Talk:Interventional radiology

Endovascular surgery split to new page

Endovascular surgery is performed by multiple specialties besides IR, such as Vascular surgery, CT surgery, interventional cardiology. The specialties that dominate vary by region and by country. It seems like it should have its own page given that complexity. BakerStMD 16:15, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

Edits today

Chuckd105 - -about this. Please read WP:MEDRS and specifically the WP:MEDREV section. We don't add content to WP based on PRIMARY sources (please see definitions of sources in MEDRS) and especially not on conference presentations. Jytdog (talk) 18:07, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

jytdog - -about this. Got it. Two questions based on the state of the research. 1. Could we comment on the existence and goal of VERiTAS relative to the SAMMPRIS results by citing the clinicaltrials.gov page. 2. When the peer-reviewed article comes out in ???? medical publication, does the primary source become a secondary source? How far removed does it have to be? I do see journal articles cited in health pages of WP. Than you.

is that discussed in any secondary sources (as defined in MEDRS)? Jytdog (talk) 18:25, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

Unsourced

This section is unsourced. moving here til it can be:

History

Interventional radiologists are minimally invasive specialists. The landscape of medicine is constantly changing, and for the past 30 years, interventional radiologists have been responsible for much of the medical innovation and development of the minimally invasive procedures that are commonplace today.

Early history began in the 1920s with the development of the angiography technique, which constitutes the basis for any vascular intervention. The angiography technique was first developed in 1927 by the Portuguese physician and neurologist Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon to provide contrasted x-ray cerebral angiography into vessels in order to diagnose several kinds of nervous diseases, such as tumors, artery disease and arteriovenous malformations. He is usually recognized as one of the pioneers in this field. Moniz performed the first cerebral angiogram in Lisbon in 1927, and Reynaldo Cid dos Santos performed the first aortogram in the same city in 1929. With the introduction of the Seldinger technique in 1953, the procedure became markedly safer as no sharp introductory devices needed to remain inside the vessel.

Interventional radiologists later pioneered modern medicine with the invention of angioplasty and the catheter-delivered stent, which were first used to treat peripheral arterial disease. By using a catheter to open the blocked artery, the procedure allowed an 82-year-old woman, who refused amputation surgery, to keep her gangrene-ravaged left foot. To her surgeon’s disbelief, her pain ceased, she started walking, and three "irreversibly" gangrenous toes spontaneously sloughed. She left the hospital on her feet—both of them. The growth of interventional radiology was fueled by ties between interventionalists such as Charles Dotter and innovative device manufacturers like Bill Cook. Interventional radiologist Charles Dotter, MD, known as the "Father of Interventional Radiology" for pioneering this technique, was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978.

Alexander Margulis coined the term "interventional" for these new, minimally invasive techniques. He emphasized that to continue to be on the forefront of innovation, interventional radiologists must possess special training, technical skill, clinical knowledge, ability to care for patients, and closely collaborate with surgeons and internal medicine subspecialists.

Development of stents began slowly. In 1969, Dotter conceived the idea of expandable stents with an intra-arterial coil spring. The first stents developed by Dotter and Andrew Craig were made of nitinol. Gianturco introduced his self-expandable Z stent. Hans Wallsten introduced a self-expandable mesh stent, Ernst Strecker a knitted tantalum stent and Julio Palmaz his balloon expandable stent, which was later perfected and introduced to clinical practice. Coronary artery angioplasty and stenting arguably revolutionized the practice of cardiology.

Treatment of GI bleeding has a storied tradition. After introduction of selective vasoconstrictive infusions by Baum, Josef Rösch introduced selective arterial embolization for treatment of uncontrollable bleeding in the early 70s. Anders Lundequist treated variceal bleeding with the technique of transhepatic variceal embolization in the mid 70s. Interventions in the biliary tract were developed by several pioneers. Interventional Radiologist Joachim Burrhenne invented and perfected the technique of percutaneous removal of retained billiary stones. Plinio Rossi and Hall Coons enriched biliary interventions with their work using biliary stents. The innovative interventionalists Kurt Amplatz, Willi Castaneda and Dave Hunter pioneered percutaneous uroradiologic interventions. They popularized nephrostomy drainage, percutaneous stone extraction, and ureteral stenting.

