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Pronunciation?

I assume en THEO gen 74.60.161.158 (talk) 14:56, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

That's how I'd pronounce it. Sizeofint (talk) 16:57, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

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History, "Before Present"

I don't think it makes much sense to divide the entire history of entheogen use into "before" 1950" and "after 1950". I also don't think the "Before Present timescale is particularly useful here (especially not when mixing BP and BC dates, as that section currently does). Plus, I think 8000+ years of history probably warrant more than just one poorly-sourced paragraph. (Unfortunately, I don't know enough about the subject to improve it myself). Iapetus (talk) 09:29, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

Copyediting

In § Entheogen#Controversial entheogens

Common recreational drugs that cause chemical dependence have a history of entheogenic use. Perhaps because they could not access traditional entheogens as shamans were very secret with their sacraments who regarded non-visioning sacraments as hedonistic.

The second sentence is massively garbled. I have made what sense of the paragraph I can and marked a problem:

Common recreational drugs that cause chemical dependence have a history of entheogenic use, perhaps because their users could not access traditional entheogens, as shamans, considering non-visioning uses of their entheogens as hedonistic, were very secretive with them.{{citation needed|reason="perhaps because..." is speculation}}

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Revised tables

Specie Entheogen name Drug class Regions/Cultures of use
Amanita muscaria Fly agaric Deliriant Siberian shamans.[1] Scandinavia. The Soma drink of India.
Anadenanthera colubrina Vilca Psychedelic There have been reports of active use of vilca by Wichi shamans, under the name hatáj.[2]
Anadenanthera peregrina Yopo Psychedelic Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.[3]
Argyreia nervosa Hawaiian baby woodrose Psychedelic Huna shamans used them according to various oral histories.[4]
Banisteriopsis caapi and Peganum harmala Ayahuasca Psychedelic South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. UDV of Brazil and United States.
Brugmansia spp. Angel's trumpet Deliriant South America,[5] sometimes used as part of ayahuasca.
Calea ternifolia Thle-pela-kano Oneirogen The Chontal people of Oaxaca reportedly use the plant, known locally as thle-pela-kano, during divination.
Camellia sinensis Tea Stimulant Tea ceremonies has been ritualized for centuries. Also, tea is an entheogen that have been drunk by Buddhist monks since the Sui Dynasty (589–618 BC) to maintain a state of “mindful alertness” during long periods of meditation.[6]
Cannabis spp. Cannabis, hashish (charas), kief Cannabinoid Hindu religion in India, Rastafari movements, Cannabis-based religions like First Church of Cannabis or International Church of Cannabis and other various groups (see entheogenic use of cannabis)
Catha edulis Khat Stimulant For centuries, religious leaders have consumed the leaves to stay awake during long nights of prayer.[7]
Coffea Coffee Stimulant The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century, in Yemen's Sufi monasteries.[8] The sufi monks drank coffee as an aid to concentration and even spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God.[9]
Bufo alvarius (etc) Psychoactive toad Psychedelic Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art. Psychoactive toads are stroked in the areas around their paratoid glands which causes the toad to excrete its venom that is caught and smoked.
Datura stramonium Jimson weed Deliriant Algonquin, Navajo, Cherokee, Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie-Galante used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties.[10][11][12] It has also been used by Sadhus of India, and the Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary).
Diplopterys cabrerana Chaliponga Psychedelic Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of ayahuasca.
Echinopsis lageniformis Bolivian torch cactus Psychedelic South America
Echinopsis pachanoi San Pedro cactus Psychedelic South America
Echinopsis peruviana Peruvian torch cactus Psychedelic Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru.
Erythroxylaceae spp. Coca Stimulant Coca has been a vital part of the religious cosmology of the Andean peoples of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, northern Argentina, and Chile from the pre-Inca period through the present. [citation needed] In addition, coca use in shamanic rituals is well documented wherever local native populations have cultivated the plant. For example, the Tayronas of Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta use to chew the plant before engaging in extended meditation and prayer.[13]
Peganum harmala Harmal (espand) Psychedelic Iran and the Middle East.
Hyoscyamus niger Henbane Deliriant Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages.
Ipomoea violacea
Ipomoea tricolor 		Morning glory Psychedelic Aztecs and Mazatec[14]
Lophophora williamsii Peyote Psychedelic Native American Church is known as peyotism.[15][16] Alsu used in the Oshara Tradition.
Mimosa tenuiflora Jurema Psychedelic Used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in the Northeastern Brazil.[17]
Nicotiana rustica Aztec tobacco Stimulant Mapacho (South America)[18] and thuoc lao (thuốc lào) (Vietnam).
Nymphaea caerulea Blue lily ? Mayans and the Ancient Egyptians.[19]
Papaver somniferum Opium, Opium poppy Depressant From the earliest finds, opium appears to have had ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power.[20] In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention is credited to Thoth, and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache.[21] A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies, c. 1300 BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus.[22][23] The Greek gods Hypnos (Sleep), Nyx (Night), and Thanatos (Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of Apollo, Asklepios, Pluto, Demeter, Aphrodite, Kybele and Isis, symbolizing nocturnal oblivion.[21]. The opium poppy was a magical ritual plant among the Germanic tribes.[24]
Paraponera clavata Bullet ant Toxic The Satere-Mawe people use bullet ants to sting them in their initiation rites 20 times.[25]
Piper methysticum Kava Depressant Kava cultures are the religious and cultural traditions of western Oceania which consume kava.
Psilocybe spp. (etc) Psilocybin mushroom Psychedelic Mazatec[26]
Psychotria viridis Chacruna Psychedelic UDV of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. Santo Daime have used it as part of ayahuasca.
Rhododendron spp. Labrador tea Deliriant Caucasian peasants used Rhododendron plants for these effects in shamanistic rituals.[27]
Rhododendron ponticum Mad honey Toxic In Nepal, this type of honey is used by the Gurung people both for its supposed medicinal and hallucinogenic properties.[28]
Salvia divinorum Ska María Pastora Psychedelic Mazatec[29]
Siganus spp. (etc) Hallucinogenic fish Psychedelic
Silene capensis African dream root Oneirogens Xhosa people of South Africa.[30]
Tabernanthe iboga Iboga Psychedelic Bwiti religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction.
Turbina corymbosa Christmas vine Psychedelic Mazatec[14]
Virola elongata Nyakwána Psychedelic The Yanomami people use the powdered resin as an entheogen known as nyakwána which is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity, it contains a high concentration of 5-MeO-DMT and DMT.[31]
Virola sebifera Myristica sebifera Psychedelic The smoke of the inner bark of the tree is used by shamans of the indigenous people of Venezuela in cases of fever conditions, or cooked for driving out evil ghosts.[32]
Vitis spp. (fermented) Wines Depressant Used in rituals and worshipped by the Egyptians[33] and the Greeks, specifically in worship of Dionysus. Used symbolically, but not as an entheogen (in the form of Sacramental wine) by Christians.
Chemicals

