Terrorism in Argentina
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Terrorism in Argentina has occurred since at least the 1970s, especially during the Argentine Dirty War, where a number of terror acts occurred, with support of both the democratic government of Juan Perón, Isabel Perón and the following de facto government of the National Reorganization Process. In the 1990s, two major terrorist attacks occurred in Buenos Aires, which together caused 115 deaths and left at least 555 injured.[1]
Political terrorism from organizations such as Montoneros and ERP and state sponsored terrorism occurred in the 1970s by radical groups backed by the Argentine democratic government and, later, by the military government.[2] The government also warned the press to minimise reporting of terrorism.[3]
Terrorist attacks
[edit]Battle of La Tablada
[edit]The assault on the military barracks located in La Tablada, in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, by 40 members of Movimiento Todos por la Patria (MTP), commanded by former ERP leader Enrique Gorriarán Merlo. 39 people were killed and 60 injured by the time the Argentine army retook the barracks. The MTP carried out the assault under the alleged pretense of preventing a military coup supposedly planned for the end of January 1989 by the Carapintadas, a group of far-right military officers who opposed the investigations and trials concerning Argentina's last civil-military dictatorship (1976–1983).
The Argentine president of the time, Raúl Alfonsín declared that the attack, which carried the ultimate goal of sparking a massive popular uprising, could have led to a civil war.[4] Given a life sentence and imprisoned, as his comrades, in high security quarters, Gorriarán Merlo was eventually freed in 2003.[5][6] He died on 22 September 2006 while awaiting surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
1992 Israeli embassy bombing
[edit]On 17 March 1992, a suicide bombing attack occurred at the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In the attack, 29 civilians were killed, and 242 additional civilians were injured.[7]
1994 AMIA bombing
[edit]On 18 July 1994, a car bombing took place at the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA; Argentine Israelite Mutual Association) building in Buenos Aires killing 85 people and injuring hundreds.[8][9]
Attacks in 2000s
[edit]During the 1998–2002 Argentine great depression a series of attacks were reported on 18 December in which an improvised bomb detonated in front of a commercial establishment, leaving only material damage.[10][11] On 8 May 2002 a bomb detonated in front of a Banco Francés ATM near a shopping mall in Buenos Aires. Police reported that the attack was attributed to a self-described, "Comando Nacionalista Ricardo López Jordán".[12][13][14] Days later an improvised explosive/incendiary attack were blast in a branch of Banco Francés bank Villa Urquiza, Buenos Aires. The "Comando Nacionalista Ricardo López Jordán" and "Comando Felipe Varela" claimed responsibility for the attack.[15][16][17]
On 6 June three bombs blast in a series of anti-US propaganda bombings (being affected a Citibank branch, a McDonald's and a Blockbuster) leaving only material damage.[18][19][20] More a year later, in 21 December, of 2006 an improvised device detonated at an HSBC branch in Buenos Aires, days later a far left cell so-called "Brigada Venceremos" claimed responsibility for the attack.[21][22] In the early morning of 16 November 2009 in Buenos Aires, Argentina an explosion in front of Banco Ciudad branch in front of a luxury hotel, days later an anarchist-communist so-called "Célula Revolucionaria Marco Ariel Antonioletti" claimed responsibility for the attack.[23][24]
Wave of anarchist attacks (2010–2013)
[edit]On 3 February 2010 a branch of LAN AIRLINES was attacked with an improvised explosive device, leaving only material damage in the downtown of Neuquén, Neuquén Province. Days later an anarchist group so-called "Brigada Internacionalista Insurreccionalista Rebeldes de Jacinto Araoz" claimed the incident in a web statement.[25][26] On 23 December 2010 an improvised device blast in Plaza Constitución the morning of the same day the attack did not cause material damage, and the "Comando Juan Eliseo Ledesma" claimed the attack in a statement.[27]
On 19 July 2011 an improvised explosive device blast in front of a Telecom Argentina office in Belgrano, Buenos Aires, causing only material damages and no casualties were reported.[28][29] At the next day the "Comando Revolucionario del Pueblo Mario Roberto Santucho" (CRP-MRS) claimed responsibility for the attack.[30][31]
Between 2011 and 2013, anarchist groups claimed the largest campaign of political violence in recent Argentine history without dead or injured with attacks that reached police patrols, government and bank buildings and private property.[32][33] On 29 November 2011, an improvised explosive device (IED) detonated at the main police station in the Buenos Aires city suburb of Avellaneda. The explosion damaged the building and nearby businesses but caused no injuries. At the scene, police found pamphlets from an anarchist group calling itself the "Eduardo Maria Vazquez Aguirre Anti-Prison Insurgent Cell" (Celula insurrexional antikarcelaria Eduardo María Vázquez Aguirre). Eduardo Maria was a Spanish anarchist who reportedly killed the Chief of the Argentine Police in a 1909 bombing. The pamphlet also stated that the bombing was in retaliation for the deaths of six named individuals shot by Buenos Aires police officers.[34][35][36]
On 21 December 2011 an IED detonated within 100 meters from the Security Ministry headquarters in downtown Buenos Aires. The explosion damaged nearby cars and buildings but caused no injuries. A group calling itself "the Nucleus of Conspirators for the Extension of Chaos" claimed credit for the attack and indicated that it would soon conduct more attacks.[36] On August 15, 2012, an improvised device blast in a FIAT dealership in Monserrat, Buenos Aires, causing slight material damage in one car. Days after the attack, an anarchist cell so-called Conspiración Internacional por la Venganza-Federación Anarquista Informal claimed the incident, mentioning that the attack was in response to the arrests and trials against anarchist militants in Chile and Greece.[37][38][39]