The field of interventional oncology was pioneered by IR legends. Bob White pioneered embolization techniques for pulmonary AVMs. Sid Wallace was one of the first to treat bone and kidney tumors by embolization and treatment of disseminated liver metastases.

Today many conditions that once required surgery can be treated nonsurgically by interventional radiologists. Through a small nick in the skin, they use tiny catheters and miniature instruments so small they can be run through a person’s network of arteries to treat at the site of illness internally, saving the patient from open invasive surgery. While no treatment is risk free, the risks of interventional procedures are far lower than the risks of open surgery, and are a major advance in medicine for patients.

Milestones

• 1964 Angioplasty
• 1966 Embolization therapy to treat tumors and spinal cord vascular malformations by blocking the blood flow
• 1967 The Judkins technique of coronary angiography, the technique still most widely used around the world today
• 1967 Closure of the patent ductus arteriosis, a heart defect in newborns of a vascular opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
• 1967 Selective vasoconstriction infusions for hemorrhage, now commonly used for bleeding ulcers, GI bleeding and arterial bleeding
• 1969 The catheter-delivered stenting technique and prototype stent
• 1960–74 Tools for interventions such as heparinized guidewires, contrast injector, disposable catheter needles and see-through film changer
• 1970s Percutaneous removal of common bile duct stones
• 1970s Occlusive coils
• 1972 Selective arterial embolization for GI bleeding, which was adapted to treat massive bleeding in other arteries in the body and to block blood supply to tumors
• 1973 Embolization for pelvic trauma
• 1974 Selective arterial thrombolysis for arterial occlusions, now used to treat blood clots, stroke, DVT, etc.
• 1974 Transhepatic embolization for variceal bleeding
• 1977–78 Embolization technique for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations and varicoceles
• 1977–83 Bland- and chemo-embolization for treatment of hepatocellular cancer and disseminated liver metastases
• 1980 Cryoablation to freeze liver tumors
• 1980 Development of special tools and devices for biliary manipulation
• 1980s Biliary stents to allow bile to flow from the liver saving patients from biliary bypass surgery
• 1981 Embolization technique for spleen trauma
• 1982 TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) to improve blood flow in damaged livers from conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatitis C
• 1982 Dilators for interventional urology, percutaneous removal of kidney stones
• 1983 The balloon-expandable stent (peripheral) used today
• 1985 Self-expanding stents
• 1990 Percutaneous extraction of gallbladder stones
• 1990 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) technique for liver tumors
• 1990s Treatment of bone and kidney tumors by embolization
• 1990s RFA for soft tissue tumors, i.e., bone, breast, kidney, lung and liver cancer
• 1991 Abdominal aortic stent grafts
• 1994 The balloon-expandable coronary stent used today
• 1997 Intra-arterial delivery of tumor-killing viruses and gene therapy vectors to the liver
• 1999 Percutaneous delivery of pancreatic islet cells to the liver for transplantation to treat diabetes
• 1999 Developed the endovenous laser ablation procedure to treat varicose veins and venous disease

- Jytdog (talk) 00:48, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

Inappropriate format/content

This page mostly consists of lists of clinical contexts and specific types of procedures performed by interventional radiologists (among others), while providing minimal contextual or clinical information. When compared to more recognized and robust procedural subspecialty pages, such as Cardiothoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, or Interventional cardiology, the length and cataloguing format of this page are incongruent. Given that IR is newly declared its own medical subspecialty and is actively attempting to establish itself, a large portion of this page seems self-promotional and thus in violation of appropriateness guidelines (Guidelines on self-promotion, Guidelines on lists). I will start heavily editing unless I hear a good argument otherwise.Dr G (talk) 05:52, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Unsourced procedures

The following is unsourced and was moved here per WP:PRESERVE. Per WP:BURDEN please do not restore without finding independent, reliable sources, checking the content against them, and citing them, and ensuring that this content has appropriate WP:WEIGHT in the article overall.

Procedures

Interventional radiologists commonly perform both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, although diagnostic angiography is becoming less common as the quality and reliability of CT and MRI angiography has allowed for alternative forms of non invasive evaluation.