Many man-made chemicals with little human history have been recognized to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts. Some synthetic entheogens like 4-AcO-DMT are theorized to be prodrugs that metabolize into the natural psychoactive, similar in nature to how the synthetic compound heroin is deacetylated by esterase to the active morphine. While synthesized DMT and mescaline is reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as extracted or plant based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how pure THC is very different than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as cannabidiol and cannabinol.

IUPAC name Common name Drug class Notes
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine 2C-B Psychedelic 2C-B is used by the Sangoma over their traditional plants.[34] Although acting strongly as an empathogen-entactogen, 2C-B is notably psychedelic in a unique way. Although some users feel the 2C-x series are better suited for recreational purposes, 2C-B is consistently excluded as an exception and is an exceptional example for its class.[35]
N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)]ethyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine DPT Psychedelic DPT is used as a religious sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light who believes that DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of God.[36]
(RS)-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone Ketamine Dissociative Ketamine psychedelic therapy (KPT) have been used for preparation for death (thanatological, death-rebirth psychotherapy)[37]
(6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide LSD Psychedelic Used by League for Spiritual Discovery (LSD), and the Neo-American Church. Widely explored in psychedelic therapy-
(RS)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine MDMA Entactogen Small doses of MDMA are used as an entheogen to enhance prayer or meditation by some religious practitioners.[38]
[3-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate Psilocybin Psychedelic The Mazatec curandera María Sabina was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of synthetic psilocybin named Indocybin synthesized by Albert Hofmann.[39]

