Talk:Plagiarism (disambiguation)

proposal asthma function assessment

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Education Al-Riyada College for Health Science اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﻌودﯾﺔ وزارة اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟرﯾﺎدة ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ 2

Research Proposal Assessment of the functional status of the patient with Asthma. Supervised by Ass Prof Dr. Rasha Dawood Student name Student Name ID Rabeah Mohammed Hawsawi 22212010 Rabeah Zwaid Alsalmi 20112077 Rasha All Almuwallad 21112029 Reem MohammedNoor Balu 20112006 Rim Ibrahim Ali 21112041 Sabah Mohammed Alhawsawi 19112098 Reham Mastour Almuwallad 20112062

Group (13)

1. .

Contents. Page Number 1 introduction. 3,4 1.1 Justifications 3 1.2 Problem Statement 4 2 Objectives 4 2.1 General 4 2.2 Specific 4 3. research questions. 5 4. literature review 5,7 4.1. Problem definition. 5 4.2 Functional status. 6 4.3 Health Status 6 4.4 Disease Characteristics 7 5 Research Design / Methodology. 7 5.1 1Research approach 7 5.2 Research design 7 5.3 Variables 7 5.4 Research setting 8 5.5 Sample and sample size 8 5.6 Sampling technique. 8 5.7 Eligibility criteria. 8 5.8 Description of the tool. 8 6 Research Budget. 9 7 Anticipated Duration. 9 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 10

APPENDICES- Annexure - A 11

Annexure – B. 14

Introduction.

     In the past ten years, there has been a growing understanding of the necessity of measuring the impact of sickness and illness as well as the results of care to assess the efficacy of preventative and treatment efforts. The goal of care is frequently stated as being good health. Understandably, such a complicated notion as child health is challenging to quantify when using the World Health Organization's (1978) definition to conceptualize it as the condition of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not only the absence of disease or infirmity. Having a chronic condition only makes things more complicated, especially if that sickness has a drastic change in manifestation throughout its existence.

The most prevalent chronic disease among children is asthma (Newacheck, Budetti,& Halfon, 1986). Although there isn't a single, widely accepted definition of asthma, it has been described as a condition characterized by symptomatic episodes (coughing, wheezing, and other indications of bronchial blockage) separated by symptom-free intervals (American Thoracic Society, 1987). Since it has been established that children with chronic illnesses, and children with asthma in particular, experience physical limitations and disruptions of daily life activities as a result of their illness, it is crucial to evaluate the impact of symptom episodes on health status and quality of life (Hobbs, Perrin & Ireys, 1985). While the episodes may vary in how the treatment affects them, the treatment itself may limit or disturb regular activities. So, it's crucial to check that any chosen therapeutic interventions don't include side effects that the patient believes are worse than the underlying illness. Justifications. Measures of functional status have been established more recently. A function has been defined as a person's capacity for action and environmental adaptation. The patient's capacity to carry out physical, emotional and social responsibilities is evaluated by their functional status. It depicts how a person goes about doing his or her daily tasks in their natural environment (Nelson, Conger, Douglas 1987). Many adult functional status measures have been created, and they have become popular due to their value as indicators of health status. Problem Statement. Prior studies on psychiatric comorbidity in asthma patients have mostly assessed specific psychiatric disorders, employed limited clinically diagnosed samples, or concentrated on patients with severe illness. According to many research (Janson, Bjornsson, Hetta, and Boman, 1994), asthmatics do not experience elevated levels of anxiety or depression, and there is no connection between the severity of airway obstruction and associated panic symptoms (Helen et al., 2021). In people, functional status has a great influence on everyday life, particularly when they have a chronic disease. Whatever the difficulties of asthma diagnosis, delaying the onset of dependency and disability is essential to improving the quality of life of older patients with asthma-related symptoms. In this way, dyspnea, a symptom often associated with asthma at this age, is an important aggravating factor of disability, even when data are adjusted for other disabling factors in the children The patient's capacity to carry out life's physical, emotional, and social tasks is evaluated by their functional status. It depicts how a person goes about doing his or her daily tasks in their natural environment (Nelson, Conger, Douglas 1987). Several adult functional status measures have been created, and they have become popular due to their value as indicators of health status. The Illness Impact Profile (SIP), a behaviorally based outcome measure of health used to evaluate the effects of illness on an individual's role performance and capacity for performing everyday activities, is one such tool (Helen et al., 2021). Objectives. 2.1. General The primary purpose of this research is to assess the functional status of a patient with asthma. 2.2 Specific. To explore the assessment of the functional status of the patient with asthma. To determine the functional status of the patient with asthma. Research Question. How to assess the functional status of the patient with asthma. Literature Review.

