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Temperature in Canada

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Köppen climate classification types of Canada

Climate in Canada varies widely from region to region. In many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, winters are long, very cold, and feature frequent snow. Most of Canada has a continental climate, which features a large annual range of temperatures, cold winters, and warm summers. Daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −50 °C (−58 °F) with severe wind chills.[1] In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a more temperate climate, with a mild and rainy, cloudy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[2]

Much of Northern Canada is covered by ice and permafrost; however, the future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of climate change in Canada.[3] Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), with changes ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 °C (2.0 to 4.1 °F) in various regions, since 1948.[4] The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies.[4] In the southern regions of Canada, air pollution from both Canada and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in acid rain, which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth and agricultural productivity in Canada.[5]

Averages

[edit]

The following tables show the average maximum and minimum temperatures of Canada of various cities across Canada, based on the climate period from 1981 to 2010 for the months of January and July (generally the lowest and highest average temperature months, but not in every case).

The two major Canadian cities that fall outside the continental climate schema are Vancouver and Victoria. Vancouver experiences an oceanic climate, bordering warm-summer mediterranean with a marked summer dry season. Victoria, BC is the only major Canadian city entirely in a warm-summer mediterranean climate. Of the eight largest Canadian cities, Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto have the warmest summers, Winnipeg the coldest winters, while Vancouver's winters are far milder than any other large city in Canada.

In mountainous regions such as British Columbia the variety of elevations creates micro-climates with average temperatures that can vary wildly within relatively small distances. A few small towns in southern BC outside of Vancouver, for example, have a humid continental climate (Dfb) with average winter temperatures and cold snaps comparable to other parts of the country.

Central Canada and northern Canada experiences subarctic and Arctic climates, much of them arid. Those areas are not heavily populated due to the severe climate, where it drops below −20 °C (−4 °F) on most winter days and has a very brief summer season.

Some Mountain passes in southern BC also have a subarctic or subalpine climate, creating extremely dangerous driving conditions, as drivers may be unaware of wintry road conditions when they come from nearby areas like Vancouver and Kamloops that are much warmer.[6]

The table can be reordered by clicking on the box in each column. Places in italics are provincial capitals, bold is the national capital.

