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Demographics

[edit]

The numbers don't quite seem to match those in the Salar article or on the Chinese version of the Salar language page. Also, is there such an even divide between Salars who speak Salar and those who speak Chinese, with no overlap? That seems odd.

—Firespeaker 21:16, 30 January 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Salar language template

[edit]

If you are a native speaker of Salar then you can help translate this template into your own language:


slrBu kişicuğuŋ ama dili Salırçadır.

Edit


--Amazonien (talk) 02:47, 20 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Arabic script

[edit]

Table of salar arabic script Nizrenlyi (talk) 19:44, 30 September 2012 (UTC)[reply]

Salar pinyin based romanization

[edit]

http://www.sino-platonic.org/abstracts/spp043_salar.html

Nizrenlyi (talk) 03:51, 1 October 2012 (UTC)[reply]

consonants (initials)

[edit]
Pinyin IPA English approximation Explanation
b [p] spit unaspirated p, as in spit
p [pʰ] pay strongly aspirated p, as in pit
m [m] may as in English mummy
f [f] fair as in English fun
d [t] stop unaspirated t, as in stop
t [tʰ] take strongly aspirated t, as in top
n [n] nay as in English nit
l [l] lay as in English love
l /ð/ those as in English the
g [k] skill unaspirated k, as in skill
g /ɣ/ no equivalent in english "thicker and deeper" version of g
k [kʰ] kay strongly aspirated k, as in kill
h [x] loch roughly like the Scots ch. English h as in hay or hot is an acceptable approximation.
j [tɕ] hatch No equivalent in English. Like q, but unaspirated. Not the s in Asia, despite the common English pronunciation of "Beijing". The sequence "ji" word-initially is the same as the Japanese pronunciation of じ(ジ) ji.
q [tɕʰ] cheek No equivalent in English. Like cheek, with the lips spread wide with ee. Curl the tip of the tongue downwards to stick it at the back of the teeth and strongly aspirate. The sequence "qi" word-initially is the same as the Japanese pronunciation of ち(チ) chi.
x [ɕ] she No equivalent in English. Like she, with the lips spread and the tip of your tongue curled downwards and stuck to the back of teeth when you say ee. The sequence "xi" is the same as the Japanese pronunciation of し(シ) shi.
zh [tʂ] junk Rather like ch (a sound between choke, joke, true, and drew, tongue tip curled more upwards). Voiced in a toneless syllable.
ch [tʂʰ] church as in chin, but with the tongue curled upwards; very similar to nurture in American English, but strongly aspirated.
sh [ʂ] shirt as in shoe, but with the tongue curled upwards; very similar to marsh in American English
r [ʐ], [ɻ] ray Similar to the English z in azure and r in reduce, but with the tongue curled upwards, like a cross between English "r" and French "j". In Cyrillised Chinese the sound is rendered with the letter "ж".
z [ts] reads unaspirated c, similar to something between suds and cats; as in suds in a toneless syllable
c [tsʰ] hats like the English ts in cats, but strongly aspirated, very similar to the Czech and Polish c.
s [s] say as in sun
y [j], [ɥ] yea as in yes. Before a u, pronounce it with rounded lips.*
w [w] way as in water.*
v [v] vitamin as in very.

vowels (finals)

[edit]
Pinyin IPA Form with zero initial Explanation
a [ɑ] a as in "father"
o [ɔ] (n/a) Approximately as in "office" in British accent; the lips are much more rounded.
e [ɯ̯ʌ], [ə] e a diphthong consisting first of a back, unrounded semivowel (which can be formed by first pronouncing "w" and then spreading the lips without changing the position of the tongue) followed by a vowel similar to English "duh". Many unstressed syllables in Chinese use the schwa [ə] (idea), and this is also written as e.
i [i] yi like English bee.
u [u] wu like English "oo"
ai [aɪ̯] ai like English "eye", but a bit lighter
ei [eɪ̯] ei as in "hey"
ui [u̯eɪ̯] wei as u + ei;
ao [ɑʊ̯] ao approximately as in "cow"; the a is much more audible than the o
iu [i̯ɤʊ̯] you as i + ou
ie [i̯ɛ] ye as i + ê; but is very short; e (pronounced like ê) is pronounced longer and carries the main stress (similar to the initial sound ye in yet)
an [an] an as in "ban" in British English (a more open fronted a)
en [ən] en as in "taken"
in [in] yin as i + n
un [yn] yun as ü + n;
ang [ɑŋ] ang as in German Angst (starts with the vowel sound in father and ends in the velar nasal; like song in some dialects of American English)
eng [əŋ] eng like e in en above but with ng added to it at the back
ing [iŋ] ying as i + ng
ong [ʊŋ], [u̯əŋ] weng starts with the vowel sound in book and ends with the velar nasal sound in sing; as u + eng in zero initial.

