The healing of the lame man.
• Scene 3: The Minstrel and the music.
• Scene 4: The arrival of the Knight.
• Scene 5: The Nun must spend the night kneeling.
• Scene 6: The flight of the Nun with the Knight.
• Scene 7: The Miraculous Image comes to life.

Intermezzo

• Episode 1: The lake of the fairies.
• Episode 2: The capture of the Robber Count, and dancing for the Nun.
• Episode 3: The mock marriage ceremony.
• Episode 4: The Nun is arrested for witchcraft
• Episode 5: The Nun is shown the ghosts of all who have lost their lives because of her.

Act 2 – Forgiveness

• Scene 1: Christmas Eve in the Convent.
• Scene 2: The image of the Virgin returns to its altar.
• Scene 3: Megildis returns to the convent with her babe and finds it dead. The Miracle occurs.
• Scene 4: Forgiveness.

Cast

Maria Carmi as the Madonna in a publicity shot for the Olympia production.

• Maria Carmi – The Madonna
• Florence Winston – The Nun, Megildis
• Ernst Matray – The Minstrel (or the Player)
• Douglas Payne – The Knight
• Ernst Benzinger – The Robber Count
• Joseph Klein – The King
• Theodore Rocholl – The King's Son
• Agathe Barcesque – The Abbess
• Marie von Radgy – The Old Sacristan
• Alfred König – The Lame Man

All the actors in the film (except Florence Winston) had just given sixteen stage performances of the play in Vienna during the two weeks immediately preceding shooting and were well rehearsed in their parts.

Although some advertising for the film implied that all the cast had been in the 1911–12 Olympia production, this was only true for Maria Carmi, Douglas Payne, Ernst Benzinger and Joseph Klein. Carmi was married to Karl Vollmoeller, the author of the stage play, and The Miracle was the first of her 26 films. Apart from Payne and Matray, who had made one film each, none of the cast had any experience in film acting; between them Carmi, Matray, Payne, Benzinger and Klein went on to make some 160 motion pictures Carmi, Matray, Klein and Rocholl also starred in the film of Vollmoeller's next pantomime, Eine venezianische Nacht (A night in Venice).

Literary sources

Statue of Caesarius of Heisterbach

The miraculous legend of a wayward nun named Beatrice has been retold many times since it was first collected in the early 13th century by Caesarius of Heisterbach in his Dialogus miraculorum (1219–1223). The tale was revived by Maurice Maeterlinck in 1901 in a minor play named Soeur Beatrice (Sister Beatrice), drawing on versions by Villiers de l'Isle-Adam and on the 14th-century Dutch poem Beatrijs. Maeterlinck described his own work (and Ariane et Barbe-bleue) as "...little scenarios, short poems of the type unfortunately called 'opera-comique', destined to furnish the musicians who asked for them, a theme amenable to lyrical developments. They pretend to nothing further." According to one critic, however, Ariane et Barbe-bleue and Soeur Beatrice "are, in truth, absolutely devoid of serious effort, aesthetic, doctrinal, or moral."

According to Jethro Bithell, "As a reading play Sister Beatrice is ruined by the species of blank verse in which it is said to be written. Typographically it is arranged in prose form; but palpable verses of this kind madden the reader:"

   "II est prudent et sage; et ses yeux sont plus doux
    Que les yeux d'un enfant qui se met a genoux."

Maeterlinck used the same style in Monna Vanna: "...written, partly, in the same kind of blank verse as Sister Beatrice—very poor stuff considered as poetry, and very troublesome to read as prose."

Sister Beatrice was produced by Vsevolod Meyerhold at the Moscow Arts Theatre in 1906, a production which Reinhardt may possibly have been aware of. Maeterlinck's play was also produced in March 1910 at the New Theatre, New York, with Edith Wynne Matthison in the title part.

While recovering from an illness aged 18 in 1896, Karl Vollmoeller had a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary which had a profound impression on him, and which later became the basis of his wordless play, The Miracle. In a later interview he recounted: "While living in Italy, I had the chance to become absorbed in Latin manuscripts which told the history of the saints of the Catholic Church. (ie Heisterbach). One of these legends inspired me to write my play known as The Miracle... I wrote this piece (play) all at the same time (in one go), before films were made. I wish to state most emphatically that my play contains a spiritual message for the whole world, not only for Christians."

In another interview in 1913, Vollmoeller said of The Miracle: "The Miracle is not a theatre play in the ordinary sense. It is intended as an appeal to religious feeling. To attempt to cater in a play of this sort exclusively to the rich or the snobbish would be a great mistake. Often the people who would appreciate a play are the people who cannot afford the price of admission. For a production like The Miracle to attract the people for whom it was primarily intended, it must have a low price of admission."

Production team

Joseph Menchen in about 1913

The film seems to have been the brainchild of its producer, Joseph Menchen, a London-based American inventor, film projectionist and owner of a New York theatrical lighting business who later became a literary agent for film scripts. Reports of copyright cases in the English and US courts confirm that Menchen made the film, and a review of the film's US première in New York referred to it as "the Menchen Miracle".