Community Weather station Location Elevation January
(Avg. high °C (°F))
January
(Avg. low °C (°F))
July
(Avg. high °C (°F))
July
(Avg. low °C (°F))
Annual
(Avg. high °C (°F))
Annual
(Avg. low °C (°F))
Alberton, PE[7]   46°51′00″N 064°01′00″W / 46.85000°N 64.01667°W / 46.85000; -64.01667 (Alberton) 3 m (9.8 ft) −3.9 (25.0) −12.5 (9.5) 23.2 (73.8) 14.1 (57.4) 9.6 (49.3) 1.3 (34.3)
Baker Lake, NU[8] YBK 64°17′56″N 096°04′40″W / 64.29889°N 96.07778°W / 64.29889; -96.07778 (Baker Lake Airport) 18.6 m (61 ft) −27.7 (−17.9) −34.8 (−30.6) 17.0 (62.6) 6.1 (43.0) −7.3 (18.9) −15.2 (4.6)
Baie-Comeau, QC[9] YBC 49°08′00″N 068°12′00″W / 49.13333°N 68.20000°W / 49.13333; -68.20000 (Baie-Comeau) 22 m (72 ft) −8.7 (16.3) −19.9 (−3.8) 20.9 (69.6) 10.3 (50.5) 6.6 (43.9) −3.3 (26.1)
Calgary, AB[10] YYC 51°06′50″N 114°01′13″W / 51.11389°N 114.02028°W / 51.11389; -114.02028 (Calgary) 1,084 m (3,556 ft) −0.9 (30.4) −13.2 (8.2) 23.2 (73.8) 9.8 (49.6) 10.8 (51.4) −1.9 (28.6)
Charlottetown, PE[11] YYG 46°17′19″N 063°07′43″W / 46.28861°N 63.12861°W / 46.28861; -63.12861 (Charlottetown) 49 m (161 ft) −3.4 (25.9) −12.1 (10.2) 23.3 (73.9) 14.1 (57.4) 9.9 (49.8) 1.3 (34.3)
Churchill, MB[12] YYQ 58°44′21″N 094°03′59″W / 58.73917°N 94.06639°W / 58.73917; -94.06639 (Churchill) 29 m (95 ft) −21.9 (−7.4) −30.1 (−22.2) 18.0 (64.4) 7.3 (45.1) −2.3 (27.9) −10.7 (12.7)
Corner Brook, NL[13]   48°57′00″N 057°57′00″W / 48.95000°N 57.95000°W / 48.95000; -57.95000 (Corner Brook) 5 m (16 ft) −2.7 (27.1) −9.6 (14.7) 22.0 (71.6) 12.6 (54.7) 9.0 (48.2) 1.3 (34.3)
Dawson City, YT[14] YDA 64°02′35″N 139°07′40″W / 64.04306°N 139.12778°W / 64.04306; -139.12778 (Dawson City) 370 m (1,210 ft) −21.8 (−7.2) −30.1 (−22.2) 23.1 (73.6) 8.2 (46.8) 2.1 (35.8) −10.3 (13.5)
Edmonton, AB[15] YXD 53°34′24″N 113°31′06″W / 53.57333°N 113.51833°W / 53.57333; -113.51833 (Edmonton) 671 m (2,201 ft) −6.0 (21.2) −14.8 (5.4) 23.1 (73.6) 12.3 (54.1) 9.3 (48.7) −1.0 (30.2)
Edmundston, NB[16]   47°20′47″N 068°11′16″W / 47.34639°N 68.18778°W / 47.34639; -68.18778 (Edmundston) 163 m (535 ft) −7.1 (19.2) −18.5 (−1.3) 24.7 (76.5) 11.5 (52.7) 9.5 (49.1) −2.3 (27.9)
Fort Nelson, BC[17] YYE 58°50′11″N 122°35′50″W / 58.83639°N 122.59722°W / 58.83639; -122.59722 (Fort Nelson) 382 m (1,253 ft) −16.1 (3.0) −24.6 (−12.3) 23.2 (73.8) 10.9 (51.6) 5.2 (41.4) −6.0 (21.2)
Fredericton, NB[18] YFC 45°52′20″N 066°31′40″W / 45.87222°N 66.52778°W / 45.87222; -66.52778 (Fredericton) 21 m (69 ft) −3.8 (25.2) −15.0 (5.0) 25.5 (77.9) 13.0 (55.4) 11.4 (52.5) −0.2 (31.6)
Halifax, NS[19] YHZ 44°52′48″N 063°30′00″W / 44.88000°N 63.50000°W / 44.88000; -63.50000 (Halifax) 145 m (476 ft) −1.3 (29.7) −10.4 (13.3) 23.8 (74.8) 13.7 (56.7) 11.3 (52.3) 1.9 (35.4)
High Level, AB[20] YOJ 58°37′17″N 117°09′53″W / 58.62139°N 117.16472°W / 58.62139; -117.16472 (High Level) 338 m (1,109 ft) −15.0 (5.0) −25.8 (−14.4) 23.0 (73.4) 9.9 (49.8) 5.2 (41.4) −7.2 (19.0)
Inuvik, NT[21] YEV 68°18′15″N 133°28′58″W / 68.30417°N 133.48278°W / 68.30417; -133.48278 (Inuvik) 68 m (223 ft) −22.8 (−9.0) −31.0 (−23.8) 19.5 (67.1) 8.6 (47.5) −3.5 (25.7) −12.9 (8.8)
Iqaluit, NU[22] YFB 63°45′00″N 068°33′00″W / 63.75000°N 68.55000°W / 63.75000; -68.55000 (Iqaluit) 34 m (112 ft) −22.8 (−9.0) −30.9 (−23.6) 12.3 (54.1) 4.1 (39.4) −5.6 (21.9) −13.1 (8.4)
Kamloops, BC[23] YKA 50°42′08″N 120°26′31″W / 50.70222°N 120.44194°W / 50.70222; -120.44194 (Kamloops) 345.3 m (1,133 ft) 0.4 (32.7) −5.9 (21.4) 28.9 (84.0) 14.2 (57.6) 14.8 (58.6) 3.7 (38.7)
Kugluktuk, NU[24] YCO 67°49′00″N 115°08′38″W / 67.81667°N 115.14389°W / 67.81667; -115.14389 (Kugluktuk) 23 m (75 ft) −23.2 (−9.8) −31.4 (−24.5) 15.6 (60.1) 6.1 (43.0) −6.1 (21.0) −14.4 (6.1)
La Ronge, SK[25] YVC 55°09′00″N 105°16′00″W / 55.15000°N 105.26667°W / 55.15000; -105.26667 (La Ronge) 379 m (1,243 ft) −13.4 (7.9) −24.2 (−11.6) 23.5 (74.3) 11.5 (52.7) 5.9 (42.6) −5.5 (22.1)
Mayo, YT[26] YMA 63°37′00″N 135°52′00″W / 63.61667°N 135.86667°W / 63.61667; -135.86667 (Mayo) 504 m (1,654 ft) −18.0 (−0.4) −28.2 (−18.8) 22.8 (73.0) 9.4 (48.9) 3.4 (38.1) −8.2 (17.2)
Moncton, NB[27] YQM 46°06′19″N 064°41′02″W / 46.10528°N 64.68389°W / 46.10528; -64.68389 (Moncton) 71 m (233 ft) −3.7 (25.3) −14.0 (6.8) 24.7 (76.5) 12.9 (55.2) 10.7 (51.3) 0.1 (32.2)