draft

[edit]
Pinyin IPA Form with zero initial Explanation
-i [ɨ] (n/a) -i is a buzzed continuation of the consonant following z-, c-, s-, zh-, ch-, sh- or r-.

(In all other cases, -i has the sound of bee; this is listed below.)

a [ɑ] a as in "father"
e [ɯ̯ʌ], [ə] e a diphthong consisting first of a back, unrounded semivowel (which can be formed by first pronouncing "w" and then spreading the lips without changing the position of the tongue) followed by a vowel similar to English "duh". Many unstressed syllables in Chinese use the schwa [ə] (idea), and this is also written as e.
ai [aɪ̯] ai like English "eye", but a bit lighter
ei [eɪ̯] ei as in "hey"
ao [ɑʊ̯] ao approximately as in "cow"; the a is much more audible than the o
ou [ɤʊ̯] ou as in "so"
an [an] an as in "ban" in British English (a more open fronted a)
en [ən] en as in "taken"
ang [ɑŋ] ang as in German Angst (starts with the vowel sound in father and ends in the velar nasal; like song in some dialects of American English)
eng [əŋ] eng like e in en above but with ng added to it at the back
er [ɑɻ] er similar to the sound in "bar" in American English
Finals beginning with i- (y-)
i [i] yi like English bee.
ia [i̯ɑ] ya as i + a; like English "yard"
ie [i̯ɛ] ye as i + ê; but is very short; e (pronounced like ê) is pronounced longer and carries the main stress (similar to the initial sound ye in yet)
iao [i̯ɑʊ̯] yao as i + ao
iu [i̯ɤʊ̯] you as i + ou
ian [i̯ɛn] yan as i + ê + n; like English yen
in [in] yin as i + n
iang [i̯ɑŋ] yang as i + ang
ing [iŋ] ying as i + ng
Finals beginning with u- (w-)
u [u] wu like English "oo"
ua [u̯ɑ] wa as u + a
uo, o [u̯ɔ] wo as u + o where the o (compare with the o interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter (spelled as o after b, p, m or f).
uai [u̯aɪ̯] wai as u + ai like as in why
ui [u̯eɪ̯] wei as u + ei;
uan [u̯an] wan as u + an;
un [u̯ən] wen as u + en; like the on in the English won;
uang [u̯ɑŋ] wang as u + ang;
ong [ʊŋ], [u̯əŋ] weng starts with the vowel sound in book and ends with the velar nasal sound in sing; as u + eng in zero initial.
Finals beginning with ü- (yu-)
u, ü [y] ⓘ yu as in German "über" or French "lune" (To pronounce this sound, say "ee" with rounded lips)
ue, üe [y̯œ] yue as ü + ê; the ü is short and light
uan [y̯ɛn] yuan as ü + ê + n;
un [yn] yun as ü + n;
iong [i̯ʊŋ] yong as i + ong
Interjections
ê [ɛ] (n/a) as in "bet".
o [ɔ] (n/a) Approximately as in "office" in British accent; the lips are much more rounded.
io [i̯ɔ] yo as i + plain continental[clarification needed] "o".