Diagnostic

• Angiography: Imaging the blood vessels to look for abnormalities with the use of various contrast media, including iodinated contrast, gadolinium based agents, and CO2 gas.
• Cholangiography: Imaging the bile ducts within the liver to look for areas of blockage.

Therapeutic

• Balloon angioplasty/stent: Opening of narrow or blocked blood vessels using a balloon; may include placement of metallic stents as well (both self-expanding and balloon expandable).

• Biliary intervention: Placement of catheters in the biliary system to bypass biliary obstructions and decompress the biliary system. Also placement of permanent indwelling biliary stents.
• Cholecystostomy: Placement of a tube into the gallbladder to remove infected bile in patients with cholecystitis, an inflammation of the gallbladder, who are too frail or too sick to undergo surgery.

• Percutaneous Drain insertions: Placement of tubes into different parts of the body to drain fluids (e.g., abscess drains to remove pus, pleural drains). A common problem is that these tubes get clogged and have to be replaced or removed before all the material is drained.

• Endovascular aneurysm repair
• Embolization: Blocking abnormal blood (artery) vessels (e.g., for the purpose of stopping bleeding) or organs (to stop the extra function e.g. embolization of the spleen for hypersplenism) including uterine artery embolization for percutaneous treatment of uterine fibroids. Various embolic agents are used, including alcohol, glue, metallic coils, poly-viny alcohol particles, Embospheres, encapsulated chemo-microsphere, and gelfoam.
• Chemoembolization: Delivering cancer treatment directly to a tumour through its blood supply, then using clot-inducing substances to block the artery, ensuring that the delivered chemotherapy is not "washed out" by continued blood flow.
• Radioembolization: Embolization of tumors with radioactive microspheres of glass or plastic, to kill tumors while minimizing exposure to healthy cells.

• Thrombolysis: Treatment aimed at dissolving blood clots (e.g., pulmonary emboli, leg vein thrombi, thrombosed hemodialysis accesses) with both pharmaceutical (TPA) and mechanical means.

• Biopsy: Taking of a tissue sample from the area of interest for pathological examination from a percutaneous or transjugular approach.

• Radiofrequency ablation (RF/RFA): Localized destruction of tissue (e.g., tumours) by heating.

• Cryoablation: Localized destruction of tissue by freezing.

• Microwave ablation: Localized destruction of tissue by heating.

• Central venous catheter placement: Vascular access and management of intravenous devices (IVs), including both tunneled and non-tunneled catheters (e.g. PIC, Hickman, port catheters, hemodialysis catheters, translumbar and transhepatic venous lines).

• IVC filters: Metallic filters placed in the inferior vena cavae to prevent propagation of deep venous thrombus, both temporary and permanent.

• Vertebroplasty: Percutaneous injection of biocompatible bone cement inside fractured vertebrae.

• Percutaneous nephrostomy placement: Placing a catheter directly into the kidney to drain urine in situations where normal flow of urine is obstructed. NUS catheters are nephroureteral stents which are placed through the ureter and into the bladder.

• Radiologically inserted gastrostomy or RIG: Placement of a feeding tube percutaneously into the stomach and/or jejunum.

• Dialysis related interventions: Placement of tunneled hemodialysis catheters, peritoneal dialysis catheters, and revision/thrombolysis of poorly functioning surgically placed AV fistulas and grafts.

• TIPS: Placement of a Transjugular Intrahepatic Porto-systemic Shunt (TIPS) for management of select patients with critical end-stage liver disease and portal hypertension.

• Endovenous laser treatment of varicose veins: Placement of thin laser fiber in varicose veins for non-surgical treatment of venous insufficiency.

References

-- Jytdog (talk) 17:46, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

Although much of this article is uncited, the bulk of it does contain factual information which is useful and relevant to the article. Thus, per WP:BURDEN I will start adding back some of this removed content with appropriate citations.Dr G (talk) 21:51, 18 July 2017 (UTC)

unsourced "disorders"

The following is almost entirely unsourced and was moved here per WP:PRESERVE. Per WP:BURDEN please do not restore without finding independent, reliable sources, checking the content against them, and citing them, and ensuring that this content has appropriate WP:WEIGHT in the article overall.

