Talk:Texas Revolution/Google translation from WP Spanish version
War of Texas Independence (or Texas Revolution) took place from October 2, 1835 and April 21, 1836. The parties to the conflict were Mexico and the province of Texas, legally owned at the time the State of Coahuila and Texas.
The problems between the Mexican government and the English-speaking settlers in Texas began with the enactment of the centralist constitution of 1835, known as the Seven Laws. This new legislation, enacted by Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, expunged the old Federal Constitution of 1824. Shortly thereafter, there were statements in various regions of the country. The war began in Texas territory on October 2, 1835, the Battle of Gonzales. Quickly, the Texan forces captured San Antonio Bay and Béjar, although few months later would be defeated.
After some Mexican victories, the war ended unexpectedly with the Battle of San Jacinto, over 300 kilometers of the present city of San Antonio. There, General Samuel Houston Texans led rebels and American volunteers to a landslide victory against Mexican troops under the command of Lopez de Santa Anna and he argued with the general captured after the battle. After the conclusion of the war, the independence of the Republic of Texas was formalized. Texas joined in 1845 to the United States, and the claims of both parties would not be finished once you until the war between the US and Mexico, which lasted between 1846 and 1848.
The origin of the conflict See also: Long Expedition Stephen F. Austin, known as the "Father of Texas".
The panic of 1819 plunged the United States into a severe economic depression. Moses Austin, Virginia banker with strong interests in the Territory of Missouri, with the help of Baron de Bastrop Felipe Enrique Neri and Erasmo Seguin designed a project to attract American settlers to the region, which would help develop the New Spain territory. In 1820, he applied for a Spanish grant to settle 300 families from Missouri to Texas territory.
In late 1820, Moses Austin received the award of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, but died in June of the following year. As Stephen Austin inherited his father concession and formally began the colonization by the power exercised by Baron de Bastrop County Council in San Antonio and the legislature in Coahuila and Texas. The independence of Mexico and the Texas colony
Austin plans for colonization were designed in accordance with the laws in Mexico. The declaration of Mexican independence by the priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, in 1810, began eleven years of war. It seemed that the final victory would be for the Spanish side, until in 1821 some Creoles general, including Agustín de Iturbide, sealed an alliance with the Mexican insurgents, done that determine the end of the War of Independence of Mexico, with the victory of independence.
In December 1821, Austin settlers arrived by land and sea in the vicinity of San Felipe. Unfortunately for Austin, the new Mexican government did not recognize the agreement signed with the colonial authorities. Stephen then traveled to Mexico City, after a work of three years, the Spanish concession was gradually accepted by the Mexican government. Throughout this period, Austin learned to speak Spanish and very close friend of exinsurgente José Antonio Navarro and Ruiz became. In the following years, they worked together to bring more settlers to Texas.
Under the agreement, all the settlers should convert to Catholicism, show "good moral character", obtaining Mexican nationality and change their English names by their equivalent in Spanish. Each of the settlers would be worth about 16 km² of land. The colony flourished, and by 1829 had a population of 18,000 people. The Navarro himself became owner of over 100 km² of land in 1830.
First years of independent Mexico and Texas colony National coat of arms of the First Mexican Empire, ruled by Agustín de Iturbide between 1821 and 1823.
In 1822, Agustín de Iturbide was proclaimed by Congress as Emperor of Mexico and a year later, he finally approved the grant to Austin to colonize Texas. According to the guidelines of the Plan of Iguala, slavery was formally abolished in Mexican territory, but this does not prevent him from being widespread in the country. The imperial regime Iturbide was very unstable, and in the same year, 1823, was interrupted by the rebellion of the Plan of Casa Mata, led by Guadalupe Victoria and Antonio López de Santa Anna. The plan called for the ouster of the Emperor and the establishment of a republic. Iturbide abdicated and went into exile. A year later he was shot, being captured in his attempt to return to Mexico. Because of changes in the Mexican government, Austin had to restart negotiations with the Republic to maintain in force the agreement.
Mexico became a federal republic under the Constitution of 1824. The Texan colonies were part of the state of Coahuila and Texas. The limits of the Texas territory were considerably different from today. The southern border was defined by the Nueces River near the city of Corpus Christi. South of the border was the state of Tamaulipas. The western boundary of the province was located about 320 miles from San Antonio Béjar, which began the State of Chihuahua. A strip about 300 km wide connecting the territory of Coahuila with Texas.
