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Carbohydates

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I am removing the claim

"However, a far more effective method is to both greatly reduce, eliminate carbohydrate intake (and reduce stored body fats) because it is absorbed carbohydrates, converted to triglyceride fats for storage, which drive high triglyceride concentrations.[11]"

There are two issues. The first is that the citation given does not substantiate the claim at all. It simply discusses the basics of fat/protein/carb storage in the body, but makes no claim on blood trigliceryde levels.

The second issue is that the claim that "absorbed carbohydrates, converted to triglycerides" is incorrect. De novo lipogenesis (carbohydrates converted to triglycerides for storage) does not occur in most dietary conditions in humans (see: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10365981 ). 

 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.215.248.84 (talk) 20:56, 8 December 2016 (UTC)[reply]

Hunington

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Removed the claim: 

It has also been proved that it can slow down and in some case reverse the growth of Huntinton's disease

because

  • It was unsourced,
  • It's apparently misspelled (Huntington's chorea?)
  • The claim is not supported by the US govt.

So I added a link to the NIH site that discusses Fish oil and omega-3s. David.Throop 20:36, 14 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

There's a new compound being developed for Huntington's, and it is essentially artificial EPA. It's called "Miraxion". In a stage III trial now, AFAIK. Best regards, CopperKettle 11:23, 6 May 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Actually, Miraxon is the ethyl-ester of EPA. It failed its Phase III trials for Huntington's.
  • "Huntington's Disease Society of America: Miraxion Clinical Study Top-Line Results". Retrieved 2007-11-23.
David.Throop (talk) 15:45, 23 November 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Pageblanking

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Same site has removed Talk page discussion of fishoilblog from EPA, DHA, Cod liver oil and Fish oil pages.

Citationstyle

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I don't understand the complaint about the citation style. The citation links seem to be in pretty good shape to me. The person adding the warning didn't leave any specifics about suggested improvements. I'm removing the Citationstyle link; I'm open to restoring it if someone has some specific requests. David.Throop 20:41, 1 October 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Snake oil

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I added a link to snake oil. The Chinese water snake, Enhydris chinensis, is richest known EPA source - the diet of the water snake consists almost solely on fish. Its fat contains even more EPA than that of salmon.62.237.141.27 16:49, 12 October 2007 (UTC)[reply]

That seems fair enough to me, though some explanation may be needed next to the link, because the term "snake oil" has fraudulent connotations in Western society. --Kyoko 17:00, 12 October 2007 (UTC)[reply]
A source for the information on Enhydris chinensis would also be helpful. --Kyoko 17:02, 12 October 2007 (UTC)[reply]
See the Kunin citation over at Snake oil
David.Throop (talk) 16:19, 23 November 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Surely "snake oil" does connote fraudulence, but whether the connotation is fraudulent or not is a matter for linguists and historians, not biochemists, to decide. What must be made clear is that Wikipedia does not intend, in this case, to imply that connotation. That can best be done, in my opinion, by avoiding the term "snake oil" entirely. How about "Chinese water snake fat"? Unfree (talk) 11:31, 23 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]
Snake oil needs to be removed or changed. Somatosis (talk) 01:46, 21 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]

There are some quite important health claims implied in this article. These are not referenced to good quality research, reference 1 is a nutritionist's web site! If EPA is capable of a fraction of what is claimed, research groups all over the world would by now have conducted proper randomised trials and the meta analysis would be avalible. In fact the references are all old implying "cherry picking" of research, a key tactic in snake oil sales Enverdog (talk) 16:07, 24 October 2011 (UTC)[reply]

Medical recommend

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I removed the sentence

Fatty acids supplements should be taken with extra care especially if you are under medication due to potential drug interaction.

because it was not supported by the citation given. (The citation says that several Cytochrome P450 enzymes are inhibited, but makes no medical recommendation.) David.Throop 21:43, 5 November 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I am not the original author, but I disagree with this removal. Inhibiting cytochrome p450 would give excellent reason to give general caution in this instance.. Going into the details would be overly complicated for the purposes of this article, moreover it is not the place of Wikipedia to make direct medical recommendations.

Patients should be made aware of this, so they can investigate further and more importantly, discuss it with their doctor.

