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Tell Khaiber

Coordinates: 31°3′36.07463″N 45°56′1.43372″E / 31.0600207306°N 45.9337315889°E / 31.0600207306; 45.9337315889
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Tell Khaiber
تل خيبر
Tell Khaiber is located in Iraq
Tell Khaiber
Shown within Iraq
Tell Khaiber is located in Near East
Tell Khaiber
Tell Khaiber (Near East)
LocationDhi Qar Governorate, Iraq
RegionMesopotamia
Coordinates31°3′36.07463″N 45°56′1.43372″E / 31.0600207306°N 45.9337315889°E / 31.0600207306; 45.9337315889
Typetell
History
PeriodsUbaid period, Early Dynastic period, Jemdet Nasr period, Kassites
Site notes
Excavation dates2013; 2014; 2015; 2016; 2017
ArchaeologistsStuart Campbell

Tell Khaiber (تل خيبر) is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). It is located thirteen kilometers west of the modern city of Nasiriyah, about 19 kilometers northwest of the ancient city of Ur in Dhiq Qar Province and 25 kilometers south of the ancient city of Larsa. In 2012, the site was visited by members of the Ur Region Archaeology Project (URAP), a cooperation between the British Institute for the Study of Iraq, the University of Manchester and the Iraqi State Board for Antiquities and Heritage.[1] They found that the site had escaped looting, and applied for an excavation permit.

History

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Very little is known about the Sealand Dynasty. Traditionally it was thought to exist roughly between 1700 and 1400 BC and to have replaced Babylon after its fall sometime around 1550 BC. Tell Khaiber is the first Sealand site excavated. It has been dated to circa 1500 BC.[2] Pottery shards from earlier periods including Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr were widely found on the site but pre-second millennium remains are below the current water table.[3]

Archaeology

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The site consists of two mounds designated as Tell Khaiber 1 and Tell Khaiber 2 (sometimes called Tell Gurra), both roughly 300 x 250 meters in area. Most of the Tell Khaiber 1 occupation is from the Sealand Dynasty period but pottery fragments from the Ubaid, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic periods were also found. Three baked bricks stamped with Ur III king Amar-Sin are thought to be imported from another site. Tell Khaiber 2 dates to the Kassite period.[4] They lay on an ancient branch of the Euphrates River.

The two mounds were first identified in an area survey by Henry Wright in 1965, naming them Ishan Khaiber (site 60) and Tell Gurra (site 61).[5] In the 1976 Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities atlas of archaeological sites both mounds were named Ishan Khaiber (sites 107 and 108).[6] Between 2013 and 2017, the site was excavated by a team of Iraqi and British archaeologists.[7][8][9] The excavations revealed the presence of a settlement dominated by a large administrative building dating to c. 1500 BC, or the Middle Bronze Age.[10][11] The building, 53 meters by 83 meters (53m × 27.5m in its initial phase), referred to by the excavators as "the Fortified Building, covered 4400 square meters and was surrounded by 3.5 m thick walls, with large towers having meter-thick walls, pierced by a single gate. All the pottery recovered was of a utilitarian nature with proteomic analysis of one showing soy residue, the earliest attestation of soy in this region. Among the finds from this building was an archive of 145 clay tablets and fragments, after joins were made, in Level 2 of the southernmost corner. Eighty tablets, mostly lists and accounts, were found in room 300 with most of the rest, mostly letters were found in room 309. Four tablets were found under a later wall between the two rooms showing that a scribal tradition carried on for some time. Excavated tablets from the Sealand Dynasty are uncommon but a number of unprovenanced tablets in various institutions have been identified by Stephanie Dalley.[12] The tablets were written in the Old Babylonian variant of Akkadian, though some Sumerian language school tablets were also found, and deal mostly with the administration of agricultural activities.[13] Some of the tablets contained dates ("Year: Aya-dara-galama became king"), which indicated that the building was in use during the reign of Ayadaragalama, the eighth king of the Sealand Dynasty.[14] Three private homes lying southeast of the public building were also investigated. A stratified sequence for 1st Sealand ceramics was also developed.[15][16]

