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Towards Expanding the Article

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===[https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=oa_diss/ Horizontal Violence Among Nurses Experiences, Responses and Job Performance]===

  • 1968: Freire When researchers attempt to explain horizontal violence in nursing, they most often turn to Freire’s (1968) oppressed group behavior model. In Freire’s model, oppression is characterized by assimilation, marginalization, self-hatred, low selfesteem, submissive

behaviors and horizontal violence. The values of the oppressors are internalized by the oppressed. The oppressed group then attempts to assimilate themselves into the powerful group by adopting the group’s values.

  • 1983: Roberts credits Paolo Freire (1968) as first describing oppressed group behavior in his observations of colonized Africans, South Americans, African Americans, Jews and American feminists finding that subordinate groups learn to dislike themselves and their attributes because the dominant group sets the norms for what is valued. He theorized that oppressed people internalize their situation by adopting the dominant group’s beliefs and values while minimizing their own. Oppressed people begin to act like those who oppress them while remaining

submissive to them. This in turn leads to dissatisfaction for their own group and results in the oppressed becoming the oppressors

  • 1983: building on Friere's work, Building on this work, Roberts 1983 proposed that nurses have worked in a situation of oppression since the early 1900s when they began caring for patients in hospitals controlled by male physicians and administrators .. Roberts described how nurses exhibited oppressed group behaviors because of the frustration and powerlessness that they experienced as a result of actions from those higher positions. Not daring to retaliate towards management, the nurses lash out against each other and those of lesser status. Roberts further maintained that nursing leaders in management tended to side with hospital administrators and physicians against their own colleagues.
  • 2001: Farrell

Bruceanthro (talk) 08:32, 16 December 2018 (UTC)[reply]

The end of ‘big men’ politics by Marcia Langton

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  • 2008: Lloyd Robertson, Hawkeye Associates, 'Lateral violence assaults our mental health' at www.hawkeyeassociates.ca/articles/C081.htm, accessed September 10, 2008.
    • Robertson defines that violence as including 'gossip, shaming of others, blaming, backstabbing, family feuds and attempts at socially isolating others'. According to Jefferies, 'This form of violence occurs when out of anger and frustration, an oppressed group turns on itself and begins to violate each other'. Robertson argues that, as a result, the combination of a lack of trust, favouritism and highly defensive people has resulted in poor services, rigid and arbitrary enforcement of rules and a lack of healthy communication. Community spirit has suffered and people have largely stopped volunteering to help their communities become healthy: 'We have learned to oppress each other.'
  • "The symptoms of this are becoming increasingly well known – manifest in both vertical and lateral violence. At its core, there is a pattern of entrenched violence directed both against those in positions of official power, and poisonously and insidiously against those close by who have little power or capacity to respond. Violence as a proxy for power traumatises Indigenous families and communities in Australia, and in other countries that share a history of colonisation and displacement."
  • "We didn't call it lateral violence, but we were trying to find ways to work around the limits of this world. For those of us in leadership positions, lateral violence took the form of verbal abuse, character assassination and innuendo. Lateral violence is the expression of anomie and rage against those who are also victims of vertical violence and entrenched and unequal power relations. Those most at risk of lateral violence in its raw physical form are family members, and in the main, the most vulnerable members of the family: old people, women and children. Especially the children."
  • "Lateral violence is not something unique to Aboriginal Australia. It blights other indigenous peoples as well – in North America, New Zealand and elsewhere. It is increasingly recognised for the harm it does. Lateral violence has many detrimental impacts, and leads to heightened levels of mental illness. Just as sudden – and indeed, constant – death results in a state of permanent grief in some communities,[i] so too the constant bullying and 'humbugging' result in a social malaise akin to grief. Mood swings and disorientation, fear and a poor level of response to ordinary events are typical of the low-level but persistent post-traumatic stress disorder that manifests in these milieux of constant bullying, aggression and humiliation"

What’s in a name? Lateral violence within the Aboriginal community in Adelaide, South Australia