Montreal, QC[28] YUL 45°28′00″N 073°45′00″W / 45.46667°N 73.75000°W / 45.46667; -73.75000 (Montreal) 36 m (118 ft) −5.3 (22.5) −14.0 (6.8) 26.3 (79.3) 16.1 (61.0) 11.5 (52.7) 2.0 (35.6)
Nain, NL[29] YDP 56°33′00″N 061°41′00″W / 56.55000°N 61.68333°W / 56.55000; -61.68333 (Nain) 6 m (20 ft) −13.5 (7.7) −21.6 (−6.9) 14.9 (58.8) 5.3 (41.5) 1.7 (35.1) −6.6 (20.1)
Norman Wells, NT[30] YVQ 65°16′57″N 126°48′01″W / 65.28250°N 126.80028°W / 65.28250; -126.80028 (Norman Wells) 73 m (240 ft) −22.2 (−8.0) −29.9 (−21.8) 22.5 (72.5) 11.5 (52.7) −0.4 (31.3) −9.9 (14.2)
Ottawa, ON[31] YOW 45°19′21″N 075°40′09″W / 45.32250°N 75.66917°W / 45.32250; -75.66917 (Ottawa) 114 m (374 ft) −5.8 (21.6) −14.8 (5.4) 26.5 (79.7) 15.5 (59.9) 11.3 (52.3) 1.4 (34.5)
Princeton, BC[32] CYDC 49°28′05″N 120°30′41″W / 49.46806°N 120.51139°W / 49.46806; -120.51139 (Princeton Airport) 700 m (2,300 ft) −1.4 (29.5) −8.6 (16.5) 26.3 (79.3) 9.5 (49.1) 12.9 (55.2) 0.2 (32.4)
Quebec City, QC[33] YQB 46°48′00″N 071°23′00″W / 46.80000°N 71.38333°W / 46.80000; -71.38333 (Quebec City) 74 m (243 ft) −7.9 (17.8) −17.7 (0.1) 25.0 (77.0) 13.5 (56.3) 9.2 (48.6) −0.8 (30.6)
Regina, SK[34] YQR 50°26′00″N 104°40′00″W / 50.43333°N 104.66667°W / 50.43333; -104.66667 (Regina) 578 m (1,896 ft) −9.3 (15.3) −20.1 (−4.2) 25.8 (78.4) 11.9 (53.4) 9.3 (48.7) −3.2 (26.2)
Resolute, NU[35] YRB 74°43′01″N 094°58′10″W / 74.71694°N 94.96944°W / 74.71694; -94.96944 (Resolute) 68 m (223 ft) −28.6 (−19.5) −35.3 (−31.5) 7.3 (45.1) 1.7 (35.1) −12.7 (9.1) −18.6 (−1.5)
Saskatoon, SK[36] YXE 52°10′00″N 106°43′00″W / 52.16667°N 106.71667°W / 52.16667; -106.71667 (Saskatoon) 504 m (1,654 ft) −10.1 (13.8) −20.7 (−5.3) 25.3 (77.5) 11.6 (52.9) 8.6 (47.5) −3.5 (25.7)
St. John's, NL[37] YYT 47°37′20″N 052°44′34″W / 47.62222°N 52.74278°W / 47.62222; -52.74278 (St. John's) 141 m (463 ft) −0.8 (30.6) −8.2 (17.2) 20.7 (69.3) 10.9 (51.6) 9.0 (48.2) 1.0 (33.8)
Summerside, PE[38] YSU 46°26′20″N 063°49′54″W / 46.43889°N 63.83167°W / 46.43889; -63.83167 (Summerside) 20 m (66 ft) −3.2 (26.2) −12.1 (10.2) 23.8 (74.8) 14.6 (58.3) 9.9 (49.8) 1.6 (34.9)
Sydney, NS[39] YQY 46°10′00″N 060°02′53″W / 46.16667°N 60.04806°W / 46.16667; -60.04806 (Sydney) 62 m (203 ft) −1.1 (30.0) −9.6 (14.7) 23.1 (73.6) 12.6 (54.7) 10.3 (50.5) 1.4 (34.5)
Thompson, MB[40] YTH 55°48′12″N 097°51′45″W / 55.80333°N 97.86250°W / 55.80333; -97.86250 (Thompson) 224 m (735 ft) −18.3 (−0.9) −29.3 (−20.7) 23.1 (73.6) 9.1 (48.4) 3.4 (38.1) −9.1 (15.6)
Timmins, ON[41] YTS 48°34′11″N 081°22′36″W / 48.56972°N 81.37667°W / 48.56972; -81.37667 (Timmins) 295 m (968 ft) −10.6 (12.9) −23.0 (−9.4) 24.2 (75.6) 10.7 (51.3) 7.9 (46.2) −4.3 (24.3)
Toronto, ON[42] YYZ 43°40′38″N 079°37′50″W / 43.67722°N 79.63056°W / 43.67722; -79.63056 (Toronto) 173 m (568 ft) −1.5 (29.3) −9.4 (15.1) 27.1 (80.8) 15.8 (60.4) 13.0 (55.4) 3.3 (37.9)
Vancouver, BC[43] YVR 49°11′42″N 123°10′55″W / 49.19500°N 123.18194°W / 49.19500; -123.18194 (Vancouver) 4 m (13 ft) 6.9 (44.4) 1.4 (34.5) 22.2 (72.0) 13.7 (56.7) 13.9 (57.0) 6.8 (44.2)
Victoria, BC[44] YYJ 48°38′50″N 123°25′33″W / 48.64722°N 123.42583°W / 48.64722; -123.42583 (Victoria) 20 m (66 ft) 7.6 (45.7) 1.5 (34.7) 22.4 (72.3) 11.3 (52.3) 14.4 (57.9) 5.6 (42.1)
Whitehorse, YT[45] YXY 60°42′34″N 135°04′08″W / 60.70944°N 135.06889°W / 60.70944; -135.06889 (Whitehorse) 706 m (2,316 ft) −11.0 (12.2) −19.2 (−2.6) 20.6 (69.1) 8.0 (46.4) 5.1 (41.2) −5.2 (22.6)
Windsor, ON[46] YQG 42°16′32″N 82°57′20″W / 42.27556°N 82.95556°W / 42.27556; -82.95556 (Windsor) 190 m (620 ft) −0.3 (31.5) −7.3 (18.9) 28.1 (82.6) 17.9 (64.2) 14.4 (57.9) 5.4 (41.7)
Winnipeg, MB[47] YWG 49°55′00″N 097°14′00″W / 49.91667°N 97.23333°W / 49.91667; -97.23333 (Winnipeg) 239 m (784 ft) −11.3 (11.7) −21.4 (−6.5) 25.9 (78.6) 13.5 (56.3) 8.7 (47.7) −2.7 (27.1)
Yarmouth, NS[48] YQI 43°49′51″N 066°05′19″W / 43.83083°N 66.08861°W / 43.83083; -66.08861 (Yarmouth) 43 m (141 ft) 0.8 (33.4) −6.9 (19.6) 20.9 (69.6) 12.7 (54.9) 11.1 (52.0) 3.2 (37.8)
Yellowknife, NT[49] YZF 62°27′46″N 114°26′25″W / 62.46278°N 114.44028°W / 62.46278; -114.44028 (Yellowknife) 206 m (676 ft) −21.6 (−6.9) −29.5 (−21.1) 21.3 (70.3) 12.6 (54.7) 0.0 (32.0) −8.6 (16.5)