Disorders

Vascular

The field of endovascular surgery arose from interventional radiology techniques to treat disease that is endovascular (inside blood vessels) and has become an alternative to vascular surgery for some conditions such as abdominal aortic aneurysm and peripheral artery disease. Basic techniques involve the introduction of a catheter percutaneously into a large blood vessel by Seldinger technique. Typically the blood vessel chosen is the femoral artery or a vein found near the groin. Access to the femoral artery for example, is required for coronary, carotid, and cerebral angiographic procedures. The catheter is injected with a radio-opaque contrast dye that can be seen on fluoroscopy (live X-ray). As the contrast courses through the blood vessels, characteristic images are seen by experienced viewers and can assist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as atherosclerosis, vascular trauma, or aneurysms.

Endovascular surgery is performed by radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and vascular surgeons.

Varicose veins

Pooling of blood in the veins from weak valves resulting in enlarged, swollen vessels causing pain and cosmetic complaints. Interventional endovenous laser treatment or sclerotherapy may be used to heat the vein from the inside, sealing it closed. Other healthy veins carry blood from the leg to reestablish normal flow.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Most commonly a result of atherosclerosis, occlusion of normal blood flow in the upper and lower extremities may result in pain, skin ulcers, or gangrene. Stenting, angioplasty, and mechanical atherectomy are available interventional treatments. For example, carotid stenting is used for treatment of carotid artery stenosis

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

The formation of a thrombus, or blood clot, in the deep leg veins which may lead to swelling, discoloration, and pain. DVTs can result post-thrombotic syndrome and pulmonary embolism. Post-thrombotic syndrome is irreversible damage from a long-standing DVT in the affected leg veins and valves, leading to chronic pain, swelling, and severe skin ulcers. Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition which occurs when a deep vein thrombus (DVT) breaks off and travels to the lungs, resulting in difficulty breathing. Catheter-directed thrombolysis, balloon angioplasty, or stenting may be performed in the affected vein to dissolve the clot and restore normal blood flow.

Pulmonary embolism

A potentially life-threatening occlusion of the arteries supplying the lungs with blood clots, manifesting in shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and fainting. Catheter-directed thrombolysis may be performed for this condition, where a catheter is inserted into the leg, threaded up to the lung, and then used to infuse "clot-busting" drugs into the occlusion.

IVC filter placement

Patients who have a history of, or are at risk for, pulmonary embolism may receive temporary or permanent inferior vena cava (IVC) filters to prevent the migration of blood clots to the lungs, and consequently prevent recurrence of pulmonary embolism.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA)

A weakening and dilatation of the abdominal aorta wall that can result in abdominal or back pain, and potentially life-threatening bleeding if it ruptures. Interventional treatment of this condition via non-surgical means is endovascular aneurysm repair, using angiography and stenting to occlude the AAA and prevent its continued growth.

Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) and Aortic dissection

Aneurysms, or dilatations, of the thoracic (chest cavity) aorta may be caused by atherosclerosis, syphilis, trauma, or multiple other conditions. Aortic dissections are tears in the thoracic aorta resulting from trauma or weakening of the aortic vessel walls from conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and congenital conditions such as Marfan syndrome. Interventional treatments for TAAs and aortic dissections utilize stent grafts, sometimes in combination with surgery, to prevent blood flow from enlarging the diseased area or rupturing the aorta.

Acute limb ischemia

The sudden disruption of blood flow to an arm or a leg due to arterial occlusion by a blood clot or other debris, potentially treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy.

Acute mesenteric ischemia

A medical emergency resulting from interruption of the blood supply to the abdominal organs due to blockage of the mesenteric arteries or veins by thrombus, embolus, or aortic dissection. Treatment varies by etiology of the ischemia, but may include thrombolysis, stenting, or angioplasty.

Aneurysms of visceral arteries

Dilatation of visceral arteries supplying organs such as the spleen, liver, or gastrointestinal tract can result in pain and life-threatening bleeding. Stenting, embolization, liquid occlusion, and thrombin injection are the available interventional therapies for these disorders.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)

Aberrations in normal vascular anatomy treatable by embolization which may cause pain, bleeding, heart problems, or cosmetic concerns.