4.1   Problem definition
 There is a discussion on the use of more disease-specific indicators vs general health status measures that are generic and may be applied to a variety of diseases, conditions, and populations. According to Patrick and Deyo (1989), generic health status measures can be used across a wide range of disease and condition kinds and severity levels, as well as across various health interventions and treatment modalities and demographic and cultural groupings. The main benefit of broad-purpose policies, according to proponents, is that they encourage the interdisciplinary study of many illnesses and ailments. Consequently, data can be used for program planning, policy creation, resource allocation, and the evaluation of medical care (Bergner, Bobbitt, Carter, and Gilson, 1981; Patrick and Deyo, 1989; Stein and Jessop, 1982).
         Measures that are intended to evaluate certain patient populations of diagnostic categories or illnesses to gauge responsiveness and clinically significant improvements are referred to as disease-specific measures (Patrick & Deyo, 1989). The main benefit of this technique to condition-specific measurement is its reactivity or sensitivity to change. There is increasing agreement that both kinds of measurements are crucial and that research should use both (Patrick & Deyo, 1989; Richards & Hemstreet, 1994). The relative importance of the two sorts of measurements, however, is still up for debate. According to Patrick and Deyo (1989), disease-specific measures should be viewed as supplements to generic measures and should be given the highest priority.

This perspective of the preferential value of generic measures differs from that of. (Celso AL ET., 2020) who suggest that in asthma research, asthma-specific measures should be given the highest priority. (Celso AL ET., 2020) suggest that, unlike other chronic and/or life-threatening diseases that have a substantially continuous impact on quality of life, the underlying quality of life in asthma, due to its typical episodic nature and symptom-free periods, is more likely to be closer to the general population. For this reason, they question the relevance of generic measures designed primarily for life-threatening diseases for use in asthma studies. (Celso AL ET., 2020) recommend that there is a need for greater specificity in asthma research to determine if there are any significant associations between asthma and risk factors that are independently associated with each of the pathologic processes involved in asthma. These differing perspectives over the relative priorities that should be given to generic versus specific measures continue to fuel this area of active debate. 4.2 Functional status.

      Functional status refers to a person's capacity to carry out routine daily tasks needed to satisfy fundamental requirements, carry out regular responsibilities, and preserve health and well-being (Cordova, 2019). Interest-generating ideas connected to functional status include functional capacity and functional performance. Functional performance refers to the things people do throughout the day, whereas functional capacity refers to a person's maximum ability to carry out daily tasks in the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual realms of life. (Cordova, 2019) Whereas a self-report of daily activities assesses functional performance, a maximum exercise test assesses physical functional capability. (Leidy 1994)

Biological or physiological disability, symptoms, mood, and other elements can all have an impact on functional status. It is also possible that perceptions of health will have an impact. 4.3 Health Status. A person's relative level of health and disease is determined by their health status, which also takes into account the presence of biological or physiological malfunction, symptoms, and functional impairment. Affected individuals' subjective assessments of their health status are known as health perceptions (or perceived health status) (Agusti al et., 2016) While some people believe they are well despite having one or more chronic diseases, others believe they are ill when there is no detectable disease. 4.4 Disease Characteristics.