Austin had acquired three new concessions of the Republic, to establish nine hundred families more in 1825, 1827 and 1828 under the new figure of business immigration system. As such, Austin had the right to bring new settlers Texas and rule over them as they may have been established. Other figures became entrepreneurs, like Lorenzo de Zavala, Haden Edwards and Ben Milam filibuster. Besides the legal settlement, many illegal immigrants came from the United States and mixed with the settlers.
Towards Independence Fredonia Rebellion Main article: Fredonia Rebellion
By 1826, the employer Haden Edwards had entered into serious complaints of land with several settlers. This triggered a final dispute that ended in a great financial loss to Edwards. This led him to instigate a minor insurrection in Nacogdoches. There he proclaimed the independence of the region, he called Republic of Fredonia. Austin, head of the Texas militia, and Mexican Mateo Ahumada regiment, marched Nacogdoches. Edwards and his followers surrendered their opponents, without firing a single bullet. Offers for territory, care Mexico
In 1827, the president of the United States John Quincy Adams offered to Mexico a million dollars from the sale of Texas, an offer that was rejected by the Republic. Two years later, Andrew Jackson tried again and raised the offer to $ 5 million, which was again rejected. Around the same time, Spain tried to reconquer its former colony. The Republican troops, commanded by Santa Anna, quickly defeated the Spanish expedition in Tampico, a fact that made him a national hero.
In 1830, Mexico was alarmed at the number of illegal immigrants crossing the US border to go into its territory. Following the recent uprising in Fredonia, and the United States making explicit their intentions to incorporate Texas into its territory, the government of the Republic was interested in knowing who entered their territory. Therefore, the April 6 of that year passed a law canceling the establishment of new settlements or settlement of existing, approved by the concessions donated to entrepreneurs. The decree enabled the collection of taxes, the establishment of military prisons in the territory, and intended to end the legal immigration to Texas. Austin tried to negotiate the terms of the legislation with the Mexican government, but also took their military forecasts for coercion, as the insurrections of Anáhuac. The Texan unrest: Slavery as the true cause of independence
There was great discontent Texans towards the government of the republic. For example, they were unhappy with the fact that many soldiers in the province were convicted criminals who had chosen rather than the prison, serving in the military. They also disagreed with the location of the Coahuila capital, which moved from Saltillo to Monclova, localities far south, 800 kilometers south of the province texana limit. Therefore they intended to separate Texas from Coahuila (though not as an independent state in Mexico).
Texans assumed to have a close equity could help curb corruption in the political system, and facilitate government business. Some colonists were accustomed to certain rights of which they enjoyed in the United States, which did not exist in Mexico. For example, the Mexican government guaranteed freedom of worship, before rather forced colonists to convert to Catholicism.
However when entering Mexico, the land grant contract established as the main requirement, professing the Catholic religion, and the arrangements made by Austin were first with the Spanish Crown, which had established a centralized system of government in the viceroyalty, so it is quite possible that the reason why they wanted to become federal state was the possibility of a more direct land speculation without having to rely on the authorities of Coahuila,
But the real cause of independence was the fact that the constitution of 1824 and its successor the Seven Laws expressly prohibiting slavery. Instead settlers concealed their slave practices through contracts that made them sign perpetuidad1 black slaves in the United States. One of the measures that show the intentions of the Mexican government against slavery was made by the Foreign Minister Lucas Alaman and Escalada to prohibit and prevent the extradition of fugitive slaves, also the fact prohibit and declare the invalidity of such contratos.2
The greatest proof that slavery was the main cause of rebellion is in the constitution of the Republic of Texas, it's esclavitud3 4 is openly legalized and denied the right to vote to African Americans and their descendants, too provided that no slaves and their descendants could be "freed" from their "masters" without permission of the Texas Congress, are also denied rights to Amerindians. The constitution was signed by the president of the convention Richard Ellis, Secretary Albert HS Kimble, and 57 delegates, including Lorenzo de Zavala known for his liberal ideology and federalista.4 The dictator Santa Anna Antonio López de Santa Anna.