Oncologic

Various interventional therapies exist to treat cancer. Tumor type, size, extent of disease, operator experience, and involvement of anatomical structures all factor into deciding which therapy is most appropriate. Some therapies, such as transarterial chemoembolization, block the blood supply to tumors. Other techniques--radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation, cryoablation, Irreversible electroporation(IRE), and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)—directly damage the cancerous tissue. All of these treatments are delivered locally, minimizing damage to nearby tissue and avoiding the systemic side-effects of chemotherapy. Depending on cancer type, extent of disease, and patient characteristics, these therapies may be useful as adjuncts to surgical or medical therapies.

Liver cancer

In addition to liver resection and liver transplantation, cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, Irreversible electroporation, percutaneous ethanol injection, chemoembolization, and radioembolization each have roles in adjunct or definitive therapy for certain types of liver tumors, depending on cancer type and patient selection/stratification.

Lung cancer

In addition to surgery (lobectomy), minimally invasive treatment options, including high-dose radiation therapies and percutaneous thermal (radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation) have emerged as safe and effective therapies.

Kidney Cancer

Cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and Irreversible electroporation have emerged as treatment options alongside surgical nephrectomy and radiation therapy. For certain types of tumors, embolization has also been described.

Bone Cancer

Interventional radiologists play a role in the management of primary and secondary bone tumors with the aid of image-guided techniques, vertebroplasty, ethanol injection, radiofrequency ablation, laser photocoagulation, cryoablation, radiofrequency ionization (coblation), and HIFU. Thermal ablative therapies are also useful in the treatment of metastatic disease to the bones, and can offer patients pain relief and tumor control. Additionally, bland embolization has been used to minimize blood loss in patients undergoing surgical resection of bone tumors.

Breast Cancer

Interventional Radiologists utilize various minimally invasive ablative therapy techniques for the treatment of breast cancer, including: radiofrequency ablation, cryotherapy, interstitial laser therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasonography, and focused microwave thermotherapy.

Minimally invasive thermal ablation and embolization has also been used to treat liver and bone metastases from breast cancer.

Prostate Cancer

The appropriate management of prostate cancer is controversial. Common practice involves treating the whole gland in order to fully eliminate the typically multifocal disease. However, this form of treatment (i.e. radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy) is associated with significant negative outcomes including urinary incontinence and impotence. Interventional oncology offers alternative, tissue-preserving focal therapies that might minimize adverse treatment outcomes since they are less invasive and minimally traumatic. These therapies include cryoablation, HIFU, laser-based phototherapy, brachytherapy, radiofrequency ablation, Irreversible electroporation,and photodynamic therapy. Current studies are investigating the efficacy of these therapies for the management of prostate cancer. Patients with recurrent cancer might particularly benefit from these therapies since they apply highly sensitive imaging to guide specifically targeted treatment.

Pancreatic cancer

Of the minority of patients with resectable disease, surgery remains the only potentially curative option. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are mainstays in the treatment and palliation of pancreatic cancer. Irreversible electroporation, may present as a potential treatment option for patients with local andenocarcinoma. Martin et al evaluated overall survival in 54 patients with local pancreatic adenocarcinoma; they compared their IRE-treated cohort to matched stage III patients treated with standard therapy. They found a statistically significant increase in local progression-free survival, distant progression-free survival, and overall survival, amongst the patients treated with IRE.

Neurologic

Stroke

A neurological condition occurring when the brain is starved of oxygen and nutrients resulting from the blockage of blood vessels supplying it (ischemic stroke) or from bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). Symptoms include language, motor, sensory, and vision deficits. Interventional neuroradiologists play a critical role in determining the type of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) using non-contrast computed tomography (CT) imaging or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and then treating the stroke using minimally invasive treatment, if possible. Strokes caused by blood clots can be treated by intra-arterial thrombolysis or by mechanical thrombectomy. Strokes caused by bleeding resulting from ruptured aneurysms may be treated by embolization, most commonly using tiny metal coils.

AV malformation

The formation of a "tangle" of disorganized blood vessels, or "arteriovenous malformations", within the brain. Sometimes causing symptoms, other times resulting in brain clots or bleeds, these anomalous structures may be treatable using minimally invasive embolization therapy.