References

  1. ^ Nyberg, H. (1992). "Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures". Karstenia. 32 (71–80).
  2. ^ Ott, Jonathan (2001). Shamanic Snuffs or Enthogenic Errhines. EthnoBotanica. p. 90. ISBN 1-888755-02-4.
  3. ^ Juan P. Ogalde; Bernardo T. Arriaza; Elia C. Soto (2010). "Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.)". Latin American Antiquity. 21 (4): 441–450.
  4. ^ "Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge". www.entheology.org.
  5. ^ Harner, Michael (1980). The Way of the Shaman. New York: Harper & Row. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18078704
  7. ^ http://www.ogina.org/issue5/issue5_culture_of_khat_ezekiel.html
  8. ^ Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). The world of caffeine. Routledge. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9.
  9. ^ McHugo, John (18 April 2013). "How a drink downed by Arab mystics went global". BBC News.
  10. ^ Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. Academic Press. 2011. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-12-386525-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine. Oxford University Press. 2010. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-19-537001-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Davis, Wade (1997). The Serpent and the Rainbow: a Harvard scientist's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo, zombis and magic. Simon & Schuster. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-0-684-83929-5.
  13. ^ Museo del Oro, Banco de la República. "Museo del Oro, Colombia" (in Spanish). Banrep.gov.co. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html
  15. ^ Catherine Beyer. "Peyote and the Native American Church". About.com Religion & Spirituality. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  16. ^ http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/jms089/Z-Unpublished%20Work/Shields-Christ%20&%20Cactus.pdf
  17. ^ "Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil". www.maps.org.
  18. ^ "Shamanic Tobaccos". Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge - A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. Bantam. 1992. p. 196. ISBN 0-553-37130-4.
  19. ^ Bertol, Elisabetta; Fineschi, Vittorio; Karch, Steven B.; Mari, Francesco; Riezzo, Irene (2004). "Nymphaea cults in ancient Egypt and the New World: a lesson in empirical pharmacology". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 97 (2): 84–85. doi:10.1258/jrsm.97.2.84. PMC 1079300. PMID 14749409.
  20. ^ M J Brownstein (June 15, 1993). "A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (12): 5391–5393. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391. PMC 46725. PMID 8390660.
  21. ^ a b Paul L. Schiff, Jr. (2002). "Opium and its alkaloids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ P. G. Kritikos; S. P. Papadaki (January 1, 1967). "The early history of the poppy and opium". Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens. Retrieved May 26, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ E. Guerra Doce (January 1, 2006). "Evidencias del consumo de drogas en Europa durante la Prehistoria". Trastornos Adictivos (in Spanish). 8 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1016/S1575-0973(06)75106-6. Retrieved May 10, 2007. (includes image)
  24. ^ http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=259[full citation needed]
  25. ^ Backshall, Steve (6 January 2008). "Bitten by the Amazon". London: The Sunday Times. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  26. ^ Wasson RG. (1980). The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-068443-0.
  27. ^ Andrews, Steve; Rindsberg, Katrina (April 2001). Herbs of the Northern Shaman: A Guide to Mind-Altering Plants of the Northern Hemisphere. Loompanics Unlimited. ASIN 1559502118. ISBN 9781559502115. OCLC 780276732. {{cite book}}: Check |asin= value (help)
  28. ^ Treza, Raphael (2011). "Hallucinogen honey hunters". topdocumentaryfilms.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  29. ^ Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983, p. 287.
  30. ^ J. F. Sobiecki (2008). "A review of plants used in divination in southern Africa and their psychoactive effects" (PDF). Southern African Humanities. 20: 333–351.
  31. ^ Agurell, S; Holmstedt, B; Lindgren, JE; Schultes, RE (1969). "Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 23 (3): 903–16. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-0903. PMID 5806312.
  32. ^ Christian Rätsch: Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. AT Verlag, 2007, 8. Auflage, ISBN 978-3-03800-352-6
  33. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. ^ Chen Cho Dorge (2010-05-20). "2CB chosen over traditional entheogens by South African healers". Evolver.net.
  35. ^ Oroc, James (May 21, 2009). Tryptamine Palace: 5-MeO-DMT and the Sonoran Desert Toad. Park Street Press. p. 295. ISBN 1594772991.
  36. ^ "Temple of the true inner light". psychede.tripod.com. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
  37. ^ http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ketamine/ketamine_journal5.shtml
  38. ^ MDMA and Religion. CSP. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.
  39. ^ "Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A". Sagewisdom.org. Retrieved 2013-01-13.

-- — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jilja (talk • contribs) 23:00, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Hey Jilja, I restored my comments above and moved your revised tables down here. Please don't edit other people's comments. Jytdog (talk) 23:10, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
@Jytdog:@Sizeofint: The new table is mostly sourced, can I move it to List of entheogens? --Jilja (talk) 22:49, 30 October 2017 (UTC)
I'm not opposed. Sizeofint (talk) 02:43, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
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