Menchen obtained the sole rights and film rights from Reinhardt and from Bote & Bock (Vollmöller's and Humperdinck's publishers), and had "gone to very considerable expense" (£20,000 or $50,000) "in preparing a film of the play, which he intended to produce with Mr. Walter Hyman" at the Covent Garden Opera House on 21 December." Another name (possibly a financial backer) appearing in connection with the production is that of A. D. Rosenthal. The 'Lyricscope play' was designed to be a partial re-creation (on a slightly smaller scale) of Reinhardt's massive theatrical spectacle which had drawn such large crowds to Olympia the previous year.

Reinhardt seems to have been involved in some initial technical discussions about a film of The Miracle (according to a July 1912 article in The Cinema before the film had been made) although he seems to have had little to do with its actual making.

Although much of the 'direction' belongs essentially to Reinhardt (since the movie was intended to be a recording on film of Reinhardt's stage production), Menchen engaged the experienced French film director Michel Carré to supervise the filming. Carré had recently completed a historical film about Napoleon Bonaparte, Le Memorial de Saint-Hélène (1911). He had previously directed the first European full-length (90 minutes) film, L'enfant prodigue (1907), based on his own earlier pantomime with music (Carré 1890); and with Albert Cappellani he co-directed the popular and successful 1909 film Fleur de Pavé starring Mistinguett and Charles Prince.

Engelbert Humperdinck, composer of the score of The Miracle

According to a puff piece in a Berkshire local newspaper, Menchen and Carré had "countless experiences" in designing the film's appearance; eventually they devised a method of arranging backgrounds that would "reproduce every phrase of photographic light and shade, together with extreme depth." Before producing the film, Menchen had owned his own theatrical lighting business in Kansas City and New York, having started as a theatre electrician in Missouri aged about 18, and Carré was an experienced filmmaker, having already worked on some 40 films as either (co)-director or screenwriter. Carré and Menchen apparently continued to get on well together; when Menchen opened his new Studio Menchen in the Paris suburb of Epinay-sur-Seine in 1913, Carré became its artistic director, although no films (or very few) seem to have been actually produced there.

The film was designed to be accompanied by the original score which Engelbert Humperdinck had written for Reinhardt's Olympia production exactly a year before. In much of his advertising (he was his own self-publicity agent) Menchen fairly consistently promotes the film as being "accompanied by Humperdinck's glorious music", since it carries much of the weight of both film and play. The vocal score by Gustav Schirmer (which also contains the synopsis of the play above the music) was published in Germany by Bote & Bock in 1912 as Humperdinck's Das Wunder.

Karl Vollmöller, who adapted the screenplay from his wordless 1911 play, The Miracle

According to an article in The Cinema in July 1912, the screenplay was adapted by Karl Vollmöller from his stage play which Reinhardt had produced as a result of a commission from C. B. Cochran for a spectacular pageant at Olympia in 1911. Vollmoeller saw and apparently approved of the film, saying that "it responds in every detail with my original work, with the exception of a few scenes introduced with my consent." However, in a January 1913 interview Vollmoeller appears unenthusiastic about the film's use of colour:

"...a system of colouring each film-scene must be devised independent of the film mechanism itself, as is done by the footlights and other stage lights in a theatrical production. I do not believe in the so-called natural colours for the cinema except for topical films. The reproduction of the colours of nature is not necessary, and nature in these circumstances is frequently ugly. It is here that art should enter."

The stage design and costumes at Olympia were by Ernst Stern, whose set had turned the London exhibition hall (often associated with horse shows) into a Gothic cathedral in 1911. The actors in Menchen's film wore the sumptuous costumes from the first continental performances of Reinhardt's stage show at the Vienna Rotunde; and for performances of Menchen's 'Lyricscope play', the screen was surrounded by stage scenery to make it seem as if the film were being watched through the open doors of a cathedral.

Production

Perchtoldsdorf church, painting by Rudolf von Alt

Shooting of the film took place in various locations near Vienna, Austria, immediately after the play's European première there in October 1912.

Reinhardt's original 1911 stage production of The Miracle went on tour in Europe in repertory for two and a half years and its first continental production took place in the Vienna Rotunda, between 15 September–3 October 1912. The timing of the Vienna première was something of a publicity coup for Reinhardt: the Catholic Church's 23rd International Eucharistic Congress (whose opening ceremony attended by 15,000 people took place inside the Rotunda) had finished at the end of the previous week, providing a ready-made, international, religiously inclined audience.

Kreuzenstein castle. This drawbridge entrance to the castle features in one scene in the film.

Shooting of The Miracle began on location in and around the parish church of Perchtoldsdorf, near Vienna, on 6 October 1912, immediately after the stage production had ended its 3-week run at the Rotunde. The small town's population was almost outnumbered by the cast of around 800 actors, who at mealtimes ate at long tables in the street.

For some external shots of the cathedral, the ground was covered with cotton wool to simulate snow, at a cost of 5,000 crowns. Filming continued in the recently completed (1874–1906) mock-mediaeval Burg Kreuzenstein, also near Vienna, Menchen having received permission from the owner, Count Wilczek.

It was shot in black-and-white 35mm film, and one or more prints were then hand-coloured in Paris. The film was originally announced with a running time of about 2 hours (7,000 feet), although it played at 5,500 or 5,100 feet in the US and elsewhere.