Carotid artery stenosis

A narrowing of the carotid artery supplying the brain which can lead to stroke and disability. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is an alternative to surgical carotid endarterectomy (CEA) which may be performed in patients who have symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease but who are poor candidates for open surgery.

Multiple Sclerosis

Angioplasty of the cervical veins has been suggested as an interventional treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) that, hypothetically, contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. This hypothesis is highly controversial and treatment of CCSVI by methods of interventional radiology is encouraged only in context of research.

Spine

Spinal fractures

Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, the percutaneous injection of biocompatible cement into fractured vertebrae, are two available treatments for vertebral fractures.

Hepatobiliary

Portal hypertension

A condition in which the normal flow of blood through the liver is slowed or blocked by scarring (cirrhosis) or other damage (e.g. hepatitis). Patients with the condition are at risk of internal bleeding or other life-threatening complications. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) formation is a minimally invasive treatment to alleviate this impaired blood flow.

Bile Duct Obstruction

Patients with liver cancer, bile duct cancer, cholecystitis, cholangitis, or other hepatobiliary pathology may experience obstruction of bile ducts. Interventional radiologists commonly perform procedures such as percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTHC or PTC) to image these obstructions, and may treat these conditions using percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), wherein catheters or stents are placed through the skin and into the bile ducts to drain the bile for prolonged periods of time or until surgery.

Women’s Health

Uterine fibroids

Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths of the muscular portion of the uterus which may cause pain and heavy bleeding. Interventional radiologists are able to perform non-surgical, minimally invasive treatments of uterine fibroids, called uterine fibroid embolization (UFE), or uterine artery embolization (UAE), using real-time imaging. In this procedure, the interventional radiologist accesses the uterine arteries via a catheter in the femoral or radial artery. The physician guides the catheter into the uterine arteries that supply blood to the fibroid and then releases tiny particles or coils through the catheter to occlude the blood supply of the tumor, causing it to shrink and die.

Fibroid embolization may require a hospital stay of one night, but is often done safely as an outpatient procedure. A procedure without complications can take as little as 30 minutes and the patient can stand up and walk out of the OR unaided. On average, 85-90 percent of women who have had the procedure experience significant or total relief of heavy bleeding, pain and/or bulk-related symptoms. Recurrence of fibroids treated by UFE is very rare.

Pelvic congestion syndrome

A condition caused by pooling of blood in the pelvic veins, possibly resulting in pelvic pain and lower extremity varicose veins. Interventional vein embolization is possible in some cases, eliminating the need for surgical removal of the ovaries and/or uterus.

Infertility

One cause of female infertility is the blockage or narrowing of the fallopian tubes through which eggs pass from the ovary to the uterus. This cause of infertility may be diagnosed using selective salpingography and treated by opening the narrowing using a minimally invasive device such as a balloon.

Kidney

Renal artery stenosis

A narrowing of the arterial supply of the kidneys which may result in high blood pressure (hypertension) or renal insufficiency. Diagnosis of these conditions is made by measuring the diameter of stenosis, the blood pressure across the area of stenosis, renal vein renin sampling, and captopril challenge testing. Stenosis may be treated by balloon angioplasty or stenting.

Renal failure/Dialysis catheter placement

Patients in renal failure may require the placement of a hemodialysis catheter prior to initiating hemodialysis for renal failure.

Dialysis fistula/Arterio-venous graft clot

Dialysis fistulae and grafts may become occluded by blood clots, requiring an interventional “declot” procedure in which mechanical or chemical thrombolysis is performed to eliminate the clot.

Dialysis fistula/Arterio-venous graft failure

Dialysis fistulae and grafts may fail to “mature”, resulting in the need to image the fistula and potentially relieve any blockages using angioplasty.

Nephrostomy tube placement

In conditions where a blockage exists between the kidney and the urethra, such as with kidney stones, a tube may be placed into the kidney under imaging guidance to allow the drainage of urine and to prevent kidney damage.

Renal Sympathetic Denervation

An ablation catheter can be used to denervate the renal arteries in resistant hypertension, often reducing the blood pressure.