Salar language sources

[edit]

[1]

http://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=salars+oghuz&source=bl&ots=piS96h8n8g&sig=MQNlt9Dh-AVbteW37eDBIZI-4ZY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MA2GUMukNObe0QHutYA4&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=salars%20oghuz&f=false

[2]

http://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1109&lpg=PA1109&dq=salars+oghuz&source=bl&ots=SPnuDbxHW6&sig=CFU07TBa1CkA9QeLcOj7LSoU-cY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dg2GUPPfG6mB0QGis4HwCg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=salars%20oghuz&f=false

[3]

http://books.google.com/books?id=H55NjkRtrpoC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=salars+oghuz&source=bl&ots=1c-bWrwoky&sig=Byrbavv1trrUcRd7uZPmvlJuutA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iA2GUJu1FKKS0QHlq4GYDA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=salars%20oghuz&f=false

[4]

http://books.google.com/books?id=XtW6cox7CIUC&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=salars+oghuz&source=bl&ots=CssnYI1T2j&sig=ktOEphiJdjFcav3zcRdFylje1lk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tw2GUOqKK6aR0QGJv4CYDw&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=salars%20oghuz&f=false

[5]

http://books.google.com/books?id=wKoHAQAAMAAJ&q=salars+oghuz&dq=salars+oghuz&source=bl&ots=6hEioafjJr&sig=ouINLpAQj62vkdelLJj8eI1XZDo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1A2GUNusG-bp0gHZhIGgAQ&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBQ

[6]

http://books.google.com/books?id=xGZedef70zAC&pg=PA665&lpg=PA665&dq=salars+oghuz&source=bl&ots=A7_6tNgE2l&sig=QdOqj-C32mYOq_yzFZt-VDglbC8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5w2GUIPIBOLs0gHbqIG4CA&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=salars%20oghuz&f=false

[7]

http://books.google.com/books?id=IOM8qF34s4YC&pg=PA297&lpg=PA297&dq=salars+oghuz&source=bl&ots=mVRxEpI92X&sig=h6h942kgn-PBikOT7RnhaTpo3_A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5w2GUIPIBOLs0gHbqIG4CA&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=salars%20oghuz&f=false

[8]

http://books.google.com/books?id=dk12I01qTPUC&pg=PA479&lpg=PA479&dq=salars+oghuz&source=bl&ots=WDcwPFabwy&sig=6qCOPs6kvI1tg7M8Y4LA42lZDoE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5w2GUIPIBOLs0gHbqIG4CA&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=salars%20oghuz&f=false

[9]

http://books.google.com/books?id=6YWAERgYmFgC&pg=PR11&lpg=PR11&dq=salars+oghuz&source=bl&ots=3hYbj8-3SS&sig=kKkyTMvjLahTNFAgasmUXsViugc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5w2GUIPIBOLs0gHbqIG4CA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=salars%20oghuz&f=false

[10]

http://books.google.com/books?id=U1009DRu_vMC&pg=PA400&lpg=PA400&dq=salar+oghuz&source=bl&ots=ClxK-0Up2b&sig=tw4zLYuhrILFbkk13YlFPkvioiI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mA6GULbeMIXN0AGrkYEY&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=salar%20oghuz&f=false

[11]

http://books.google.com/books?id=wHlCi_yws4YC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=salar+oghuz&source=bl&ots=zcYA-sibC_&sig=FgrOO6ml9oTYQkBz_Xs5LtaE1aY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EA-GUP61G6bu0gGNnYGgAQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=salar%20oghuz&f=false

[12]

http://books.google.com/books?id=vm8hAQAAMAAJ&q=salar+oghuz&dq=salar+oghuz&source=bl&ots=Tzt1W-Wlve&sig=Ut_sLhsuLtUb6_0W-h78pc-aGV8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Lw-GUJjCBs6x0QHssoGoAw&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBw

[13]

http://books.google.com/books?id=H55NjkRtrpoC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=salar+oghuz&source=bl&ots=1c-bWrwsnr&sig=WT2U58H1pPNUMecSrgZiGMY_iQ0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Lw-GUJjCBs6x0QHssoGoAw&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=salar%20oghuz&f=false

[14]

http://books.google.com/books?id=cgNQdljvk70C&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=salar+oghuz&source=bl&ots=DCXu_gRpm1&sig=DHYwAlfcEka8ztNL_rtmho-B7Yw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Lw-GUJjCBs6x0QHssoGoAw&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=salar%20oghuz&f=false

Purblio (talk) 03:26, 23 October 2012 (UTC)[reply]