Performances of The Miracle

The film was shown around the world. Première performances (with running times, where known) took place in:

• UK: 21 December 1912 (1912-12-21) (7,000 feet) — owner of worldwide rights, Joseph Menchen.
• USA: 17 February 1913 (1913-02-17) (5,500 feet) — owner of rights in the Americas: Miracle Company Inc. (Al. H. Woods, and Milton and Sargent Aborn)
• Netherlands: 24 March 1913 (1913-03-24) — rights possibly owned by Anton Noggerath, Jr.
• Australia: 29 December 1913 (1913-12-29) — Australasian rights owned by Beaumont Smith
• New Zealand: April 1914 (1914-04) (6,000 or 5,500 feet)
• Germany: 15 May 1914 (1914-05-15)
• Argentina: 29 January 1916 (1916-01-29)

United Kingdom

UK litigation

Menchen's film was ready for hand-colouring in December 1912, and he attempted to register it in Germany but was refused since Das Mirakel, a rival film directed by Mime Misu for the German Continental-Kunstfilm production company, was adjudged to have prior right. In London, however, the Elite Sales Agency (the UK distributors for Continental-Kunstfilm) was advertising the film with the English title, The Miracle. The advance publicity implied that it was a film of the actual Reinhardt production in Olympia. Menchen, as the sole owner of the film rights, brought a court action (18 December 1912) to prevent Misu's film from being shown. The judge couldn't rule on the copyright, but he suggested that the Continental version be renamed Sister Beatrice; it was shown at the London Pavilion that same day with the title Sister Beatrix.

Sister Beatrix only received a few single showings in the provinces and was utterly eclipsed by the success of Menchen's film. The Elite Sales Agency ceased trading in October 1913, citing heavy losses.

• See also § US litigation section

Performances

The Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, where The Miracle had its world première on 21 December 1912.

The world première of the 'Lyricscope play' of The Miracle in full colour took place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London, on 21 December 1912, exactly a year after Max Reinhardt's theatrical spectacle opened at Olympia. The 75-strong orchestra was conducted by Friedrich Schirmer, who had conducted the orchestra at Olympia (London) and later revised Humperdinck's score for the 1924 stage production at the Century Theatre (New York City). The chorus of 60 was conducted by Edmund van der Straeten, who had also been the chorus-master at Olympia.

The Miracle ran for several weeks at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden showing three times daily (3, 6.30 and 9pm) with chorus and orchestra of 200 performers, for as little as sixpence (2½p). Towards the end of its run, the reported number of performers had grown to 200.

The innovative daylight projection screen used throughout the run at the Royal Opera House was sold by the Universal Screen and Equipment Co. of 226, Piccadilly. Although it was the first time a film had been shown at Covent Garden, the Berlin Royal Opera had already been incorporating films into productions of Wagner operas to show otherwise impossible scenic effects.

Trade press advertisement for The Miracle, March 1913

The colour film briefly transferred to the brand-new Picture House at no. 165, Oxford Street, London, from Friday 24 January 1913. Before the public opening, Menchen put on a special benefit performance of The Miracle on 22 January 1913, the anniversary of the Battle of Rorke's Drift. He donated the proceeds to the fund for a memorial to a London cabby, Private Frederick Hitch, VC, who fought at Rorke's Drift and died on 6 January.

There was only a single hand-coloured coloured print of the film, and A. H. Woods, the owner of the film rights for the USA, was intending to the exhibit the film in New York City. Woods personally took the colour print with him back to New York, departing on the RMS Mauretania on 6 February. The Miracle opened at the Park Theater, 5 Columbus Circle, on 17 February 1913.

The Miracle continued to show at the Picture House in a black-and-white version, advertised by Menchen (acting as his own UK distributor), as a 'Synescope Play'. which played in smaller auditoriums with reduced forces.

A report of a later performance in July in Windsor describes the general effect in the auditorium:

The scenery was specially built to represent the exterior of an old cathedral at Perchtoldsdorf, so ingeniously contrived that when the great doors are opened the audience see the whole enactment of the play as if it was being carried on in the cathedral itself. The aspect of the screen as one ordinarily sees it has been entirely done away with. [i.e., the screen was surrounded with scenery, like a stage play.]

The Miracle continued to attract large audiences wherever it played, breaking attendance records at Kings's Hall, Leyton (2,000 seats), King's Hall, Lewisham (2,000 seats), Curzon Hall, Birmingham (3,000 seats), Royal Electric Theatre, Coventry and the Popular Picture Palace, Gravesend As many as 150,000 people went to see The Miracle during a three-week run at the Liverpool Olympia (3,750 seats).

United States

The première performance of the Menchen Miracle in full colour took place at the Park Theatre, Columbus Circle, New York, on Monday 17 February 1913.

Background

Menchen's first choice for a US distributor was Henry B. Harris, the New York theatrical manager and impresario. Menchen knew Harris well, having designed the lighting for several of his shows, and the first letter of testimony at the front of Menchen's 1906 product catalogue was signed "Harry B. Harris". Harris had just lost many thousands of dollars in a failed re-creation of the Parisian Folies Bergère in New York, and had been buying rights to several London shows and arranging for the London appearance of his star Rose Stahl in a production. He may have seen Reinhardt's production during its London run at the Olympia exhibition hall from December 1911 to March 1912: at any rate he bought the rights (supposedly for £10,000) to The Miracle film, according to an interview in April 1912 with the London Standard newspaper: "I have acquired an option on the fine moving pictures of "The Miracle," which I anticipate will make a sensation on the other side.” All looked well for Harris' return to the States, but unfortunately the tickets that he and his wife had booked for their voyage back to the States had the words RMS Titanic printed on them.