Heat, cold and frost averages

[edit]
Yearly temperature averages for selected locations in Canada[50]
Location Region Days >30° Days >20° Frosts Max temp <0° Days <-10° Days

<-20°

First frost Last frost Frost-free
Baker Lake NU 0.21 13.1 270.5 225.5 206.3 158.2 Aug 30 Jun 25 65 days
Brandon MB 15.9 109.8 202.3 110.0 108.6 52.6 Sep 14 May 24 112 days
Calgary AB 5.1 87.2 194.4 59.3 71.3 21.7 Sep 16 May 21 117 days
Charlottetown PE 0.9 79.3 160.2 72.6 54.6 6.5 Oct 17 May 16 153 days
Churchill MB 1.1 28.0 247.5 193.7 171.0 117.2 Sep 15 Jun 19 87 days
Corner Brook NL 0.7 58.5 159.3 79.0 43.0 3.4 Oct 13 May 19 146 days
Dawson Creek BC 2.6 62.1 243.7 156.9 162.4 104.1 Aug 13 Jun 3 70 days
Edmonton AB 4.0 88.4 179.7 82.6 75.3 24.6 Sep 22 May 9 135 days
Fort Frances ON 6.9 100.4 195.4 106.6 90.8 44.2 Sep 17 May 27 108 days
Fort McMurray AB 5.9 84.2 212.1 115.8 119.5 57.5 Sep 6 May 30 97 days
Fort Nelson BC 3.3 78.1 214.2 133.6 139.1 79.8 Sep 11 May 16 117 days
Fort Simpson NT 4.2 73.8 224.3 159.3 157.3 101.1 Sep 1 May 26 97 days
Fredericton NB 9.0 104.4 172.9 69.1 72.6 20.0 Sep 25 May 17 130 days
Halifax (city) NS 1.0 78.2 131.0 47.0 29.8 0.8 Oct 31 May 1 182 days
Hamilton ON 18.5 119.8 129.0 48.6 32.6 2.5 Oct 16 Apr 21 177 days
High Level AB 2.7 76.5 224.8 136.3 138.9 79.9 Sep 1 Jun 1 91 days
Iqaluit NU 0.0 2.1 265.8 212.2 182.4 130.6 Sep 3 Jun 20 74 days
Kamloops BC 32.8 132.0 119.2 34.5 19.9 3.4 Oct 10 Apr 24 169 days
Kuujjuaq QC 0.3 21.7 244.0 177.1 155.6 104.5 Sep 9 Jun 18 82 days
Labrador City NL 0.4 33.1 232.8 155.3 144.5 90.6 Sep 14 Jun 9 95 days
Liverpool NS 3.3 102.7 146.8 42.0 34.6 3.6 Oct 5 May 15 142 days
Medicine Hat AB 26.5 120.4 174.6 58.4 64.4 22.8 Sep 25 May 13 134 days
Moose Jaw SK 21.7 115.1 188.7 86.7 87.7 37.7 Sep 17 May 17 121 days
Moncton NB 6.8 99.1 166.9 70.0 58.9 14.0 Oct 2 May 23 131 days
Montreal QC 9.3 117.1 147.7 74.0 62.9 14.3 Oct 12 Apr 29 165 days
Moosonee ON 6.1 66.3 224.9 129.1 125.6 78.4 Aug 25 Jun 26 58 days
Nain NL 0.5 16.4 230.1 148.1 126.7 62.4 Sep 24 Jun 18 96 days
Nanaimo BC 6.7 96.9 71.5 2.6 1.8 0.0 Oct 26 Apr 14 194 days
Osoyoos (west) BC 36.0 142.4 105.5 25.3 10.7 0.3 Oct 9 Apr 22 169 days
Ottawa ON 13.0 116.4 154.9 77.5 67.9 16.3 Oct 7 Apr 30 157 days
Princeton BC 24.2 107.6 177.8 50.6 33.6 6.4 Sep 17 May 23 116 Days
Quebec City QC 5.1 94.1 170.7 94.9 84.8 31.1 Oct 4 May 11 145 days
Regina SK 16.2 108.1 201.2 103.0 102.3 43.1 Sep 12 May 20 115 days
Saguenay QC 7.7 86.8 189.7 104.9 99.2 46.6 Sep 23 May 22 123 days
Saint John NB 0.9 74.3 167.2 60.7 65.7 14.1 Oct 2 May 16 138 days
Saskatoon SK 13.1 103.1 200.4 108.0 105.6 47.1 Sep 15 May 21 117 days
St. John's NL 0.1 52.6 166.6 65.9 34.9 0.6 Oct 17 May 30 139 days
Sydney NS 2.3 74.9 160.8 60.0 43.2 2.7 Oct 17 May 21 149 days
Thompson MB 3.8 66.9 238.6 152.5 150.0 100.0 Aug 27 Jun 14 74 days
Toronto ON 11.5 117.2 100.8 45.9 21.9 1.2 Nov 3 Apr 13 203 days
Toronto Airport ON 15.8 122.3 136.5 52.8 38.9 3.9 Oct 16 Apr 30 168 days
Vancouver BC 0.3 76.5 40.9 3.4 1.6 0.0 Nov 10 Mar 18 237 days
Victoria BC 2.1 78.9 46.0 2.0 0.4 0.0 Nov 5 Apr 7 211 days
Windsor ON 23.5 138.9 116.3 44.3 24.1 1.2 Oct 30 Apr 17 195 days
Winnipeg MB 13.3 109.7 193.7 113.0 102.2 50.1 Sep 22 May 23 121 days
Whitehorse YT 0.9 41.5 221.3 118.7 106.4 48.7 Aug 25 Jun 5 80 days
Yarmouth NS 0.0 56.7 126.1 36.0 21.7 0.1 Oct 21 Apr 27 176 days
Yellowknife NT 0.4 42.8 224.5 175.2 160.9 105.2 Sep 18 May 25 115 days