       The pathophysiology of asthma, a complicated illness, is not fully understood. It is believed to be a complex chronic respiratory disease that affects many people to differing degrees by altering biochemical, immunologic, infectious, autonomic, and psychological systems (Larsen, 1992). Airway inflammation, increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli, and recurring and reversible (though not totally so in some persons) airway blockage can all be used to diagnose asthma (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1991).
          Bronchial smooth muscle contraction, increased mucus secretion, and edema with inflammation cause the blockage of the hyperreactive airways. The contributions of these several factors to airway blockage fluctuate between patients and occasionally even within the same patient. The signs and symptoms are typically episodic and reflect the airway obstruction's reversibility, which might resolve on its own or as a result of treatment. The degree of airway hyperresponsiveness is not constant; it can change in response to many different conditions and stimuli (. The emergence of airway blockage is what causes asthma's clinical signs and symptoms.

Childhood asthma and adult-onset asthma are known to share many of the same causes and triggers. While there is stronger evidence on the role of environmental factors as triggers than causes, there is increasing evidence for interactions among and between environmental and other intrinsic factors, such as genetics and atopy, to potentially cause asthma. The vast majority of childhood-onset asthma manifests as an allergic phenotype, while there is a predominance of the non-allergic phenotype in adult-onset asthma. However, both allergic and non-allergic asthma can exhibit individual responses to both allergic and nonallergic airborne triggers such as animal hair and dander, pollen, and mold (fungal) spores, food allergens, tobacco smoke, or other pollutant exposures Research Design / Methodology. 5.1Research approach

               This study will be based on a quantitative research perspective.

5.2 Research design This study would be based on the cross-sectional research design which is descriptive and quantitative. 5.3 Variables Independent variable In this research, the functional status would be the independent variable. Dependent variable In this research patients with asthma, the disease would be a dependent variable. 5.4 Research setting

               This study will be conducted in Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah, KSA. While all asthma patients will be targeted.

5.5 Sample and sample size

               The patient was diagnosed with asthma and had no additional chronic illnesses other than allergies. At the time of the study, they ranged in age from 2 to 50 years of age (mean 4.9 years; modal age 2 years). Time since asthma diagnosis ranged from 0 to 11 years... The estimated targeted population is about 300 patients. The sample size is 150 including males and females' gender which was calculated through interviewing.

5.6 Sampling technique.

               To collect the data from the targeted population, a purposive nonprobability sampling technique will be applied.

5.7 Eligibility criteria. Inclusive criteria Patient with asthma disease. A patient who has chronic asthma. Adult with asthma Children with asthma. Exclusive criteria. A patient who does not asthmatic disease asthma. 5.8 Description of the tool Part – i. factors aggravated and relieve the

          Standard demographic information was collected about the Patient who has asthma. Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured using the Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Social Status (Hollingshead, 1975). - The four factors used in the index are education, occupation, sex, and marital status. Possible scores with this measurement range from a high of 66 to a low of 8. It is assumed that the higher the score of a family or nuclear unit, the higher the status its members are accorded by other members of our society

Part – ii Satisfaction with Life Scale (short version)

               The questionnaire encompasses several domains that were identified by asthma patients as having an impact on their daily lives. These domains include physical activity limitations; symptoms; emotional function; exposure to environmental stimuli; and avoidance of environmental stimuli. The tool was designed to be capable of measuring change over time within individual people and therefore to be used as an outcome measure to be used in asthma clinical trials.