Poster for In Nacht und Eis, directed by Mime Misu in 1912 for Continental-Kunstfilm

Three weeks after Harris's death in the maritime disaster (although his wife survived), a news item appeared in the U.S. trade weekly Variety, claiming that the negatives of The Miracle had gone down with the Titanic; but Menchen replied the following week from London saying that no shooting had taken place. Neither film had actually been completed by the date the ship sailed on 13 April 1912.

Menchen's second choice of distributor was the Hungarian-born archetypal showman Al Woods, who had been in Berlin in connection with the construction of Germany's first purpose-built cinema, the Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz. Whereas Harris was in the first rank of theatre producers, Woods (while not averse to spectacle) was someone whose shows tended to invite critical scorn or even prosecution. He had just finished building the Eltinge Theatre, having had a very successful 1911 season managing the vaudeville female impersonator Julian Eltinge in musical comedy roles on Broadway. Menchen himself had worked in vaudeville theatres like Tony Pastor's, showing early films with his Kinoptikon from 1896 to 1899.

In May 1912 Woods acquired the sole US, Canadian and all-America rights to the film of Reinhardt's Miracle for which he paid Menchen $25,000 and formed the Miracle Film Company, Inc., for the purpose of distributing it.

Woods soon found himself immersed in a series of legal challenges involving a rival German film with the same subject and English name as Menchen's. This film, Das Mirakel, produced by Continental-Kunstfilm of Berlin and directed by Mime Misu, was also billed in the UK and USA as The Miracle. The German film was completed and shown in the US before Menchen had barely finished shooting in Austria. Advertisements implied indirectly that it was a film of Reinhardt's Olympia production. The ensuing name changes for the film have led to considerable confusion about which 'Miracle' is which.

• See also § UK litigation and § US litigation sections.

New York rehearsals

Sargent Aborn c1913

Milton Aborn c1913

The stage director Edward P. Temple was engaged by A. H. Woods to stage a ballet of 100 dancers to accompany the film in America. Temple sailed to London on 12 December 1912 to watch the London presentation of "The Miracle". He and Menchen had worked together before at Thomson & Dundy's New York Hippodrome: e.g. in 1906 the revue A Society Circus, Act III, Scene 3, the 'Court of the Golden Fountains' was stage managed by Temple, with stereopticon machines by Menchen. Temple returned in the New Year to prepare the staging with a B&W copy of the 7,000 feet film, and began rehearsing the chorus (150 adults and 50 children), in the week of 12 January 1913. Al. Woods, who had also watched the Covent Garden production with Temple, had found some business partners to share the financial burden with: Milton and Sargent Aborn. The Aborns were producers of operetta with their Aborn Opera Company. Temple had already staged Balfe's The Bohemian Girl for the Aborns at the Majestic (later Park Theatre) in 1911.

After The Miracle had finished its Covent Garden run and transferred to the newly refurbished Picture House at 165 Oxford Street, London, Woods returned on the RMS Mauretania with the precious colour film on 6 February. An advertisement by Menchen in the UK trade press on 5 February claimed that The Miracle would be shown at the Liberty Theatre, owned by Klaw and Erlanger, although other venues were still being considered, including the 'old' Metropolitan Opera House or the New Amsterdam Theatre (also built by Klaw and Erlanger); but by 14 February the Park Theatre had been booked – there were all kinds of consultations, all kinds of arguments, and at least one assault.

US première

The New York première performance of the Menchen Miracle in full colour took place at the Park Theater, 5 Columbus Circle (formerly the Majestic), on 17 February 1913. The presentation was not quite as elaborate as in Covent Garden (a procession of nuns opened the proceedings, but the critics made no mention of the dancers); Humperdinck's music was performed by a chorus of 100 and an augmented Russian Symphony Orchestra of New York conducted by its founder Modest Altschuler. Altschuler was a pupil of Gustav Holländer, who had previously conducted the orchestra in the stage performances of The Miracle at Olympia in London in 1911–12. Holländer was the director of the Berlin Stern Conservatory, where one of the professors was Humperdinck who composed the score used in the stage and film versions of The Miracle. Holländer also composed the music for Reinhardt's 1910 stage production of Vollmoeller's pantomime Sumurûn.

The show apparently ran continuously in New York at the Park Theater until at least 9 March.

Boston

Charles Frohman (manager of the Colonial Theatre, Boston) in 1915

The Miracle showed from 24 February 1913 for two weeks of rather light business at the Colonial Theatre, Boston, MA. The managers at the Colonial were Charles Frohman and William Harris, father of Henry B. Harris, who had taken over the affairs of his late son. The city censor objected to a number of scenes, and several hundred feet had to be cut; tickets cost up to $1.50 (higher than average), and business was very poor. The Miracle was followed by The Pink Lady, one of the previous season's greatest musical successes, with the company fresh from a triumphant run in London.