Extremes

[edit]
Climate data for Canada
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0)
26.5
(79.7)
28.9
(84.0)
37.2
(99.0)
42.2
(108.0)
49.6
(121.3)
45.0
(113.0)
43.3
(110.0)
40.0
(104.0)
33.9
(93.0)
29.4
(85.0)
25.0
(77.0)
49.6
(121.3)
Record low °C (°F) −61.2
(−78.2)
−63.0
(−81.4)
−54.7
(−66.5)
−48.9
(−56.0)
−35.0
(−31.0)
−16.7
(1.9)
−7.0
(19.4)
−16.7
(1.9)
−31.7
(−25.1)
−41.7
(−43.1)
−52.8
(−63.0)
−61.7
(−79.1)
−63.0
(−81.4)
[citation needed]

Extreme highs

[edit]
Month Temperature Date Location
January 21.1 °C (70.0 °F) January 30, 2024 Maple Creek, Saskatchewan
February 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) February 27, 1992 Fort Macleod, Alberta
March 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) March 23, 1911 Medicine Hat, Alberta
April 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) April 21, 1980 Emerson, Manitoba
May 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) May 30, 1934 Morden, Manitoba
June 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) June 29, 2021 Lytton, British Columbia
July 45 °C (113.0 °F) July 5, 1937 Midale and Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan
August 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) August 6, 1949 and August 5, 1961 Rosetown and Maple Creek, Saskatchewan
September 40 °C (104.0 °F) September 8, 1906 Morden, Manitoba
October 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) October 6, 1889 Medicine Hat, Alberta
November 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) November 4, 1916 Jenner, Alberta
December 25 °C (77.0 °F) December 8, 1903 Fort Macleod, Alberta

Extreme lows

[edit]
Month Temperature Date Location
January −61.2 °C (−78.2 °F) January 11, 1911 Fort Vermilion, Alberta
February −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) February 3, 1947 Snag, Yukon
March −54.7 °C (−66.5 °F) March 4, 2017 Mould Bay, Northwest Territories
April −48.9 °C (−56.0 °F) April 8, 1964 Eureka, Nunavut
May −35 °C (−31 °F) May 13, 1935 Cambridge Bay, Nunavut
June −16.7 °C (1.9 °F) June 5, 1974 Resolute, Nunavut
July −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) July 8, 1981 Lake Louise, Alberta
August −16.7 °C (1.9 °F) August 26, 2000 Resolute, Nunavut
September −31.7 °C (−25.1 °F) September 25, 1961 Eureka, Nunavut
October −41.7 °C (−43.1 °F) October 29, 1953 Eureka, Nunavut
November −52.8 °C (−63.0 °F) November 27, 1948 Snag, Yukon
December −61.7 °C (−79.1 °F) December 31, 1910 Fort Good Hope, Northwest Territories

The table can be reordered by clicking on the box in each column. Places in italics are provincial capital, bold is the national capital.