Research Budget Following is the proposed budget for the ongoing research proposal: 1. 1000 SR for Printing the questionnaire, datasheets, etc. 2. 1000 SR for Statistical Analysis 3. 1000 SR for transportation and conveyance charges. 4. 2000-4000 SR approx. for the Publication of Research in the well-reputed

journal. Anticipated Duration Weeks/Process 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Proposal

Literature review

Ethical Considerations

Data Collection

Data analysis

Writing up

Dissemination/Publication

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Dharmage, S. C., Perret, J. L., & Custovic, A. (2019). Epidemiology of asthma in children and adults. Frontiers in pediatrics, 7, 246.‏

Reddel, H. K., Bacharier, L. B., Bateman, E. D., Brightling, C. E., Brusselle, G. G., Buhl, R., ... & Boulet, L. P. (2022). Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: executive summary and rationale for key changes. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 205(1), 17-35.‏

Reimberg, M. M., Pachi, J. R. S., Scalco, R. S., Serra, A. J., Fernandes, L., Politti, F., ... & Lanza, F. C. (2020). Patients with asthma have reduced functional capacity and sedentary behavior. Jornal de Pediatria, 96, 53-59.‏

Rietveld, S., & Van Beest, I. (2007). Rollercoaster asthma: when positive emotional stress interferes with dyspnea perception. Behavior research and therapy, 45(5), 977-987.

Carr, R. E., Lehrer, P. M., Rausch, L. L., & Hochron, S. M. (1994). Anxiety sensitivity and panic attacks in an asthmatic population. Behavior Research and Therapy, 32(4), 411–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90004-3

Stanford, R. H., Averell, C., Parker, E. D., Blauer-Peterson, C., Reinsch, T. K., & Buikema, A. R. (2019). Assessment of adherence and asthma medication ratio for a once-daily and twice-daily inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β-agonist for asthma. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 7(5), 1488-1496.‏

Freitas PD, Xavier RF, McDonald VM, et al. Identification of asthma phenotypes based on extrapulmonary treatable traits. Eur Respir J 2021; 57: 2000240 13993003.00240-2020.

Burney, P., Detels, R, Higgins, M., Peckham, C, Samet, J., & Tager, I. (1991). Recommendations for research in the epidemiology of asthma. Chest 91. 194S195S.

Agusti A, Bel E, Thomas M, et al. Treatable traits: toward precision medicine of chronic airway diseases. Eur Respir J 2016; 47: 410–419

Wilson, I. B., & Cleary, P. D. (1995). Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life: a conceptual model of patient outcomes. Jama, 273(1), 59-65.

APPENDICES

Annexure - A PART – I. Sociodemographic data Age (in years) < 10 years 10 – 30 more than 30 years. Gender of the student Male Female Level of education. Primary. Secondary. High school. A feeling of loneliness Hardly ever.

Sometimes

Most of the time

Self-rated health.

Poor

Fair

Good

Very good

Excellent

The number of chronic diseases.

No disease

1 disease

2 diseases

3 diseases

4 and over The monthly amount of drinking alcohol. None 0.1-5.0 5.1-15.0 15.1-30.0 30.1 and over Smoking. Never smoking Currently smoking Smoking before At night by symptoms Limitation of normal daily activities Waking in the mornings with symptoms Dyspnea Wheeze Cough Chest discomfort Sputum Colored sputum Need to clear throat Wheezing (while at rest) Ever In last year Once or more/month Wheezing after exercise. Ever In last year Once or more/month Waking with wheezing. Ever In last year Once or more/month Any wheezing (any of questions) Ever In last year Once or more/month Waking with cough Ever In last year Once or more/month Severe attack Ever In last year Once or more/month

Annexure – B

Informed consent

Date S.NO:

Level of Course: Code No:

You are invited to participate voluntarily to participate in research to …………………………... If you are willing to participate in the study, then tick the appropriate response in the structured questionnaires. All information you provide during the research will be held in confidence. Your name will not appear in any report or any publication of the research. If you have any queries about the research or your role in the study, please feel free to contact Ms………..by phone ………. or by e-mail………... The research has been reviewed and approved by the research committee of the college. Signature of the participant Signature of the investigator

Signature:

Date E Reem Ballo (talk) 20:37, 30 March 2023 (UTC)