The weather around Easter-time was atrocious, with tornadoes devastating eight states (see March 1913 tornado outbreak sequence) and killing around 240 people; several further days of heavy rains in the central and eastern United States caused extensive flooding in which further countless hundreds were drowned (estimates vary from 650 to 900); in New York State, Rochester was badly hit, and Buffalo experienced winds of 90 mph (140 km/h).

Rival film banned in Chicago

A film of The Miracle which was banned in Chicago at the end of April 1913 on account of its depiction of "murder, drunkenness and immorality" was probably the Misu version (Das Mirakel), since the states' rights were sold to a Chicago exhibitor by the New York Film Company earlier that month. The police report refers to the film Sister Beatrix as an adaptation of Maeterlinck's play – which usually featured in the NYFC's advertisements, whereas Menchen never referred to it in his publicity – and then confusingly calls it "The Miracle".

US litigation

The New York Film Company was the US distributor for the Berlin Continental-Kunstfilm production company, whose Das Mirakel had been renamed Sister Beatrix in the UK after a court decision in London. (see above) On 15 January 1913, internal dissensions within the New York Film Company led to Harry Schultz dissolving his partnership with the other two directors and continuing the business alone. However, by 1 February 1913 the situation had been reversed; after differences between the directors had been resolved, Schultz quit the business and Danziger and Levi took control of the New York Film Company.

After the Menchen Miracle had finished showing at Covent Garden (by 31 January 1913 at the latest) the film arrived in the US and received its US première on Monday 17 February 1913, at the Park Theater, New York.

During the week of 3–9 March 1913, Al Woods went to court to prevent the New York Film Co. from continuing to lease their film of "The Miracle". Justice Lehman imposed a temporary injunction in Woods' favour on the condition that he paid a bond of $20,000. The New York Film Co. thereafter billed the Continental film as "Sister Beatrice, previously advertised as The Miracle", and re-advertised the 'States Rights' for the film under its new title. Menchen's film showed again in Boston during the week of 5 April 1913, and Woods obtained an injunction to stop the A. A. Kellman Feature Film Co. (Kellman was the proprietor of the Park Theater, Taunton, Mass.) from showing Continental's The Miracle film under its illegal name.

However, the bond of $20,000 was not forthcoming from Woods, so Justice Lehman vacated the injunction on 6 May 1913, leaving the New York Film Co. free to sell or lease The Miracle without question.

Netherlands

The Miracle opened at the Flora Theatre, 79–81 Wagenstraat, The Hague, on 24 March 1913 and played for 3 consecutive weeks. Timed performances were advertised rather than the usual continuous show, possibly to maximise the number of available seats (800 in 1909) It sold out for the first two weeks and played to very full houses in the third week.

The Flora was originally run by F.A. Nöggerath. His son Anton Nöggerath, Jr., followed in his father' business, learning the film trade in Britain at the Warwick Trading Company from 1897 with Charles Urban and forming his own negative developing business in 1903 in Wardour Street, London. When his father died in 1908, Nöggerath returned to the Netherlands and took over the business with his mother.

The Miracle played for two weeks from 16 May 1913 at the Bioscope Theatre, 34 Reguliersbreestraat, Amsterdam, another Noggerath establishment; at the Thalia Theatre in the Hague for a week from 25 October 1918, and at the Prinses Theater, Rotterdam, for the week starting 25 July 1919.

Australia

The Australasian rights to "The Miracle" were acquired from Joseph Menchen by Beaumont Smith during his year-long world tour of South Africa, Europe and Canada with his novelty show "Tiny Town" featuring small people. Smith went on to own or manage numerous Australian cinemas, and later directed films himself. In Australia and New Zealand (as in Britain) The Miracle was generally advertised not simply as an ordinary film in its own right, but as a 'Lyricscope play', having been designed as part of a unique evening's entertainment complete with film, sets, actors and dancers, chorus & orchestra.

The Australian première of The Miracle took place in Sydney on 29 December 1913, at T. J. West's Glaciarium, one of Australia's earliest purpose-built ice skating rinks which doubled as a cinema during the summer months.

The sets for The Miracle were constructed by the scenic artists George Dixon (who had also worked on the original London production) and Harry Whaite. Lewis De Groen (d. 1919 aged 54) conducted a chorus of 80 singers and his augmented Vice-Regal Orchestra. De Groen had been the conductor at T. J. West's Cinematograph (i.e. cinema) since around 1900, and continued his position in West's new Glaciarium when it opened in 1907. In 1908 he was managing some 80 musicians in Australia and New Zealand, and conducting nightly at three different venues in Sydney.

The Miracle ran in Sydney for two weeks and later for three weeks at West's Melbourne cinema during April and May 1914 before transferring to Adelaide, and to Perth in June. It continued to show in Australia, including Wagga Wagga in July 1915 and Warracknabeal in May 1916.

New Zealand

The film, with Burke's orchestra and a chorus, played "with a degree of excellence" at the King's Theatre, Auckland in March 1914. The performances were staged by Maurice Ralph. The relatively large forces available in the city venues were somewhat reduced in the provinces: according to an advertisement in the Poverty Bay Herald in May 1914 for The Miracle at His Majesty's Theatre, Gisborne, New Zealand: "Humperdinck's glorious music will be rendered by a Grand Augmented Orchestra of 12 instrumentalists."