Community Weather station Location Elevation January
(Record high °C (°F))
January
(Record low °C (°F))
July
(Record high °C (°F))
July
(Record low °C (°F))
Annual
(Extreme high °C (°F))
Annual
(Extreme low °C (°F))
Alberton, PE[7]   46°51′00″N 064°01′00″W / 46.85000°N 64.01667°W / 46.85000; -64.01667 (Alberton) 3 m (9.8 ft) 13.2 (55.8) −31.7 (−25.1) 33.0 (91.4) 3.0 (37.4) 33.3 (91.9) −33.0 (−27.4)
Alert, NU[53][54] YLT 82°30′05″N 62°20′20″W / 82.50139°N 62.33889°W / 82.50139; -62.33889 (Alert) 30.5 m (100 ft) 0.0 (32.0) −50.0 (−58.0) 20.0 (68.0) −6.3 (20.7) 20.0 (68.0) −50.0 (−58.0)
Baker Lake, NU YBK 64°17′56″N 096°04′40″W / 64.29889°N 96.07778°W / 64.29889; -96.07778 (Baker Lake Airport) 18.6 m (61 ft) −1.7 (28.9) −50.6 (−59.1) 33.6 (92.5) −1.7 (28.9) 33.6 (92.5) −50.6 (−59.1)
Baie-Comeau, QC[9] YBC 49°08′00″N 068°12′00″W / 49.13333°N 68.20000°W / 49.13333; -68.20000 (Baie-Comeau) 22 m (72 ft) 11.4 (52.5) −47.2 (−53.0) 32.8 (91.0) 0.6 (33.1) 32.8 (91.0) −47.2 (−53.0)
Calgary, AB[10] YYC 51°06′50″N 114°01′13″W / 51.11389°N 114.02028°W / 51.11389; -114.02028 (Calgary) 1,084 m (3,556 ft) 17.6 (63.7) −44.4 (−47.9) 36.1 (97.0) −0.6 (30.9) 36.5 (97.7) −45.0 (−49.0)
Charlottetown, PE[11] YYG 46°17′19″N 063°07′43″W / 46.28861°N 63.12861°W / 46.28861; -63.12861 (Charlottetown) 49 m (161 ft) 15.1 (59.2) −30.5 (−22.9) 33.9 (93.0) 3.3 (37.9) 34.4 (93.9) −30.5 (−22.9)
Churchill, MB[12][54] YYQ 58°44′21″N 094°03′59″W / 58.73917°N 94.06639°W / 58.73917; -94.06639 (Churchill) 29 m (95 ft) 1.7 (35.1) −45.0 (−49.0) 34.0 (93.2) 1.1 (34.0) 36.9 (98.4) −45.4 (−49.7)
Corner Brook, NL[13]   48°57′00″N 057°57′00″W / 48.95000°N 57.95000°W / 48.95000; -57.95000 (Corner Brook) 5 m (16 ft) 16.5 (61.7) −31.7 (−25.1) 34.4 (93.9) 1.1 (34.0) 35.0 (95.0) −31.7 (−25.1)
Dawson City, YT[14] YDA 64°02′35″N 139°07′40″W / 64.04306°N 139.12778°W / 64.04306; -139.12778 (Dawson City) 370 m (1,210 ft) 9.7 (49.5) −53.8 (−64.8) 33.5 (92.3) −2.0 (28.4) 34.7 (94.5) −55.8 (−68.4)
Edmonton, AB[15][54] YXD 53°34′24″N 113°31′06″W / 53.57333°N 113.51833°W / 53.57333; -113.51833 (Edmonton) 671 m (2,201 ft) 13.8 (56.8) −49.4 (−56.9) 36.7 (98.1) −1.7 (28.9) 37.2 (99.0) −49.4 (−56.9)
Edmundston, NB[16]   47°20′47″N 068°11′16″W / 47.34639°N 68.18778°W / 47.34639; -68.18778 (Edmundston) 163 m (535 ft) 13.0 (55.4) −41.0 (−41.8) 36.0 (96.8) 2.0 (35.6) 36.0 (96.8) −41.0 (−41.8)
Fort Nelson, BC[17] YYE 58°50′11″N 122°35′50″W / 58.83639°N 122.59722°W / 58.83639; -122.59722 (Fort Nelson) 382 m (1,253 ft) 10.7 (51.3) −51.7 (−61.1) 36.7 (98.1) 1.1 (34.0) 36.7 (98.1) −51.7 (−61.1)
Fredericton, NB[18] YFC 45°52′20″N 066°31′40″W / 45.87222°N 66.52778°W / 45.87222; -66.52778 (Fredericton) 21 m (69 ft) 14.6 (58.3) −35.6 (−32.1) 36.7 (98.1) 1.7 (35.1) 37.2 (99.0) −37.2 (−35.0)
Halifax, NS[19] YHZ 44°52′48″N 063°30′00″W / 44.88000°N 63.50000°W / 44.88000; -63.50000 (Halifax) 145 m (476 ft) 14.8 (58.6) −28.5 (−19.3) 33.9 (93.0) 6.1 (43.0) 35.0 (95.0) −28.5 (−19.3)
High Level, AB[20] YOJ 58°37′17″N 117°09′53″W / 58.62139°N 117.16472°W / 58.62139; -117.16472 (High Level) 338 m (1,109 ft) 11.3 (52.3) −50.6 (−59.1) 34.4 (93.9) −0.2 (31.6) 35.2 (95.4) −50.6 (−59.1)
Inuvik, NT[21] YEV 68°18′15″N 133°28′58″W / 68.30417°N 133.48278°W / 68.30417; -133.48278 (Inuvik) 68 m (223 ft) 5.4 (41.7) −54.4 (−65.9) 32.8 (91.0) −3.3 (26.1) 32.8 (91.0) −56.7 (−70.1)
Iqaluit, NU[22] YFB 63°45′00″N 068°33′00″W / 63.75000°N 68.55000°W / 63.75000; -68.55000 (Iqaluit) 34 m (112 ft) 3.9 (39.0) −45.0 (−49.0) 26.1 (79.0) −2.8 (27.0) 26.1 (79.0) −45.6 (−50.1)
Kugluktuk, NU[24] YCO 67°49′00″N 115°08′38″W / 67.81667°N 115.14389°W / 67.81667; -115.14389 (Kugluktuk) 23 m (75 ft) 0.8 (33.4) −47.3 (−53.1) 34.9 (94.8) −0.8 (30.6) 34.9 (94.8) −47.3 (−53.1)
La Ronge, SK[25] YVC 55°09′00″N 105°16′00″W / 55.15000°N 105.26667°W / 55.15000; -105.26667 (La Ronge) 379 m (1,243 ft) 12.5 (54.5) −48.3 (−54.9) 35.5 (95.9) 1.1 (34.0) 36.1 (97.0) −48.3 (−54.9)
Mayo, YT[26] YMA 63°37′00″N 135°52′00″W / 63.61667°N 135.86667°W / 63.61667; -135.86667 (Mayo) 504 m (1,654 ft) 10.1 (50.2) −58.3 (−72.9) 35.6 (96.1) −2.8 (27.0) 36.1 (97.0) −62.2 (−80.0)
Moncton, NB[27] YQM 46°06′19″N 064°41′02″W / 46.10528°N 64.68389°W / 46.10528; -64.68389 (Moncton) 71 m (233 ft) 16.1 (61.0) −32.2 (−26.0) 35.6 (96.1) 1.2 (34.2) 37.2 (99.0) −32.2 (−26.0)