On 19 September 2013, a small improvised explosive device detonated in front of the headquarters of the Mutual Help Association of the Argentine National Gendarmerie. Two gendarmes were slightly wounded. Several groups claimed responsibility.[40]
Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche (RAM)
[edit]
Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche (RAM) is a supposed armed organization based in the Argentine Patagonia, suspected of being an assembly of intelligence services. Its existence is not proven by solid evidence or judicial headquarters. According to the Mapuche communities, the Bishop of Bariloche, politicians and journalists, the RAM does not exist or is a group created by the intelligence services of the Argentine State, in the context of the conflict for the recognition of the rights of indigenous communities over their ancestral lands, opened after the constitutional reform of 1994 (art. 75, inc. 17)[41][42]
November 2018 incidents
[edit]In November 2018, two attackers detonated a pipe bomb at La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires. Police believed the attack was planned against the tomb of Ramón Lorenzo Falcón, former chief of the Argentine Federal Police who ordered the violent repression of an anarchist demonstration in 1909. According to Buenos Aires city security minister Marcelo D'Alessandro, the suspects were "tied to anarchist groups" and used a "quite sophisticated" homemade explosive device. No bystanders were injured in the attack; the female attacker suffered serious injuries, including burns and loss of multiple digits. Thirteen people were arrested in connection with the incident. Police seized materials including fuses, gunpowder, pipes, and nails from an apartment in the San Cristóbal neighborhood.[43][44]
In a separate incident the same day, a man threw an explosive device at the home of federal judge Claudio Bonadio in the Belgrano neighborhood of Buenos Aires. Bonadio was known for leading multiple high-profile cases and investigations, including of former presidents Fernando de la Rúa, Néstor Kirchner, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Police arrested the suspect and later detonated the device in a controlled explosion.[43]
International terrorism
[edit]According to the CIA's World Factbook, Hezbollah conducted operations in the 1990s and as of April 2018 maintains a limited presence in the country, with the aim of generating political and financial support from the Lebanese diaspora.[45] In July 2019, Argentina officially designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organization, freezing its assets and accusing the group of responsibility for the 1992 Israeli embassy bombing and the 1994 AMIA bombing. Argentina is the first country in Latin America to designate Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.[46]
Responses and counterterrorism efforts
[edit]Following the two bombings in Buenos Aires, national, regional, and local institutions responsible for emergency response in Argentina sought to improve their planning and preparedness for terrorism-related events. The Argentine Government also introduced legislative measures to help deal with the threat of terrorism.[1]
SIFEM (1996)
[edit]In 1996, the Argentine Government enacted legislation, which launched the Sistema Federal de Emergencias (SIFEM) or Federal Emergency System under the direction of the president.[1]
Argentina's Anti-Terrorism Law (2007)
[edit]The Argentine Congress passed Argentina's Anti-Terrorism Law in 2007, focusing on preventing money laundering for financing terror attacks.[47]
Anti-terror legislation (2011)
[edit]On 22 December 2011, the Argentine Congress approved a package of modifications to existing Argentine law aimed at combating terrorism and financial crime. The changes raised concerns with human rights advocates.[48]
All attacks 1970s–2010s
[edit]At least 830 incidents have been recorded, these incidents resulted in the deaths of 540 people and injured over 750.[49][50]
| Terrorism in Argentina 1970s–2010s | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Decade | Total incidents | Total deaths | Total injuries |
| 1970s | 332 | 365 | 159 |
| 1980s | 308 | 47 | 74 |
| 1990s | 161 | 125 | 513 |
| 2000s | 11 | 2 | 4 |
| 2010s | 18 | 3 | 7 |
| Total | 830 | 542 | 757 |
Attacks by year
[edit]| Terrorist Attacks in Argentina by Year | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Incidents | Deaths | Injuries |
| 2016 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 2014 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| 2013 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| 2012 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 2011 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| 2010 | 6 | 2 | 0 |
| 2009 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 2008 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2007 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| 2004 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| 2001 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| 2000 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 1999 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1998 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1997 | 11 | 3 | 2 |
| 1996 | 19 | 1 | 12 |
| 1995 | 16 | 0 | 1 |
| 1994 | 14 | 86 | 266 |
| 1993 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1992 | 41 | 33 | 224 |
| 1991 | 28 | 1 | 7 |
| 1990 | 31 | 1 | 1 |
| 1989 | 32 | 25 | 17 |
| 1988 | 34 | 1 | 16 |
| 1987 | 80 | 3 | 11 |
| 1986 | 33 | 2 | 12 |
| 1985 | 43 | 2 | 10 |
| 1984 | 46 | 1 | 4 |
| 1983 | 18 | 1 | 3 |
| 1982 | 11 | 4 | 0 |
| 1981 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 1980 | 9 | 8 | 1 |
| 1979 | 16 | 11 | 12 |
| 1978 | 24 | 13 | 11 |
| 1977 | 17 | 6 | 12 |
| 1976 | 54 | 162 | 90 |
| 1975 | 38 | 123 | 16 |
| 1974 | 71 | 21 | 12 |
| 1973 | 68 | 15 | 4 |
| 1972 | 16 | 5 | 0 |
| 1971 | 7 | 5 | 0 |
| 1970 | 21 | 4 | 2 |
| Total | 830 | 542 | 757 |
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Muro, Marcelo, Roberto Cohen, Daniel Maffei, Marcelo Ballesteros, and Luis Espinosa. "Terrorism in Argentina." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 02 (2003): 53–56.