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  • 1963: Fanon - The concept of lateral violence originated from early theorists in Africa who argues that colonial practices were oppressive and used as a power base to control the original or Indigenous people of that country. He suggests that colonised groups attempt to mimic the oppressor and take on the behaviours as well as the values of the oppressors and in turn adopt violent behaviours that can be used amongst members of their own group.
  • 1967: Fanon - The concept of lateral violence originated from early theorists in Africa where he attempted to orient his writing as an instrument for liberation with the possibility of making changes for the better for black people in Africa
  • 1972: Freire -The concept of lateral violence originated from early theorists in Latin America who argues that colonial practices were oppressive and used as a power base to control the original or Indigenous people of that country. He suggests that colonised groups attempt to mimic the oppressor and take on the behaviours as well as the values of the oppressors and in turn adopt violent behaviours that can be used amongst members of their own group.
  • 2006: Healing Our Spirit Worldwide (HOSW) conference in Alberta discussed lateral violence within Canadian Indigenous communities
  • 2008: Langton - The literature on lateral violence signifies colonisation and oppression as contributory factors for lateral violence in the Aboriginal community
  • 2010: Winguard - The literature on lateral violence signifies colonisation and oppression as contributory factors for lateral violence in the Aboriginal community
  • 2011: Human Rights Commission - Recent understandings of lateral violence in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities have been influenced largely by Canadian Indigenous interpretations and experiences of lateral violence .. The literature on lateral violence signifies colonisation and oppression as contributory factors for lateral violence in the Aboriginal community . Aboriginal Social Justice Commissioner Mick Gooda formally named lateral violence as a significant issue within Aboriginal communities

Bruceanthro (talk) 06:04, 14 December 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Lateral violence as a process in First Nations institutions by James, Gil Rocky Konrad

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  • 1970: Paulo Freire says "Submerged in reality, the oppressed cannot perceive clearly the ’order’ which serves the interests of the oppressors whose image they have internalized. Chafing under the restrictions of this order, they often manifest a type of horizontal violence, striking out at their own comrades for the pettiest reasons" (Freire,1970, p.62).

Freire further contributes that "The oppressed suffer from the duality which has established itself in their innermost being. They discover that without freedom they cannot exist authentically. Yet, although they desire authentic existence, they fear it. They are at one and the same time themselves and the oppressor whose consciousness they have internalized. The conflict lies in the choice between being wholly themselves or being divided; between ejecting the oppressor within or not ejecting them; between human solidarity or alienation; between following prescriptions or having choices; between being spectators or actors; between acting or having the illusion of acting through the action of the oppressors; between speaking out or being silent, castrated in their power to create and re-create, in their power to transform the world. This is the tragic dilemma of the oppressed which their education must take into account. (Freire,1970, p.48).

  • 2003: Gould in Collision of Wills; How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict - "my thesis is that violence happens when people get caught in contests for social rank and when for various reasons the contest is difficult to resolve using external social cues concerning the proper outcome" ... This creates an environment of vulnerability where notions of infighting, colonization, segregation, and poverty are the norm. Gould (2003) goes on to say that ”..if this notion is right, then some kinds of relations are more vulnerable to serious conflict than others, regardless of the kinds of people in those relations. The more ambiguous the relation is with respect to who should be expected to outrank whom, the more likely violence is." (p.69)

There kinds of conflict according to Gould are: 1. Conflict, including violent conflict, is particularly likely to occur in relations that are explicitly symmetrical, such as ’friend’ or ’sibling.’ 2. Violent conflict is particularly likely in relations that are inconsistent with respect to rank as when the formally subordinate party to the relation is older than the formally superior party. 3. Conflict is more likely to occur in relations that are adjacent to other relations undergoing instability. Consequently, violent conflict of any sort, including interpersonal disputes, is more widespread during moments of political transformation than during moments of political stability. (Gould, 2003, p.66)

  • 2006: Helin described lateral violence as a product of colonization, being a concept and term applied to those at the bottom of the heap whom, out of the sense of powerless, stike out against their peers at the bottom of the heap .. ie lateral violence is described as the product of the colonized colonizing the colonized

Bruceanthro (talk) 05:36, 15 December 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Wiki Education assignment: ENGL 101 English Composition

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 January 2023 and 28 April 2023. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mtcstt (article contribs).

— Assignment last updated by MiGraber (talk) 13:09, 28 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Kweykway Consulting

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It looks like this group has changed websites, redirecting to https://www.denisefindlay.ca/. Doing a search for the quote on the page gave https://www.denisefindlay.ca/lateral-violence-in-first-nations-communities/ as a top hit.

Should the references be updated to use the denisefindlay.ca url? 64.136.154.224 (talk) 22:38, 16 August 2024 (UTC)[reply]

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