Montreal, QC[28] YUL 45°28′00″N 073°45′00″W / 45.46667°N 73.75000°W / 45.46667; -73.75000 (Montreal) 36 m (118 ft) 13.9 (57.0) −37.8 (−36.0) 35.6 (96.1) 6.1 (43.0) 37.6 (99.7) −37.8 (−36.0)
Nain, NL[29] YDP 56°33′00″N 061°41′00″W / 56.55000°N 61.68333°W / 56.55000; -61.68333 (Nain) 6 m (20 ft) 10.5 (50.9) −39.4 (−38.9) 33.3 (91.9) −2.8 (27.0) 33.3 (91.9) −41.5 (−42.7)
Norman Wells, NT[30] YVQ 65°16′57″N 126°48′01″W / 65.28250°N 126.80028°W / 65.28250; -126.80028 (Norman Wells) 73 m (240 ft) 12.4 (54.3) −52.2 (−62.0) 35.0 (95.0) −1.1 (30.0) 35.0 (95.0) −54.4 (−65.9)
Ottawa, ON[31] YOW 45°19′21″N 075°40′09″W / 45.32250°N 75.66917°W / 45.32250; -75.66917 (Ottawa) 114 m (374 ft) 12.9 (55.2) −35.6 (−32.1) 36.7 (98.1) 5.0 (41.0) 37.8 (100.0) −36.1 (−33.0)
Princeton, BC[32] CYDC 49°28′05″N 120°30′41″W / 49.46806°N 120.51139°W / 49.46806; -120.51139 (Princeton Airport) 700 m (2,300 ft) 13.3 (55.9) −41.1 (−42.0) 41.7 (107.1) 0.0 (32.0) 41.7 (107.1) −42.8 (−45.0)
Quebec City, QC[33] YQB 46°48′00″N 071°23′00″W / 46.80000°N 71.38333°W / 46.80000; -71.38333 (Quebec City) 74 m (243 ft) 10.0 (50.0) −35.4 (−31.7) 35.6 (96.1) 3.9 (39.0) 35.6 (96.1) −36.1 (−33.0)
Regina, SK[34] YQR 50°26′00″N 104°40′00″W / 50.43333°N 104.66667°W / 50.43333; -104.66667 (Regina) 578 m (1,896 ft) 10.4 (50.7) −50.0 (−58.0) 43.3 (109.9) −2.2 (28.0) 43.3 (109.9) −50.0 (−58.0)
Resolute, NU[35] YRB 74°43′01″N 094°58′10″W / 74.71694°N 94.96944°W / 74.71694; -94.96944 (Resolute) 68 m (223 ft) −0.8 (30.6) −52.2 (−62.0) 18.5 (65.3) −3.1 (26.4) 18.5 (65.3) −52.2 (−62.0)
Saskatoon, SK[36] YXE 52°10′00″N 106°43′00″W / 52.16667°N 106.71667°W / 52.16667; -106.71667 (Saskatoon) 504 m (1,654 ft) 10.0 (50.0) −48.9 (−56.0) 40.6 (105.1) −3.3 (26.1) 40.6 (105.1) −50.0 (−58.0)
St. John's, NL[37] YYT 47°37′20″N 052°44′34″W / 47.62222°N 52.74278°W / 47.62222; -52.74278 (St. John's) 141 m (463 ft) 15.7 (60.3) −23.3 (−9.9) 31.5 (88.7) −1.1 (30.0) 31.5 (88.7) −23.8 (−10.8)
Summerside, PE[38] YSU 46°26′20″N 063°49′54″W / 46.43889°N 63.83167°W / 46.43889; -63.83167 (Summerside) 20 m (66 ft) 12.1 (53.8) −29.9 (−21.8) 33.3 (91.9) 6.7 (44.1) 33.3 (91.9) −29.9 (−21.8)
Sydney, NS[39] YQY 46°10′00″N 060°02′53″W / 46.16667°N 60.04806°W / 46.16667; -60.04806 (Sydney) 62 m (203 ft) 16.9 (62.4) −26.2 (−15.2) 33.9 (93.0) 2.2 (36.0) 35.5 (95.9) −27.3 (−17.1)
Thompson, MB[40] YTH 55°48′12″N 097°51′45″W / 55.80333°N 97.86250°W / 55.80333; -97.86250 (Thompson) 224 m (735 ft) 8.1 (46.6) −48.9 (−56.0) 35.9 (96.6) −1.1 (30.0) 37.4 (99.3) −48.9 (−56.0)
Timmins, ON[41] YTS 48°34′11″N 081°22′36″W / 48.56972°N 81.37667°W / 48.56972; -81.37667 (Timmins) 295 m (968 ft) 7.6 (45.7) −44.2 (−47.6) 38.9 (102.0) −0.5 (31.1) 38.9 (102.0) −45.6 (−50.1)
Toronto, ON[42] YYZ 43°40′38″N 079°37′50″W / 43.67722°N 79.63056°W / 43.67722; -79.63056 (Toronto) 173 m (568 ft) 17.6 (63.7) −31.3 (−24.3) 37.6 (99.7) 3.9 (39.0) 38.3 (100.9) −31.3 (−24.3)
Vancouver, BC[43] YVR 49°11′42″N 123°10′55″W / 49.19500°N 123.18194°W / 49.19500; -123.18194 (Vancouver) 4 m (13 ft) 15.3 (59.5) −17.8 (0.0) 34.4 (93.9) 6.7 (44.1) 34.4 (93.9) −17.8 (0.0)
Victoria, BC[44] YYJ 48°38′50″N 123°25′33″W / 48.64722°N 123.42583°W / 48.64722; -123.42583 (Victoria) 20 m (66 ft) 16.1 (61.0) −15.6 (3.9) 36.3 (97.3) 4.1 (39.4) 36.3 (97.3) −15.6 (3.9)
Whitehorse, YT[45] YXY 60°42′34″N 135°04′08″W / 60.70944°N 135.06889°W / 60.70944; -135.06889 (Whitehorse) 706 m (2,316 ft) 9.0 (48.2) −52.2 (−62.0) 32.8 (91.0) −0.5 (31.1) 34.4 (93.9) −52.2 (−62.0)
Windsor, ON[46] YQG 42°16′32″N 82°57′20″W / 42.27556°N 82.95556°W / 42.27556; -82.95556 (Windsor) 190 m (620 ft) 17.8 (64.0) −29.1 (−20.4) 38.3 (100.9) 5.6 (42.1) 40.2 (104.4) −29.1 (−20.4)
Winnipeg, MB[47] YWG 49°55′00″N 097°14′00″W / 49.91667°N 97.23333°W / 49.91667; -97.23333 (Winnipeg) 239 m (784 ft) 7.8 (46.0) −42.2 (−44.0) 37.8 (100.0) 1.1 (34.0) 40.6 (105.1) −45.0 (−49.0)
Yarmouth, NS[48] YQI 43°49′51″N 066°05′19″W / 43.83083°N 66.08861°W / 43.83083; -66.08861 (Yarmouth) 43 m (141 ft) 14.0 (57.2) −21.3 (−6.3) 30.0 (86.0) 5.8 (42.4) 30.3 (86.5) −23.6 (−10.5)
Yellowknife, NT[49] YZF 62°27′46″N 114°26′25″W / 62.46278°N 114.44028°W / 62.46278; -114.44028 (Yellowknife) 206 m (676 ft) 3.4 (38.1) −51.2 (−60.2) 32.5 (90.5) 0.6 (33.1) 32.5 (90.5) −51.2 (−60.2)