Between 1829 and 1832, Mexico's presidency was occupied by different characters. At each change of President Santa Anna's hand was behind. Mexico was deeply divided between two factions, known as a conservative and the other as liberals. The first wanted a centralized government (they were identified with the imperialists old), while the latter defended the federal republic. In the elections of 1833, Santa Anna participated for the liberal side and won. Soon after, he retired to his hacienda Manga de Clavo, leaving the control of the government to Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías, at the time, interim president of Mexico.
Gómez Farías government began a series of deep liberal reforms, a fact that did not please the conservative side. Seeing this, Santa Anna returned to Mexico City, he dismissed Gómez Farías and imprisoned. Backtracked to liberal reforms, and served as president. Santa Anna claimed that the country was not ready for democracy, and became dictator.
It was after the return of Santa Anna to the presidency (moreover, only one of the nine times they had to hold the office, either as liberal or conservative), when the Texans decided to capitalize support the dictator in the struggle for power. Austin traveled to Mexico City with the request to separate Texas from Coahuila, to provide a better judicial system to the province and end the decree of April 6, a law that had given rise to the insurrections of Anáhuac, inter alia . While the government of Santa Anna refused separation regarding Coahuila Texas, Austin wrote an angry letter to a friend, in which he conminaba to start a rebellion. The Mexican army officers intercepted correspondence and Austin arrested for sedition. He spent eighteen months in jail.
Around the same time, small groups of illegal immigrants entering the territory of Texas had become more numerous. Santa Anna believed that the influx of immigrants was part of a US plot to take de facto the region. In 1834, when facing problems with their government, Santa Anna dissolved the legislatures of the states and abolished the Constitution of 1824. This action caused discontent in several states. The conservative faction supported the dictator Santa Anna, while the liberal demanded the reinstatement of the federal constitution. Santa Anna ordered the departure of all illegal immigrants in Texas. War begins Campaigns for the separation of Texas, map of the National Museum of Interventions.
The insurrection against Santa Anna began when the state of Zacatecas, the then become department launched against the centralist government in 1835, upholding the banner of liberalism. The uprising was brutally repressed and civilians were massacred by hundreds. This was the beginning of a series of rebellions, whose participants Santa Anna declared traitors to the fatherland. The next thing was to put his brother, Martín Perfecto de Cos, leading the troops marched to end the unrest in Texas. The war of independence of Texas
By 1835, when many were determined to insurreccionarse, Texans informally debating the issue. In July 1835, Austin was released because he was not found any involvement in the rebellion, and came to Texas in August. Texans felt affronted by the imprisonment of Austin, the brutal repression in Zacatecas, the urge to disarm militias, ordered to repel new immigrants, and particularly by the abolition of the Federal Constitution. The straw that broke the camel was the murder of a settler at the hands of a Mexican soldier. After a brief consultation, the province of Texas decided to take up arms against the government of Mexico. Victories Texans
Before the visit, according to the national call Santa Anna disarmament of state armies, Colonel Domingo Ugartechea, featured in San Antonio Béjar, ordered Texans return a cannon that was delivered by the government of Mexico for the war, which was located in the town of Gonzalez. Given the refusal of Texans, Ugartechea then sent to Lieutenant Francisco Castañeda hundred dragons to recover the piece of artillery. When they reached the shores of the Guadalupe River near Gonzalez, on the other side of the river was eighteen Texans resisted. Unable to cross, Castañeda established a camp. Texans hid the gun and called volunteers. In this call answered two groups of militants. Colonel Henry Moore was elected head of the rebels, who readied the gun and two bullets. An Indian came into the camp of Mexicans and told Castaneda that the rebels were now about 140. Everything was ready for the Battle of Gonzales. This battle was won by the Texans, they even reached Castañeda urge to join sedition. Texans attacked, and Castaneda decided to return to San Antonio Béjar with dragons.
The next confrontation between Mexicans and Texans, with victory for the latter was the Battle of Concepción. Then Texans captured San Antonio Béjar, which was defended by General Cos. When Austin gave the order to his militiamen wait and attack the army of Cos, many volunteers simply deserted. In November 1835, the Texan army consisted of about 600 men. Officers at a time, designing the strategy of attack, but also wondered what was the cause for which they fought the Mexican forces. The site of San Antonio Béjar began on October 12, 1835 and ended on December 11 of that year, with the capture of Cos and his troops.