- ^ Marchak, Patricia, and William Marchak. God's assassins: state terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1999.
- ^ Knudson, Jerry W. "Veil of Silence: The Argentine Press and the Dirty War, 1976–1983." Latin American Perspectives (1997): 93–112.
- ^ The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change, and Democratization, Alison Brysk, p. 119, Stanford University Press, 1994
- ^ Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Informe Nº 55/97 – Caso 11.137
- ^ Human Rights Watch. 1989 Argentina report
- ^ 1992 Patterns of Global Terrorism: The Year in Review
- ^ Caso AMIA: los fiscales dicen haber identificado al autor del atentado, Clarín 10 November 2005
- ^ Identificaron al terrorista suicida que voló la AMIA, La Nación 10 November 2005
- ^ "Argentina: aumenta el conflicto social". BBC World. 18 December 2001.
- ^ "Ataque contra AR". La Nación.ar. 18 December 2001. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ "Bomba "lanzapanfletos" destruye frente de banco español en Buenos Aire". La Red21. 9 May 2002. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
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- ^ "Estalló un explosivo en un cajero automático". La Nación.ar. 8 May 2002. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ "Se incendió una sucursal del Banco Francés en Villa Urquiza". La Nación.ar. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ "ATAQUE A LA SUCURSAL DEL BANCO FRANCÉS DE VILLA URQUIZA (In Spanish)". Cedema. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ "Ataque a la sucursal del Banco Francés de Villa Urquiza (In Spanish)". Cedema. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
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- ^ "Explotó un artefacto en un banco de San Miguel". La Nación. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
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- ^ "Otra bomba casera causó destrozos en un banco". La Nación. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "ATENTADO EXPLOSIVO CONTRA BANCO CIUDAD". Cedema. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ^ "Bomba en Neuquén: El grupo terrorista chileno responsable, se manifiesta con amenazas". Minuto Neuquen. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
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- ^ "Exclusivo: qué dice panfleto de bomba que estalló en comisaría". Ámbito (in spanish). Retrieved 11 December 2022.
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- ^ "Exclusivo: qué dice panfleto de bomba que estalló en comisaría". Ámbito. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Chapter 2: Country Reports, Western Hemisphere Review. 2011 Incidents." US State Department. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
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- ^ "Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ataque a consecionaria FIAT". Contrainfo. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
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- ^ "Chapter 2: Country Reports, Western Hemisphere Review. 2013 Incidents." US State Department. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "Solanas dice que la RAM es una construcción de los servicios de inteligencia argentinos y chilenos". Parlamentario. 27 November 2017.
- ^ "Vocero de mapuches de Cushamen dijo sospechar que la RAM sea obra de servicios de inteligencia". Memoria, Verdad y Justicia. Télam – Agencia Nacional de Noticias. 1 September 2017.
- ^ a b "'Suspected anarchists' carry out two attacks in Buenos Aires; Police arrest 13". Buenos Aires Times. 15 November 2018. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ Bio, Demian (15 November 2018). "12 Detained Following Two Attacks with Explosive Devices in Buenos Aires". The Bubble. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ Argentina – The World Factbook. Accessed 16 August 2018.
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- ^ Gillermo Plate and Alfaro-Abogados. "Argentina: Overview On Argentina Anti Money Laundering (AML) And Combating Terrorist Financing (CFT) Situation." Mondaq, 11 November 2008.
- ^ "Anti-Terrorism Law Causes Rights Concerns." The Argentina Independent, 25 July 2012.
- ^ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (globalterrorismdb_0616dist.xlsx Archived 10 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine). Retrieved from "Global Terrorism Database". Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016. University of Maryland
- ^ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2016). Global Terrorism Database (gtd1993_0616dist.xlsx Archived 10 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine). Retrieved from "Global Terrorism Database". Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016. University of Maryland
