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Tell el-Far'ah (South)

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Coordinates: 31°16′56.8″N 34°28′57.7″E / 31.282444°N 34.482694°E / 31.282444; 34.482694
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Tell el-Far'ah
Tell el-Far'ah is located in Israel
Tell el-Far'ah
Tell el-Far'ah
Shown in Israel
LocationIsrael
RegionNorthern Negev, Israel
Coordinates31°16′56.8″N 34°28′57.7″E / 31.282444°N 34.482694°E / 31.282444; 34.482694
TypeTell
History
MaterialMud brick
Site notes
Excavation dates1928-29, 1977, 1998-2002
ArchaeologistsFlinders Petrie, Rudolph Cohen, Gunnar Lehmann

Tell el-Far'ah (South) (also Tell el-Fārʿa) is an archaeological site on the bank of HaBesor Stream in the northern Negev region, Israel. Not to be confused with the site Tell el-Far'ah (North). It is located between the modern settlements of Ein HaBesor and Urim, some 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the modern city of Ofakim and 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Gaza.

Archaeology

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The site runs about 185 meters N to S and about 115 meters E to W with a total area of around 2 hectares, with World War I trenching and modern graves present in some areas. The British Western Negev Expedition surveyed the area around Tell el-Far'ah (South) in 1972 to 1973 finding a Byzantine site 1 kilometer away and a paleolithic site across the wadi.[1][2] It was first excavated by Flinders Petrie and E. McDonald for three seasons from 1928 to 1930. An advance team including Olga Tufnell and James Leslie Starkey had arrived in 1927 to begin work.[3] Petrie focused primarily on graves and tombs.[4][5][6][7][8] Rudolph Cohen directed salvage excavations at the site in 1977.[9] The site was again excavated, after a survey season in 1998, in 1999 (with Claremont Graduate University) and 2002 (with Rostock University) by a team from Ben-Gurion University led by Gunnar Lehmann.[10][11][12] Finds included a small ostracon fragment which read "To Our Lord" in an early Canaanite alphabetic script.[13]

Identification

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Flinders Petrie identified the site with Beit Pelet in the territory of the Tribe of Judah.[5] William F. Albright identified the site with Sharuhen, which appears in Egyptian and Biblical sources.[14] N. Na'aman proposed identifying the site with Biblical Shur.[15] E. A. Knauf and H. M. Niemann locate Ziklag at the site.[16] The actual identification is still in dispute.[17]

History of occupation

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Bronze Age

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The site was lightly occupied beginning in the Middle Bronze Age II, circa 1600 BC. The town had fortifications, a city gate, and a moat and is generally identified as a Hyksos settlement. Starting around 1500 BC many of the numerous city-states of southern Canaan came under direct Egyptian control or became vassal states.

Control became more direct in the Late Bronze Age during the times of pharaohs Seti I (1294–1279 BC), Ramesses II (1279–1213 BC), Merneptah (1213–1203 BC), and Ramesses III (1184–1153 BC). It is believed that the site of Tell el-Far’ah (South) became an Egyptian administrative center and garrison during this time. A large, 600 square meter, monumental building was constructed (called the "Governor’s Residency" by Petrie). It was built of mud bricks on a baked brick foundation using Egyptian methods.[18] Egyptian finds included pottery, scarabs, amulets, and two bowls with Egyptian hieratic inscriptions (related to tax collection). There is scholarly debate of whether Egyptians were living at the site or "Egyptian inspired" locals.[19][20]

Iron Age

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The Petrie excavation found a large number of tombs and graves with pottery having a close connection with Mycenae Greek which Petrie termed "Philistine", a designation which has been maintained. These remains lie above a destruction layer which contained a jar shard with the mark of Egyptian pharaoh Seti II (c. 1203 BC to 1197 BC) which sets a "no earlier than" date for the "Philistine" finds.[21]