References

  1. ^ Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 6. ISBN 978-3447040914. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  2. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Contributors Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (revised ed.). Elsevier. 2010. p. 1109. ISBN 978-0080877754. Retrieved 24 April 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo, eds. (2000). Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. Vol. Volume 24 of Empirical approaches to language typology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 59. ISBN 3110161583. ISSN 0933-761X. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  4. ^ Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian, eds. (2010). Turcology in Mainz. Vol. Volume 82 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 279. ISBN 978-3447061131. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  5. ^ Turkic Languages, Volumes 1-2. Harrassowitz Verlag. 1998. pp. 50, 55, 62. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  6. ^ Hickey, Raymond, ed. (2010). The Handbook of Language Contact (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 665. ISBN 978-1405175807. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  7. ^ Olson, James Stuart (1998). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 297. ISBN 0313288534. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  8. ^ Yakup, Abdurishid (2005). The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur. Vol. Volume 63 of Turcologica Series (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 479. ISBN 3447052333. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ Erdal, Marcel; Nevskaya, Irina, eds. (2006). Exploring the Eastern Frontiers of Turkic. Vol. Volume 60 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. xi. ISBN 3447053100. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva, eds. (1998). The Turkic Languages. Vol. Volume 60 of Turcologica Series (illustrated, reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 400. ISBN 0415082005. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  11. ^ Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia, eds. (2000). Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, Lincoln College, Oxford, August 12-14, 1998. Vol. Volume 46 of Turcologica Series (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 201. ISBN 3447042931. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  12. ^ Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Volume 42, Issue 1. Contributor Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. 1988. pp. 248, 259, 260. Retrieved 24 April 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo, eds. (2000). Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. Vol. Volume 24 of Empirical approaches to language typology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 59. ISBN 3110161583. ISSN 0933-761X. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  14. ^ Johanson, Lars, ed. (1998). The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3-6, 1994. Turcologica Series. Contributor Éva Ágnes Csató. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 28. ISBN 3447038640. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

Salar script

[edit]

This source claims that the Chinese government did try to provide the Salar with their own script, but the Salar rejected the script in favor of continuing to use Chinese characters.

[1]

http://books.google.com/books?id=DaLkNE_20a0C&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false

[2]

http://books.google.com/books?id=DaLkNE_20a0C&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 04:19, 27 February 2013 (UTC)[reply]


According to Omniglot.com, the latin script is the one officially approved by Chinese authorities. See http://www.omniglot.com/writing/salar.htm

Al'Beroya (talk) 21:09, 25 May 2013 (UTC)[reply]

it would have been nice of omniglot to provide the actual arabic letters in unicode form rather than as an image. Nevertheless, thanks for the find. Its imperative to remove the unofficial Turkish based latin alphabet from wikipedia articles, and replace them with the pinyin based and arabic alphabets. Such as in the Xunhua Salar Autonomous County article.Rajmaan (talk) 22:30, 4 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

References

  1. ^ Allatson, Paul; McCormack, Jo, eds. (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Vol. Volume 30 of Critical studies (illustrated ed.). Rodopi. p. 67. ISBN 978-9042024069. ISSN 0923-411X. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  2. ^ Allatson, Paul; McCormack, Jo, eds. (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Vol. Volume 30 of Critical studies (illustrated ed.). Rodopi. p. 68. ISBN 978-9042024069. ISSN 0923-411X. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

Salar spoken language vs literary language

[edit]

The article confuses spoken and literary languages.

In Medieval Europe, people spoke their local languages among themselves such as Italian, French, Castilian, while not writing them down and using them ad literary languages until much later. They wrote in Latin as their literary language.

In the same way, the Salar do not have an alphabet for their own language. They only speak their language orally, and use the Chinese language to write.

[1]

http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions842.html

[2]

http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html

[3]

http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/216T5228T11320.html

[4]

http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/42T1565T2822.html

[5]

http://books.google.com/books?id=oWc2I03-UQIC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false

04:24, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

References

  1. ^ "The Salar Nationality". cultural-china.com. Cultural China. ©2007-2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ "China's Minority Peoples - The Salars". cultural-china.com. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  3. ^ "The Salar Ethnic Group". cultural-china.com. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  4. ^ "Pictures of Ethnic Flavor(4)". cultural-china.com. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  5. ^ Guo, Rongxing (2012). Understanding the Chinese Economies. Academic Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0123978264. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
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