The original exhibition hall at the Zoological Gardens, Charlottenburg in 1908, before its conversion into a theatre and then the Palast am Zoo cinema.

Germany

After the 1912 run of performances in the Vienna Rotunde (immediately followed by the film shoot), Vollmoeller's stage play continued its European tour until 1914, playing in Berlin for two weeks at the Zirkus Busch from 30 April to 13 May. Two days later the film of The Miracle received its German première (as Das Mirakel) at the Palast am Zoo cinema (later Ufa-Palast am Zoo), Charlottenburg, Berlin on Monday, 15 May 1914.

The exclusive lease on the Palast am Zoo was owned by the millionaire swindler Frank J. Goldsoll. A few months previously he had bought out the European interests of his business partner, A. H. Woods, along with the German film rights to The Miracle. Goldsoll and Woods had previously built the Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz, Berlin's first purpose-built, free-standing cinema, in 1913. They both joined Goldwyn Pictures Corporation in 1919. Godsoll, as a major investor, ousted Sam Goldwyn to become the company's president until its merger to form MGM in 1924.

Reception

The 18 year-old Paul Hindemith went to see Reinhardt's original stage production when it arrived on tour in Frankfurt am Main in December 1913. In a letter he clearly conveys the almost overwhelming effect of the massive, pageant-like show in the Festhalle. It seems (from Hindemith's description of the "real thing") that Menchen had largely succeeded in recreating a similar atmosphere in his full-colour 'Lyricscope' screenings of the film:

28 December 1913

Yesterday I went to a performance of Vollmoeller's "Miracle", which Max Reinhardt is presenting in the Festhalle. If you ever get a chance to see it, do not miss it! You can hardly believe it is possible to keep control of such immense masses of players. I was completely bowled over and would never have believed that it was possible that anything so brilliant and grandiose could be done on a stage, or rather in an arena. The whole gigantic Festhalle has been transformed into a colossal church. All the lamps have become church lanterns and all the windows, church windows. Church bells ring out at the start, and the whole hall becomes black as night. Then the sound of the organ, and nuns singing. Stupendous lighting effects, a procession lasting 3/4 of an hour, wonderful music, and a rich display of people, costumes, and scenery! And how well the actors act! I came out of the hall reeling, and only this morning returned to my senses. It sweeps you right off your feet, and you forget you are in the theatre. I shall go again, come what may, even if I have to pay 20 marks for it. On 1 January we are having Parsifal here. I'll see if I can find a sympathetic soul to buy me a ticket.

The New York American voiced the fears of the Royal Opera House's traditional upper-class opera-goers: "The movies have invaded that sedate institution and stronghold of classic music, the Covent Garden Theatre. [...] It is true that the fashionable opera season does not begin until May, but the idea obtains among the conservative patrons of the house that the new departure comes shiveringly near being a desecration."

In London, however, the normally conservative Athenaeum waxed almost lyrical about the new film:

The producers of 'The Miracle', adapted as a Lyricscope play in colours, at Covent Garden, have furnished us with another instance of the satisfactory use to which the comparatively new invention has recently been put. Those who were unfortunate enough not to see the representation at Olympia may now get an excellent conception of that wonderful production[...] After being afflicted so often by the gesticulations of animated bifurcated radishes, it is indeed a pleasure to view the grace of real actors and actresses. The timing of the chorus with the pictorial representation is capable of amendment. Full justice is done by the orchestra to Prof. Humperdinck's music.

Stephen W. Bush, reviewing "Reinhardt's Miracle" in The Moving Picture World after its US première, had some observant criticisms among the plaudits:

When the Nun danced before the Robber Baron the voices behind the screen sounded more like an animated quarrel in an East Side saloon than the rumblings of a licentious mob. Numerous other defects could be pointed out such as the wearing of high heels by one of the leading and sacred characters of the piece, the persistence with which the knight wore his full armor even while courting the sister, the all-too sudden death of the robber baron; but these defects disappear in the splendor and magnificence of the whole.

Rev. E. A. Horton, chaplain of the Massachusetts Senate, said:"'The Miracle' held my constant attention and gave me great reward in suggestion and pleasure."

In Australia, The Sydney Morning Herald commented: "Max Reinhardt's stupendous production of the 'Miracle' was screened for the last time at West's Glaciarium on Saturday night before an enormous house. The season has marked an era in the history of cinematography in this country and the success of the production will not easily be forgotten."

In Germany, The Miracle received a resoundingly positive review from Lichtbild-Bühne, entitled "Bravo Goldsoll!" (Frank Goldsoll was the owner of the Palast am Zoo cinema where it showed).

We have slept for years! The theater novice Goldsoll, the Variété expert, comes to us and has to show us how it's done... [He] leaves the theatre air pregnant with incense, so that mood is created. He makes great music with bells and orchestrations etc.. He leaves a plastic, wonderful scenery as a dramatic frame for the film show. He applies lighting effects: at the beginning and end, living nuns and choristers, etc. come on stage and are presented the bodily dedicated mother of God center stage. The effect of the film "The Miracle" is thus so colossal that day the theatre the film is sold out through full presentation has increased in value so great that even enthusiasts say that the whole thing looks more like the original.