Climate change

[edit]
Among countries that emit high levels of greenhouse gas, Canada is among the highest per person emitters.[55]

Climate change is greatly impacting Canada's environment and landscapes. Extreme weather has become more frequent and severe because of the continued release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The number of climate change–related events, such as the 2021 British Columbia Floods and an increasing number of forest fires, has become an increasing concern over time.[56] Canada's annual average temperature over land warmed by 1.7 degrees Celsius between 1948 and 2016. The rate of warming is highest in Canada's north, the Prairies, and northern British Columbia. The country's precipitation has increased in recent years and wildfires expanded from seasonal events to year-round threats.

As of 2022 Canada was the world's 11th highest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2)[57][58] and as of 2021 the 7th highest emitter of greenhouse gases.[59] Canada has a long history of producing industrial emissions going back to the late 19th century. In 2022 transport, oil and gas extraction, and fugitive emissions together emitted 82% of the country's total emissions.[60] From 1990 to 2022, GHG emissions from conventional oil production increased by 24%, those from multi-stage fracturing techniques increased by 56%, and emissions from oil sands production increased by 467%.[61]

Canada committed to reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030 under the Paris Agreement. In July 2021, Canada enhanced the Paris Agreement plans with a new goal of reducing emissions by 40–45% below 2005 levels by 2030,[62] enacting the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act.[60] In 2019, the House of Commons voted to declare a national climate emergency in Canada. Several climate change mitigation policies have been implemented in the country, such as carbon pricing, emissions trading and climate change funding programs.

Maps

[edit]

Weather Stations locations in Canada.

Temperature in Canada is located in Canada
Alberton
Alberton
YLT
YLT
YBC
YBC
YBK
YBK
YYC
YYC
YYG
YYG
YYQ
YYQ
Corner Brook
Corner Brook
YDA
YDA
YXD
YXD
YES
YES
YYE
YYE
YFC
YFC
YHZ
YHZ
YOJ
YOJ
YEV
YEV
YFB
YFB
YCO
YCO
YVC
YVC
YMA
YMA
YQM
YQM
YUL
YUL
YDP
YDP
YVQ
YVQ
YOW
YOW
YQB
YQB
YQG
YQG
YQR
YQR
YRB
YRB
YXE
YXE
YYT
YYT
YSU
YSU
YQY
YQY
YTH
YTH
YTS
YTS
YYZ
YYZ
YVR
YVR
YYJ
YYJ
YXY
YXY
YWG
YWG
YQI
YQI
YZF
YZF
YKA
YKA
Weather Stations

Notes

[edit]
  • Bailey, William G; Oke, T.R.; Rouse, Wayne R (1997). The surface climates of Canada. McGill−Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1672-7.
  • Bernstein, Steven (2008), A globally integrated climate policy for Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-9878-8
  • Coward, Harold G; Weaver, Andrew John (2007), Hard choices: climate change in Canada, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, ISBN 978-0-88920-442-3
  • French, Hugh M; Slaymaker, Olav (1993), Canada's Cold Environments, McGill−Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-0925-9
  • Jaccard, Mark; Simpson, Jeffrey; Nic, Rivers (2008), Hot Air: Meeting Canada's Climate Change Challenge, Emblem/McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 9780771080975
  • Smit, Barry; Wall, Shirley Ellen; Wandel, Johanna (2007), Farming in a changing climate: agricultural adaptation in Canada, UBC Press, ISBN 978-0-7748-1393-8

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Statistics, Regina SK". The Weather Network. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
  2. ^ "Regina International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. September 25, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  3. ^ Bush, E; Lemmen, D.S. (2019). "Canada's Changing Climate Report" (PDF). Government of Canada. p. 84.
  4. ^ a b Zhang, X.; Flato, G.; Kirchmeier-Young, M.; et al. (2019). Bush, E.; Lemmen, D.S. (eds.). "Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Across Canada]; Chapter 4" (PDF). Canada's Changing Climate Report. Government of Canada. pp. 112–193.
  5. ^ Boyd, David R (2011). Unnatural Law: Rethinking Canadian Environmental Law and Policy. UBC Press. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-7748-4063-7.
  6. ^ "What You Need to Know About Winter Weather on the "Coq"". TranBC. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
  7. ^ a b "Alberton". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  8. ^ "1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data". Environment Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Baie-Comeau A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  10. ^ a b "Calgary Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  11. ^ a b "Charlottetown A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  12. ^ a b "Churchill A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  13. ^ a b "Corner Brook". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  14. ^ a b "Dawson City A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  15. ^ a b "Edmonton City Centre A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  16. ^ a b "Edmundston". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  17. ^ a b "Fort Nelson A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  18. ^ a b "Fredericton A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  19. ^ a b "Halifax Stanfield Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  20. ^ a b "High Level A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  21. ^ a b "Inuvik A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  22. ^ a b "Iqaluit A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  23. ^ "Kamloops A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  24. ^ a b "Kugluktuk A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  25. ^ a b "La Ronge A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  26. ^ a b "Mayo A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  27. ^ a b "Moncton A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  28. ^ a b "Montreal/Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  29. ^ a b "Nain A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  30. ^ a b "Norman Wells A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  31. ^ a b "OttawaMacdonald-Cartier Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  32. ^ a b "Princeton A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  33. ^ a b "Quebec City/Jean Lesage Intl A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  34. ^ a b "Regina Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  35. ^ a b "Resolute CARS". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  36. ^ a b "Saskatoon Diefenbaker Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  37. ^ a b "St. John's A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  38. ^ a b "Summerside A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  39. ^ a b "Sydney A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  40. ^ a b "Thompson A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  41. ^ a b "Timmins Victor Power A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  42. ^ a b "Toronto Lester B. Pearson Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  43. ^ a b "Vancouver Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
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