Classical period

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After a possible break in Neo-Babylonian times the site was lightly occupied in Hellenistic and Persian times, with somewhat greater activity in Roman times.[22][23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ GILEAD, ISAAC. “A Middle Paleolithic Open-Air Site Near Tell Far’ah, Western Negev: Preliminary Report.” Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 30, no. 1/2, 1980, pp. 52–62
  2. ^ Tubb, Jonathan N. "The pottery from a Byzantine well near Tell Fara." Palestine exploration quarterly 118.1 (1986): 51-65
  3. ^ [1] Green, John D. M., and Ros Henry, editors. "Tell Fara, 1927-9. Olga Tufnell’s “Perfect Journey”: Letters and Photographs of an Archaeologist in the Levant and Mediterranean", UCL Press, 2021, pp. 59–103
  4. ^ [2] W. M. F. Petrie, "Gerar", Publications of the Egyptian Research Account and British School of Archaeology in Egypt 43; London, 1928
  5. ^ a b [3] W. M. F. Petrie, "Beth-Pelet I (Tell Fara). With a Chapter by O. Tijfnell", Publications of the Egyptian Research Account and British School of Archaeology in Egypt 48; London, 1930
  6. ^ [4] Macdonald, E. et. al., "Beth Pelet II: Prehistoric Fara (BSAE 52).", 1932
  7. ^ J. G. Duncan, J. G., "Corpus of Dated Palestinian Pottery. Including Pottery of Gerar and Beth-Pelet Dated and Arranged by Sir F. Petrie and Beads of Beth-Pelet Dated and Arranged by J. L. Starkey", London, 1930
  8. ^ D. Price Williams, "The Tombs of the Middle Bronze Age II Period from the '500' Cemetery at Tell Fara (South)", University of London. Institute of Archaeology. Occasional Publication 1; London, 1977
  9. ^ Rudolph Cohen, "Tell el-Far'ah (South)", Israel Exploration Journal 27, 170, 1977
  10. ^ Gunnar Lehmann and T.J. Schneider, "Tell el-Farʿah (South), 1999 and 2000.", Israel Exploration Journal 50: 258–61, 2000
  11. ^ Lehmann, Gunnar, et al. “Excavations at ‘Tell El-Fārʿa’ (South), 1998-2002.” Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), vol. 134, no. 2, 2018, pp. 109–50
  12. ^ Gunnar Lehmann and T.J. Schneider, "Tell el-Farah (South) 1999 Ostracon", Ugarit-Forschungen 31, 251-254, 1999
  13. ^ Lehman, Gunnar, and Tammi J. Schneider. "A New Ostracon from Tell El-Far˒ah (South)." Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 63, no. 2, 2000, pp. 113–113
  14. ^ W. F. Albright, "Progress in Palestinian Archaeology during the Year 1928", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 33, 1-10, 1929
  15. ^ N. Na'aman, "The Shihor of Egypt and Shur That Is before Egypt", Tel Aviv 7, 95-109, 1980
  16. ^ E. A. Knauf and H. M. Niemann, Tell el-Far'ah South Ostracon 1027 and a New Identification for the Site", Ugarit-Forschungen 43, 273-282, 2011
  17. ^ Rainey, A.F., "Sharhan/Sharuhen, the Problem of Identiication.", Eretz Israel 24: 178-187, 1993
  18. ^ Yannai, E., "A Stratigraphic and Chronological Reappraisal of the “Governor’s Residence” at Tell el-Farʿah (South).", Pp. 368–76 in Aharon Kempinski Memorial Volume: Studies in Archaeology and Related Disciplines, ed. E. Oren and S. Aḥituv. Beer Sheva 15. Beersheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 2002
  19. ^ Susan L. Braunstein., "The Meaning of Egyptian-Style Objects in the Late Bronze Cemeteries of Tell El-Farʿah (South)." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 364, 2011, pp. 1–36.
  20. ^ Goldwasser, O., and Wimmer, S., "Hieratic Fragments from Tell el-Farʿah (South).", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 313: 39–42, 1999
  21. ^ McClellan, Thomas L., "Chronology of the ‘Philistine’ Burials at Tell El-Far’ah (South)." Journal of Field Archaeology, vol. 6, no. 1, 1979, pp. 57–73
  22. ^ Lehmann, Gunnar. "The Persian and Hellenistic Periods in the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Excavations at Tell el-Far’ah (South), 1998-2002."
  23. ^ Iliffe, J.H., "A Tell Fara Tomb Group Reconsidered: Silver Vessels of the Persian Period.", Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 4: 182-186, 1935

Further reading

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  • Braunstein, S. L., The Dynamics of Power in an Age of Transition: An Analysis of the Mortuary Remains of Tell el-Farʿah (South) in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age.", Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1998
  • Fischer, E., "Tell el-Farʿah (Süd): Ägyptisch-levantinische Beziehungen im späten 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.", Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 247. Fribourg: Academic, 2011
  • Khalil, L.A., "Metallurgy of Some Bronze Utensils from Fara.", Bulletin of the University of London Institute of Archaeology 23: 171–178, 1986
  • E. A. Knauf and H. M. Niemann, "Zum Ostrakon 1027 vom Tell Fara Süd (Tell el-Fāri/Tel Šaruhen)", Ugarit-For-schungen 31, 247–250, 1999
  • E. A. Knauf and H. M. Niemann, "Weitere Überlegungen zum neuen Ostracon 1027 vom Teil el-Farať Süd", Biblische Notizen 109, 19–20, 2001
  • Laemmel, Sabine. "A case study of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age cemeteries of Tell el-Far'ah (South).", Diss. University of Oxford, 2003.
  • Maxwell-Hyslop, K.R.; Stech Wheeler, T.; Maddin, R.; and Muhly, J.D., "An Iron Dagger from Tomb 240 at Tell Fara South.", Levant 10: 112–115, 1978
  • Maxwell-Hyslop, K.R.; Moorey, P.R.S.; and Parr, P.J., "A Silver Earring from Tell el- Farah (South).", pp. 180–182 in Archaeology in the Levant: Essays for Kathleen M. Kenyon. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, Ltd., 1978
  • [5] Reeves, Rebecca., "A Landscape of Death: A Comparison of Non-adult to Adult Burials at the Late Bronze Age Site of Tell el-Far'ah (South)." (2018)
  • Shea, M.O.D., "A Small Cuboid Incense-Burner from Tell Fara in Southern Palestine.", Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology. London 23: 161–169, 1986
  • Singer, Itamar. "Two hittite ring seals from Tell el-Far'ah (South)." Eres Israel 27 (2003)
  • Stiebing, W. H., Jr, "Another Look at the Origins of the Philistine Tombs at Tell el-Farʿah (S)", American Journal of Archaeology 74: 139–43, 1970
  • Waldbaum, J. C. "Philistine Tombs at Tell Fara and Their Aegean Prototypes.", American Journal of Archaeology 70: 331–40, 1966
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