The business is launched so brilliantly that the whole guild of theater practitioners who now complain about their empty houses, should simply be ashamed.

Go and try to capitalize on the consequences of this "Miracle" demonstration. Rub the sleep from your eyes, and call out with envy: "Bravo, Goldsoll.

Which Miracle?

Name changes for Miracle films of 1912

Company	Country		Title	Notes
Joseph Menchen	UK	only	The Miracle	fp 21 December 1912
	USA	only	The Miracle	fp 17 February 1913
	Germany	only	Das Mirakel	fp 15 May 1914
Continental-Kunstfilm	Germany	original	Das Mirakel	Banned (verbot) in Germany 19 October 1912. Registered as a film, (Prüfung) December 1912.
		later	Das Marienwunder: eine alte legende	Re-classified as Over 18 only (jugendverbot) by the police censor and released with cuts in May 1914
	UK	pre-release	The Miracle	Never released under this title following Menchen's court injunction
		release	Sister Beatrix. A Miracle Play	(after 17 December 1912)
	USA	original	The Miracle: a legend of medieval times	Press screening 18 October 1912, fp 15 December 1912
		temporary	The Miracle of Sister Beatrice, OR The Miracle, or Sister Beatrice	(March–May 1913)

Recordings of Humperdinck's music

A double-sided 78 rpm recording of selections from The Miracle (HMV C2429, matrix nos. 2B 3406 & 2B 3407) was issued by HMV on a plum-coloured label in 1932, featuring the London Symphony Orchestra, organ and an unnamed chorus, conducted by Einar Nilsson.

The recording coincided with the 1932 run of the stage revival of The Miracle at Lyceum Theatre, London, with Lady Diana Cooper & Wendy Toye, choreography by Leonide Massine and produced again by C.B. Cochran. Nilsson had previously conducted the orchestra in Reinhardt's new 1924 stage production (with Morris Gest) of The Miracle, set designed by Norman Bel Geddes at the Century Theatre, in New York.

Side 2 of the above 1932 recording can be heard as the unsynchronised soundtrack to a YouTube clip of the final scene of the film. This is a tinted B&W print, not the original coloured film. The four short selections are as follows, cue numbers taken from the vocal score (see Musical scores):

• Entracte (Part II), cue 1: Leicht bewegt (pdf p. 47)
• Entracte, cue 11: Fackeltanz der Nonne (pdf p. 65)
• Act II, scene 1, cue 1 6/8 (pdf p. 80)
• Act II, final scene, cue 39 (pdf p. 104)

Humperdinck also made arrangements of various numbers for military band. These were recorded by the band of the Coldstream Guards conducted by Major Mackenzie Rogan and released on single-sided HMV 78rpm discs in March 1913.

See also

• List of early color feature films
• List of Christian films
• Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz, a Berlin cinema built in 1913 by Al. Woods and Joe Goldsoll