Tell Abu Thahab

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The site lies in the marshlands in the south of Iraq east of the ancient city of Ur in the Hammar Marshes.[17] The similar site of Tell Lehem (Tell el-Leḥem) is located 30 kilometers to the west. It was occupied in the Old Babylonian period, First Sealand dynasty, and Kassite dynasty period. Uruk period pottery shards were also found on the surface. It covers an area of about 30 hectares with two mounds divided by a river. It was excavated by a team from the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage for three seasons from 2011 to 2013. The excavation reports for all three seasons were written but have not yet been published. [18] Each season was led by Taha Karim, Hussein Flaih and Raed Hamed Abd Allah, and Mohammed Salih Attia respectively. Two large buildings were excavated at the top of the tell. A 59 meter by 35 meter Western Building constructed of limestone with a central courtyard and spiral columns was excavated. Several cuneiform tablets were found nearby. An Eastern Building was also excavated with niches, buttresses, and an altar, marking it as a temple. A large building of a domestic nature was also excavated. Twenty five graves of various periods, looted in antiquity, were found with the domestic building. [19] An archive of cuneiform tablets from the Sealand period was found but has not yet been published.[20] The site has been subject to looting.[21]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Visit to Baghdad and Southern Iraq | Ur Region Archaeology Project". www.urarchaeology.org. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  2. ^ [1] Ur Region Archaeological Project - 2016 Report
  3. ^ Calderbank, Daniel and Moon, Jane. "A Ceramic Assemblage of the Early Literate Periods from Sumer". At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 73-84
  4. ^ Campbell, Stuart, et al., "A Kassite Settlement in southern Babylonia: Investigations at Tell Khaiber 2", Sumer, 63, pp. 93–108, 2017
  5. ^ [2] Wright, H. T., ‘The southern margins of Sumer: an archaeological survey of the areas of Eridu and Ur’, in R. M. Adams, Heartland of Cities (Chicago. University of Chicago Press), pp. 295–338, 1981
  6. ^ Ahmad Salman, Atlas of the Archaeological Sites of Iraq, vol. I-II, Directorate General of Antiquities, Ministry of Information, Iraq 1976,
  7. ^ "Who We Are | Ur Region Archaeology Project". www.urarchaeology.org. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  8. ^ Text - [3]Supplement - [4]Campbell, S.; Killick, R.; Moon, J.; Calderbank, D.; Robson, E. (2021). "Summary report on excavations at Tell Khaiber, an administrative centre of the Sealand period, 2013-2017". Sumer. A Journal of Archaeology and History in Arab World. 65: 15–46. ISSN 0081-9271.
  9. ^ Jane Moon (editor), "Tell Khaiber: A Fortified Centre of the First Sealand Dynasty", Chapter "The Archive" available online at [5], Archaeology of Ancient Iraq 2, Moonrise Press Ltd, 2023, ISBN 978-1-910169-04-9
  10. ^ Campbell, S.; Moon, J.; Killick, R.; Robson, E.; Calderbank, D.; Shepperson, M.; Slater, F. (2017-05-31). "Tell Khaiber: an administrative centre of the Sealand period". Iraq. 78 (1): 21–46. doi:10.1017/irq.2017.1. ISSN 0021-0889. S2CID 132207350.
  11. ^ Shepperson, Mary (2020). "An Architectural Analysis of the Sealand Building at Tell Khaiber, Southern Iraq". Iraq. 82: 207–226. doi:10.1017/irq.2020.8. ISSN 0021-0889. S2CID 229305169.
  12. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2009). Babylonian tablets from the first Sealand dynasty in the Schøyen Collection. Bethesda, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-934309-08-7. OCLC 319318905.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Robson, E. (2019), Johnston, C. (ed.), "Information flows in rural Babylonia, c.1500 BC", The Concept of the Book: The Production, Progression and Dissemination of Information, London, UK: School of Advanced Study, retrieved 2021-12-15
  14. ^ Shepperson, Mary (2017-09-01). "Castle of the Sealand kings: Discovering ancient Iraq's rebel rulers". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  15. ^ Daniel Calderbank, "Pottery from Tell Khaiber : A Craft Tradition of the First Sealand Dynasty", Archaeology of Ancient Iraq 1, Moonrise Press Ltd, 11 Oct 2021 ISBN 9781910169025
  16. ^ Calderbank, Daniel, "Dispersed Communities of Practice During the First Dynasty of the Sealand: The Pottery from Tell Khaiber, Southern Iraq", Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 58-87, 2020
  17. ^ Al-Hamdani, Abdulameer, "The Settlement and Canal Systems During the First Sealand Dynasty (1721–1340 BCE)", Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 28-57, 2020
  18. ^ Taha Karim et al., "Results of Excavations at Tell Abu Thahab (First Season 2011)", Sumer, pp. 37 – 39, 2015 (Arabic)
  19. ^ [6]Kareem, Dr Yasmin Abdul, "Architectural and Funeral Practices At Tell Abu Thahab", Lark Journal of Philosophy, Linguistics, and Social Sciences, vol. 2 No. 45, pp 991-1012, 2022
  20. ^ [7]al-Hamdani, Abdulamir, "Shadow States: The Archaeology of Power in the Marshes of Southern Mesopotamia. Doctoral Dissertation submitted at StonyBrook University", 2015
  21. ^ Hamdani, Abdulamir al., "Protecting and Recording Our Archaeological Heritage in Southern Iraq", Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 221–30, 2008

Further reading

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  • Calderbank, Daniel, "Gulf Connections at Tell Khaiber, Interpreting Standardised Pottery Styles in the Sealand Period’", in Otto, Adelheid, Michael Herles, and Kai Kaniuth (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, München, Volume 2 (Wiesebaden: Harassowitz), pp. 31–42, 2020
  • [8]Calderbank, Daniel, "What's in a Vessel's Name? A Relational Text-Object Approach to the Uses of Mesopotamian Pottery", American Journal of Archaeology 125.1, pp. 29-64, 2021
  • Calderbank, Daniel, "Moulding Clay to Model Sealand Society Pottery Production and Function at Tell Khaiber, Southern Iraq", Dissertaion, The University of Manchester (United Kingdom), 2018
  • Chowdhury, Manasij Pal, Stuart Campbell, and Michael Buckley, "Proteomic analysis of archaeological ceramics from Tell Khaiber, southern Iraq", Journal of Archaeological Science 132, 105414, 2021
  • [9]Chapin, Michael Arthur, "'My-Mother-Is-Precious': Names and Naming Practices in the First Dynasty of the Sealand (ca. 1500 BCE)", Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 2023
  • Dalley, Stephanie, "The First Sealand Dynasty: Literacy, Economy, and the Likely Location of Dūr-Enlil (ē) in Southern Mesopotamia at the end of the Old Babylonian Period", In S. Paulus & T. Clayden (Ed.), Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, pp. 9-27, De Gruyter, 2020
  • [10]Robson, Eleanor, "Information flows in rural Babylonia, c. 1500 BC", School of Advanced Study, 2019
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