Other

Gastric varices

A condition in which blood flow through the vessels around the stomach is slowed or stopped, potentially resulting in bleeding. Interventional treatments include embolization and balloon-retrograde transverse obliteration (BRTO).

Varicoceles and male infertility

A dilatation in the veins of the scrotum which can result in pain, swelling, and infertility. It is potentially treated interventionally using embolization and sclerotherapy.

Central venous access

Vascular access and management of specialized kinds of vascular access devices (VADs). Vascular access devices include nontunneled catheters such as PICC lines, tunneled catheters such as Hickman lines, and fully implanted devices or subcutaneous ports. Access sites include arm/leg veins PICC lines as well as jugular, subclavian and femoral veins and in some cases the inferior vena cava is directly accessed by translumbar and transhepatic routes.

Percutaneous drains

Drainage of fluid from various body compartments using catheters and drains placed through the skin (e.g., abscess drains to remove pus, pleural drains).

Gastrostomy tube placement

In instances where patients are unable to take food by mouth, a feeding tube may be placed through the skin and into the stomach using imaging guidance.

Biopsies

Samples of tissue may be required to identify the cause of certain diseases. Using imaging guidance, interventional radiologists may minimally invasively reach underlying tissue using a small needle to pierce the skin and retrieve tissue samples from the target organ.

Pediatric interventions

Minimally invasive procedures commonly performed in children include obtaining central venous access, gastrostomy tube placement, diagnostic angiography, biopsies, and percutaneous drainage.

References

-- Jytdog (talk) 17:49, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

Unsourced Imaging Modalities and tools

The following is almost entirely unsourced and was moved here per WP:PRESERVE. Per WP:BURDEN please do not restore without finding independent, reliable sources, checking the content against them, and citing them, and ensuring that this content has appropriate WP:WEIGHT in the article overall.

Imaging Modalities

Common interventional imaging modalities include fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as traditional (plain) radiography:

• Fluoroscopy and computed tomography use ionizing radiation. However, both methods have the advantages of being fast and geometrically accurate.
• Ultrasound is frequently used to guide needles during vascular access and drainage procedures. Ultrasound offers real-time feedback and is inexpensive. Ultrasound suffers from limited penetration and difficulty visualizing needles, catheters and guidewires.
• Magnetic resonance imaging provides superior tissue contrast, at the cost of being expensive and requiring specialized instruments that will not interact with the magnetic fields present in the imaging volume.

Tools

The general basic tools of IR are needles, sheaths, catheters, and wires, however a large subset of highly specialized tools within, and outside of, these basic categories exist. Specialized devices exist to destroy tumors (ablation probes), treat diseased blood vessels (stents and atherectomy devices), stop bleeds (embolics and coils), stop blood clot migration (IVC filters, distal embolization protection devices), etc.

Wires vary in length, material, and shape. These varying properties allow for different functions.

Catheters can be loosely divided into five types:

• Diagnostic angiographic catheters
• Micro catheters
• Drainage catheters
• Balloon catheters
• Central venous catheters

References

-- Jytdog (talk) 17:50, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

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Alignment with main article

I was going to fix a disambiguation of coil but the entire section on Vertebral augmentation/vertebroplasty seems to be out of sync with the more current article on Vertebral augmentation. Is there someone here that monitors this article closely? I can align the two but don't want to overstep. Ian Furst (talk) 00:47, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

proposed layout;

Medical tests

Articles about diagnostic tests or other medical tests may follow this suggested order. Many articles will only need some of these sections. This might also be a useful model for certain procedures.

While a general description of procedures may have encyclopedic value, articles about tests and other medical procedures should not provide step-by-step directions, patient instructions, disclaimers or warnings. Wikipedia is not an instruction manual and does not give medical advice.

Types, if more than one kind or variant of the test or procedure exists Medical uses, including approved indications, non-approved indications (also called off-label uses), and contraindications Interpretation of results, including accuracy and specificity of test results Adverse effects Procedure Preparation Mechanism, how the test or procedure works Legal issues, such as whether special counseling is mandated, if any History of the test Society and culture Research Veterinary use

Ian Furst (talk) 03:08, 17 January 2020 (UTC)