The remnants of the Texan army, poorly equipped and without a collective perspective on the cause of the war, paved the progress towards Matamoros, intending to loot the people and get him supplies and resources. This and other independent missions subtracted the Texan militant movement, and conclude in a disaster in the coming months. The Provisional Government of Texas: group of adventurers who were not born in the State
In González, consultation convened a month before finally concluded, when delegates from the colonies constituted a significant quorum. After a discussion ríspido finally an interim government that tried to secede from Mexico, but it manifested itself against the centralist was instituted. Henry Smith was elected governor and Sam Houston was appointed commander of the Regular Army of Texas. This was not a regular army, because the army of Austin was fully formed by volunteers. In this way, Houston should form one.
The Texans had more land than money financial base to create his army; greater allocation of land would be designated for those who will be listed as regular soldiers. The Provisional Government of Texas also established a postal service, and sent a shipment of merchandise to the United States in exchange for $ 100,000. He also ordered hundreds of copies of military texts. On November 24, 1835, Austin was elevated to general. Elections were held and Edward Burleson became the successor to Austin.
It is believed that the reason for not showing the intentions of independence from Mexico at the convention, cherished the hope of attracting their cause to the liberal and federalist elements were unhappy with the centralist regime and the fact that they had secured a support from the United States. The Mexican reaction The Army Operations
With the events in San Antonio Béjar and the Battle of Goliad (precisely the prison where born Ignacio Zaragoza, hero of the Battle of Puebla), the time had come for the Mexican army counteroffensive. Cos had rendered its report to Santa Anna on the state who kept things in Texas, and the dictator marched north with his army of Operations, a force of about 6000 soldiers. The army left San Luis Potosi, and marched through the deserts of Mexico accompanied by extreme cold winter region. Order of Battle
The Mexican Army Operations consisted of the usual three forward divisions, Central and reserves, together with a cavalry brigade and an auxiliary section.
La Vanguardia Division, which fought in the Battle of the Alamo under General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma, was composed infantry battalions Jiménez, Matamoros and San Luis Potosi Asset; the cavalry regiments of Dolores, Veracruz, Coahuila and presidial Active North, with a total of 1,541 men and 8 pieces of artillery.
The Second Infantry Division's commanding general Antonio Gaona and formed battalions of Sappers, Aldama, assets of Queretaro and Toluca, Guanajuato Assistants presidial and a company of cavalry, totaling 1,600 men and 6 field pieces.
The Third Infantry Division, under General Eugenio Tolsá, was formed by the Morelos and Guerrero battalions Assets Mexico, Guadalajara and Tres Villas, a company of presidial cavalry and other 6 pieces of artillery with their crews ammunition and servants, adding 1,839 men.
The Cavalry Brigade 450 horses under General Juan José Andrade with regiments Permanent Active Tampico and Guanajuato.
An auxiliary section under the command of General Urrea, with 300 infantry Battalion Active Yucatán and 294 horses of various pickets permanent regiments of Cuautla and Tampico, Asset Durango, Tamaulipas and Nuevo León y Auxiliar de las Villas North, together with a twelve inch howitzer gunners.
With many hardships, the army of Santa Anna arrived in Texas many months later than expected. The goal was to make San Antonio Béjar. At that point came the division Ramirez and Sesma on February 23. Santa Anna occupied the town for the second time, the first was in 1813, after the Battle of the River Medina, when he was a young officer of the Spanish royal army. On that occasion, the prisoners were massacred. In this, Santa Anna was determined not to give respite to the Texans, now strengthened in the mission of the Alamo. The rebels expected reinforcements, and except for a few men, the help never came.
The Alamo was defended by about 250 men to the order of William B. Travis and James Bowie. The Battle of the Alamo ended after thirteen days of siege, March 6. That day, the defenders of the fort were massacred. Then Santa Anna divided his army, and ordered his troops to cross Texas. The aim was to force a decisive battle against the Texan Army, now commanded by Sam Houston. The victories of Urrea
General Jose Urrea went to Texas from Matamoros, following the northbound, bordering the Gulf of Mexico, to block any aid to arrive by sea, and opening a way for the Mexican Navy endow the Mexican army badly needed supplies. The troops under the command of Urrea clashed with rebels in the Battle of Agua Dulce, on March 2, 1836, a prelude to the Battle of Coleto. In that place on the Texas coast, Mexicans captured Colonel James Fannin with his troop of 400 men. They were executed in the slaughter of Goliad by orders of Santa Anna. General Urrea was never defeated in any confrontation with the Texan forces. The meeting of the two armies Texas Withdrawal
Houston immediately understood that his small army was not prepared to fight Santa Anna. Seeing that his only choice was to lead his army to a more favorable terrain, Houston ordered a retreat to the US border. The tactic was to alienate the Mexican sources of supplies. Later, the rain turned roads impassable and cold season was felt in the two combatant armies.