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

• Abel, Richard (2006). Americanizing the Movies and "Movie-Mad" Audiences, 1910–1914. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24743-7.
• The Athenaeum Journal of Literature, Science, the Fine Arts, Music, and the Drama. London: Athenaeum Press. January–June 1913.
• Berthold, Margot, ed. (1984). Max Reinhardt's theater in film (in German). Munich: Münchner Filmzentrum, Freunde des Münchner Filmmuseums e.V. in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Filmmuseum München.
• Bithell, Jethro (1913). Life and writings of Maurice Maeterlinck. London: Scott Publishing Co.
• Blom, Ivo (1999). "Chapters from the life of a camera-operator: the recollections of Anton Noggerath" (PDF). Film History. 11: 262–281. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
• Blom, Ivo Leopold (2000). Jean Desmet and the Early Dutch Film Trade. Film Culture in Transition. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053565704.
• Brewster, Hugh (2012). Gilded lives, fatal voyage. New York: Crown Publishers (Random House). p. 142. ISBN 978-0-307-98470-8.
• Carré, Michel (fils); Wormser, André; Willette, Adolphe (illus.) (1890). L'Enfant Prodigue, Pantomime en Trois Actes (in French). Paris: E. Biardot.
• Copinger, Walter Arthur (1915). Easton, J. M. (ed.). The law of copyright, in works of literature, art, architecture, photography, music and the drama : including chapters on mechanical contrivances and cinematographs: together with international and foreign copyright, with the statutes relating thereto (5th ed.). London: Stevens and Haynes.
• de Curzon, Maurice; Bacha, Eugène, eds. (1912). Guide Musical: revue internationale de la musique et de theâtres lyriques (in French). Vol. 58. Paris, Brussels. p. 798.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Davidson, John (1905). Ballade of a nun. London & New York: John Lane.
• Dekker, Nicholas John (2007). The Modern Catalyst: German influences on the British stage, 1890–1918 (Thesis). The Ohio State University.
• Diederichs, Helmut H. (1996). Frühgeschichte deutscher Filmtheorie / Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). Frankfurt am Main: JW Goethe University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2011.
• Finkielman, Jorge (2004). The film industry in Argentina: an illustrated cultural history. McFarland. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-7864-1628-8.
• Frohlich, Louis D.; Schwab, Charles (1918). The law of motion pictures including the law of the theatre. New York: Baker, Voorhis and Co.
• Grau, Robert (1912). The stage in the twentieth century, Volume 3. New York: Broadway Publishing Co. pp. xvi–xvii.
• Guiette, Robert (1928). La Légende de la Sacristine: étude de littérature comparée (in French) (reprint, Slatkine ed.). Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion. ISBN 9782051002714.
• Heisterbach, Caesarius of (1851). Strange, Joseph (ed.). Dialogus miraculorum, vol. II (in Latin). Cologne, Bonn and Brussels: J. M. Heberle (H. Lempertz & Co.). (See also Volume I)
• Henry, Marc (1918). Beyond the Rhine; memories of art and life in Germany before the war. London: Constable and Company.
• Hischak, Thomas S. (2008). The Oxford Companion to the American Musical: Theatre, Film, and Television. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533533-0.
• Humperdinck, Engelbert (1912). Das Wunder (in German, English, and Latin). Berlin: Bock & G. Bote.
• Konrath, Stefan (2008). Der Blechhaufen von Wien – eine Studie über die wirtschaftliche und kulturhistorische Bedeutung der Wiener Rotunde (Thesis) (in German). University of Vienna.
• "Winterwunder in Perchtoldsdorf" (PDF). Perchtoldsdorfer Rundschau (in German). Marktgemeindeamt Perchtoldsdorf. December 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
• Kracauer, Siegfried (1947). From Caligari to Hitler : a psychological history of the German film. Princeton University Press.
• Leach, Robert (1993). Vsevolod Meyerhold. Directors in Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31843-3.
• Library of Congress. Copyright Office (1912). Catalogue of copyright entries: Pamphlets, leaflets,(...) motion pictures, Volume 9, Issue 2. Washington, D.C.: Govt. Printing Office.
• Library of Congress. Copyright Office (1918). Catalogue of copyright entries: Works of art,(...) dramatic compositions, Volumes 7–8. Washington, D.C.: Govt. Printing Office.
• Luttmann, Stephen (2013). Paul Hindemith: a research and information guide. Routledge Music Bibliographies (2nd, revised & annotated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-84841-5.
• Menchen, Joseph (1906). Improved electrical theatrical appliances: Catalogue no. 4. September 1, 1906 (PDF). New York: Joseph Menchen Electrical Company.
• "The Moving Picture World, April to June 1912". XII. New York: Chalmers Publishing. 1912b. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• "The Moving Picture World, July to September 1912". XIII. New York: Chalmers Publishing. 1912c. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• "The Moving Picture World, January to March 1913". XV. New York: Chalmers Publishing. 1913a. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• "The Moving Picture World, April to June 1913". XVI. New York: Chalmers Publishing. 1913b. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• "The Miracle". The Playgoer and Society. 5 (28). London: Kingshurst Publishing. 1912.
• Porter, Mary (1916). Community drama and pageantry. Yale University Press.
• Riley, Matthew (2010). "Modernism, Diaghilev and the Ballets Russe in London 1911–29". In Riley, Matthew (ed.). British Music and Modernism, 1895–1960. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6585-4.
• Ross, Harris (2007). "D. W. Griffith v. City Hall: Politics, Ethnicity, and Chicago Film'". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 100 (1 (Spring, 2007)). University of Illinois Press: 19. JSTOR 40204664.
• Hindemith, Paul (1995). Selected Letters of Paul Hindemith. (transl. and ed. by Geoffrey Skelton). Yale University Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-300-06451-3.
• "The "Miracle" coming to Slough". Slough, Windsor and Eton Observer: 8, col. 3. 26 July 1913. NB Website states that their online zoomable image viewer is not working. In 'Views of current image' menu on the left, download 'High resolution image (2.4 MB)' by right-clicking and choose 'Save link as...' etc.
• Prof. Max Reinhardt's great mystery play : The Miracle, adapted as a Lyricscope play / music by Engelbert Humperdinck; book by Karl Vollmoeller; by arrangements with Joseph Menchen; adapted for cinema by Michel Carré. Birmingham, UK: Shakespeare Press. 1913. (Synopsis of the Play. – Chants and Choruses.)
• 'The Stage' Year Book. 1913. pp. 293–294.
• Styan, J. L. (1982). Max Reinhardt. Cambridge: CUP Archive. pp. 136–150. ISBN 978-0-521-29504-8.
• Tunnat, Frederick D. (2009). Karl Vollmoeller (in German). tredition. ISBN 978-3-86850-234-3.
• Turner, Una (1914). Maeterlinck: a critical study. London: Martin Secker.
• Vollmoeller, Karl (1912). The Miracle: A Wordless Mystery Play, in Two Acts and an Intermezzo. Edition Bote & G. Bock.
• Wyndham, H. Saxe; L'Epine, Geoffrey, eds. (1913). Who's who in music: A biographical record of contemporary musicians. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.

External links

• A black-and-white tinted print of the film (until recently thought to be lost) is held at the CNC Archives, France. Available on Video on YouTube (in 7 parts)
• The Miracle at IMDb
• The Miracle at the British Film Institute (BFI) Database
• The vocal score of Humperdinck's music is available at imslp.org
• Full orchestral score and parts available for hire from Boosey and Hawkes.