Tangier Speech
The Tangier Speech (Arabic: خطاب طنجة, French: discours de Tanger) was a momentous speech appealing for the independence and territorial unity of Morocco, delivered by Sultan Muhammad V of Morocco on April 9, 1947, at the Mendoubia in what was then the Tangier International Zone, complemented by a second speech the next day at the Grand Mosque of Tangier.[1][2][3] At the time, Morocco was under French and Spanish colonial rule, with Tangier designated as an international zone.
Background
[edit]The Istiqlal Party presented the Proclamation of the Independence of Morocco January 11, 1944. In the document, the nationalist party allied itself with the symbolic figure of Sultan Muhammad V.[4] The proclamation was met with hostility from the French colonial authorities. Ahmed Balafrej, Lyazidi, and 18 others were arrested, and a wave of protests took place in cities throughout the country.[4]
Casablanca Tirailleurs Massacre
[edit]In the days leading up to the sultan's speech, French colonial forces in Casablanca, specifically Senegalese Tirailleurs serving the French colonial empire, carried out a massacre of working-class Moroccans. The massacre lasted for about 24 hours from April 7–8, 1947, as the tirailleurs fired randomly into residential buildings in working-class neighborhoods, resulting in 180 Moroccan civilian casualties. The massacre was instigated in attempt to sabotage the Sultan's journey to Tangier. The Sultan returned to Casablanca to comfort the families of the victims, then proceeded to Tangier to deliver the historic speech.[5][6]
Speech and consequences
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The Sultan, in his speech, addressed Morocco's future and its territorial integrity without once mentioning France directly.[7] He emphasized his role as Sovereign, his place under Allah, Morocco's ties to the Arab world, and his responsibilities to his people. The Sultan went on to describe how he envisioned the country to operate, with exhortations to the faithful.[8]
According to Mohammed Lahbabi of the USFP, Mehdi Ben Barka prepared the sultan's speech.[9] Eirik Labonne, the French resident général in Morocco at the time, had included a statement at the end of the speech for the Sultan to read, which encouraged the Moroccans to work with the French, but the Sultan refused to read it.
Labonne, a career diplomat, was called back and replaced with General Alphonse Juin, a military man, to reinforce French authority at the center of the protectorat regime.
Jewish question
[edit]The leadership of the Jewish community of Tangier avowed its allegiance to Muhammad V during a ceremonial tea visit while he was in the city, but the content of the speech, with its open affiliation with pan-Arabism and its emphasis on Morocco's Muslim character, reinforced ambiguities about the status and identity of the kingdom's Jewish subjects.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "زيارة محمد الخامس لطنجة.. أغضبت فرنسا وأشعلت المقاومة". Hespress (in Arabic). 31 July 2013. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
- ^ texte, Vigie marocaine. Auteur du (1947-04-11). "La Vigie marocaine". Gallica. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
- ^ Safaa Kasraoui (10 April 2018). "Morocco Commemorates Sultan Mohammed V's 'Historic Visits' to Tangier and Tetouan". Morocco World News.
- ^ a b Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5. OCLC 855022840.
- ^ Atlasinfo (6 April 2016). "Evènements du 7 avril 1947 à Casablanca, un tournant décisif dans la lutte pour la liberté et l'indépendance". Atlasinfo.fr: l'essentiel de l'actualité de la France et du Maghreb (in French). Retrieved 2019-03-16.
- ^ Revisiting the colonial past in Morocco. Maghraoui, Driss. London: Routledge. 2013. p. 151. ISBN 9780415638470. OCLC 793224528.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Rogan, Eugene L. (2011). "The Rise of Arab Nationalism". The Arabs : a history ([First paperback edition] ed.). New York, NY. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-465-02504-6. OCLC 728657250.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Discours de Tanger" (PDF).
- ^ "الحبابي: بنبركة هو الذي كتب خطاب محمد الخامس بطنجة وكان يدخل القصر مع عبد الرحيم بوعبيد مختبئين". فبراير.كوم | موقع مغربي إخباري شامل يتجدد على مدار الساعة. 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2015-12-18), "Negotiating Morocco's Jewish Question", Making Morocco, Cornell University Press, pp. 179–218, doi:10.7591/cornell/9781501700231.003.0007, retrieved 2024-09-13