The army of Santa Anna, always in the footsteps of Houston, began a relentless persecution. The people of González was not defended by the rebels, so he burned. The same fate befell the colony of San Felipe. The only thing that prevented the advance of the army of Santa Anna were the rivers, at full capacity because of the rains. This gave Houston a break which also served as military preparedness. The defeat of Santa Anna Republic of Texas. The southern border remained disputed until 1846.
Much had happened since that Santa Anna had decided to divide his regiment, and advance Galveston, where members of the Provisional Government were refugees. Santa Anna hoped to capture the leaders of the movement, and put an end to the war, which had become burdensome and protracted. As dictator of Mexico, also had the need to return to Mexico City as soon as possible. Houston was put on knowledge of unexpected movement of the Mexican army. The regiment de Santa Anna marched eastward, toward Harrisburg. Without the consent of Houston, Texans rebels went to meet the Mexican army.
On April 20, two troops clashed in the San Jacinto River. Santa Anna was glad to have face to face with the rebels, and waited for reinforcements.
For luck of the rebels, Cos arrived to reinforce Santa Anna bringing another 540 soldiers, who were added to 1200 that were commanded by Santa Anna. Impelled by the lost opportunity and indecision of Houston (not reinforced the plaza), the Texan army went on the attack. On April 21 at dawn, Texans moved, took Mexicans by surprise. Hours before the attack, Santa Anna ordered his troops rest, trusting that the insurgents would not attack his troops superior in number. The Battle of San Jacinto was the end point and the showdown in the conflict. It was a battle of 18 minutes duration, in which the Mexican defense was completely crushed.
Santa Anna was captured and brought to Houston, which had fractured ankle. Santa Anna agreed, under threat of death, to command the Army of Operations (now in command of Vicente Filisola, related to the separation of Central America of the Mexican Empire), which ended the campaign. Filisola, noting the status of your hungry and battered troops returned to Mexico, not without protests from Urrea. The defeated Santa Anna was not the Army Operations, why Urrea favor of continuing the campaign showed. Filisola disagreed.
The defeat was due to several factors, first the megalomania of Santa Anna to cross all the territory from Mexico City instead of going by sea, which would have allowed us to reach fresh troops; Second, after the victories of the Alamo and Goliad, Santa Anna believed beat Samuel Houston (who had only 700 fighters) was a "cakewalk" and his overconfidence have been taken by surprise at the Battle of San Jacinto ( only lasted 18 minutes). And third, then ordered his capture controls (Urrea, Woll, Almonte, Filisola, Ramirez and Sesma, Tolsá, Ampudia and Gaona) the removal of controls beyond the Rio Grande. Urrea was the one who refused knowing that they were superior to the Texan army. Impact Independence Tejas.jpg
With Santa Anna prisoner and his captors he was forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco on May 14. The treaty recognized a cessation of hostilities and that Mexican troops would retreat to the south; all this in exchange for respect for the life of Santa Anna, who was still the President of Mexico license, which had won just to send these troops. While the treaty does not explicitly recognized the independence, de facto Texas won its separation from the Republic of Mexico.
Also, it tried to return to Santa Anna to Mexico with the intention to mend fences with the Mexican government. His back was taken in Mexico as a provocation for those who wanted him to see dead. Texans shipped it to Washington so that it will meet with the US president, Andrew Jackson, with orders to ensure the independence of Texas.
Meanwhile in Mexico, Santa Anna had fallen into disrepute and thus allowed to also recognize the Treaties of Velasco and Santa Anna's authority to sign any agreement or treaty on behalf of Mexico. Thereafter he initiated the call Second Campaign Texas that lasted nine years, in which there were only minor skirmishes since the Mexican government could never build a second military force to march north. Meanwhile, Texas scored immediately recognized as an independent country by the United States and his government organized Samuel Houston as president and the vice president Lorenzo de Zavala and Yucatan.
Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas, so the issue of defining a border also ran out of arrangement. Mexicans recognized limit Texas at Sabina River Texans recognized it further south, on the Rio Grande and Rio Grande. When Texas was admitted as a member of the United States on December 29, 1845, the border problem became a direct conflict between Mexico and the United States; triggering the Mexican-American War in 1846. References
El Colegio de Mexico, Op.cit p.572: "The September 16, 1829 President Vicente Guerrero said slavery was abolished in the Republic, and although he soon grant an exception to Texas, provided they did not enter one more slave; the measure increased the discomfort of settlers, mostly from slave states, which soon found the formula for input, assumptions signing contracts with their slaves, in which they declared that they would work for their masters to pay the amount of your money impossible because of the low wages fixed them » Valadés, Mario et al, op.cit. p.169: "Don Lucas lived those days given to finding new instruments of civilization to use them in Mexico. For this, not only used his talent and culture, but political experience from the days before the Iturbidismo, and the effect after issuing the colonization law adopted on April 6, 1830, which ordered the review of contracts land to settlers of Texas and colonization of such ground commanded by Mexican, prohibited the importation of slaves into Texas territory, as well as establishing black colonies. " "Texas Constitution" (in English). Stephen F.Austin State University. Accessed September 27, 2009. "Point III. B.3.The constitution of the Republic of Texas legalized slavery and free importation of slaves form US (The Constitution of the Republic of Texas legalized slavery and the free importation of slaves from the United States). "
"The Constitution of the Republic of Texas, March 17, 1836." (in English). Tarlton Law Library. Accessed September 27, 2009. "General provisions, sec.9. All persons of Color Who Were slaves for life previous to Their emigration to Texas, and WHO are now held in bondage, Shall Remain in the like state of servitude; provided, the slave Said Shall be the bona fide property of the person so holding Said slave as aforesaid. Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit Emigrants from Their slaves bringing business into the republic With them, and holding them by the same tenure by Which Were Such slaves held in the United States; Shall Have congress nor power to emancipate slaves; Shall nor any slave holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave or slaves without the consent of congress, or she UNLESS I Shall send his or her slave or slaves without the limits of the republic. No person of African descent free, Either in whole or in part, Shall be permitted to reside permanently in the republic, without the consent of congress; and the importation or admission of Africans or Negroes into esta republic, excepting from the United States of America, is forever prohibited, and of declared to be piracy. "
Bibliography
El Colegio de Mexico (2009). General History of Mexico, version 2000 (Chapter X). "The first stumbling" Josefina Zoraida Vázquez; Mexico, ed.El Colegio de Mexico, Center for Historical Studies, ISBN 968-12-0969-9 Board of Friends of Heritage Saltillo (1997). The independence and the problem of Texas: Two events in Coahuila, Mexico, ISBN 968-6686-18-5. Valades, José C. et al (1994). Origins of the Mexican Republic: Constitutional aurora, Mexico, Ed National Autonomous University of Mexico, ISBN 978-968-36-3320-0 URL, accessed September 27, 2009.. Paco Ignacio Taibo II. The Alamo, A unfit story to Hollywood. ISBN 978-607-0709-26-5 Vazquez Josefina Zoraida. Rebellion Texas Homeland War Group 47. Culture, Mexico. ISBN 968-39-0951-5 Villalpando Nava, Jose Manuel. Antonio López de Santa Anna. Editorial Planeta, Booket collection. ISBN 970-37-0220-1
In English
Davis, William C., Lone Star Rising: The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic, Free Press (2004) ISBN 0-684-86510-6 Dingus, Anne, The Truth About Texas, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company (1995) ISBN 0-87719-282-0 Hardin, Stephen L., Texian Iliad, Austin: University of Texas Press (1994) ISBN 0-292-73086-1 Lord, Walter, A Time to Stand, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (1961) ISBN 0-8032-7902-7 Nofi, Albert A., The Alamo and The Texas War for Independence, Da Capo Press (1992) ISBN 0-306-81040-9
External Links
View Portal portal Texas: Texas. Content related to Texas. Texas War of Independence Military Maps of Texas War of Independence in the Portal of Texas History Evacuation of Texas: translation Filisola Vicente report to the Supreme Government Portal History
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