As a researcher, I would have appreciated this reference still being made available. Genetikbliss (talk) 17:02, 1 August 2019 (UTC)[reply]

Effectiveness

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"The US National Institute of Health's MedlinePlus lists a large number of conditions in which EPA (alone or in concert with other ω-3 sources) is known or thought to be effective."

That statement is needlessly vague. "Conditions" could refer to anything from bliss to polka-dottedness. "Large numbers" might only mean millions, but it could mean millions of googolplexes. Worst of all, "effective" seems to indicate that EPA causes the condition. Is that what Wikipedia means to say? Unfree (talk) 11:15, 23 May 2008 (UTC)[reply]

No mention of monoglyceride, diglyceride or triglyceride ...

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but the Finnish article for EPA claims §Ethyl-EPA is not in the form of monoglyceride, diglyceride nor triglyceride, like traditional fish oils where fatty acids have bonded into glycerol.§, translated well enough hopefully in 01am.

Why icosapentaenoic acid and not icosanoic acid?

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It is strange that the unsaturated fatty acid is known as icosapentaenoic acid and not icosanoic acid. It appears to be icosanoic acid. Like propanoic acid, ethanoic acid, and the like. Why this strangeness in name, especially, in the IUPAC nomenclature? Bkpsusmitaa (talk) 15:18, 9 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Eicosanoic acid has only single bond, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid has five (penta-) double bonds (-ene). --JorisvS (talk) 17:07, 9 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]

How is Vascepa manufactured? 

Is the source synthetically derived?  Genetikbliss (talk) 17:04, 1 August 2019 (UTC)[reply]

Edit request

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In the section on Clinical significance following the first paragraph ending with the sentence "Most of these involve its ability to lower inflammation" please add:

EPA has been approved by the FDA alone and in combination with other ingredients as an adjunct to diet to reduce triglyceride (TG) levels in patients with very high triglycerides (VHTG).[1] When used to reduce very high triglycerides, defined as TG ≥ 500 mg/dL, the FDA-approved prescription EPA-only omega-3 fatty acid product was not associated with increases in LDL-C as compared to placebo in a clinical trial.[2] Prescription and supplement omega-3 fatty acid mixtures that contain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may elevate LDL-C.[3]

EPA has been identified as a potent antioxidant. Antioxidants may play a role by protecting against the toxic effects of free radicals.[4] EPA has been shown to benefit endothelial function [5] and lipid peroxidation in humans[6], both of which are associated with atherosclerosis. Due to its potent antioxidant effects, EPA, compared with other TG-lowering agents and DHA, uniquely reduces lipoprotein oxidation in-vitro.[7][8][9]Further, improvements in endothelial function, represented by changes in nitric oxide (NO) release, alone and in combination with statin, have been observed with EPA, but not DHA or other triglyceride-lowering agents.[10] [11] When tested in vitro in model membrane lipid vesicles, EPA, but not other TG-lowering agents tested in this model, inhibited the formation of cholesterol crystalline domains associated with atherosclerosis.[12]

Further down in that section following the sentence "EPA has an inhibitory effect on the CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 hepatic enzymes. At high dose, it may also inhibit the activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 important enzymes involved in drug metabolism." please add the follownig sentence:

In human pharmacokinetic studies, no drug to drug interactions were observed with EPA in combination with omeprazole, rosiglitazone, warfarin, and atorvastatin which are typical substrates of cytochrome P450 enzymes.[13][14] [15][16]5020QVRoad (talk) 18:18, 20 April 2015 (UTC)[reply]


References

  1. ^ Weintraub, HS (2014). "Overview of prescription omega-3 fatty acid products for hypertriglyceridemia". Postgrad Med. (126): 7–18. doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.11.2828. PMID 25387209. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  2. ^ Bays, HE; Ballantyne, CM; Kastelein, JJ; Isaacsohn, JL; Braeckman, RA; Soni, PN (2011). "Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in patients with very high triglyceride levels (from the Multi-center, plAcebo-controlled, Randomized, double-blINd, 12-week study with an open-label Extension [MARINE] trial)". Am J Cardiol (108): 682–690. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.04.015. PMID 21683321. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  3. ^ Jacobson, TA; Ito, MK; Maki, KC (2014). "National Lipid Association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: Part 1 – executive summary". J Clin Lipidol (8): 473–488. PMID 25234560. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  4. ^ Phaniendra, A; Jestadi, DB; Periyasamy, L (2015). "Free radicles: properties, sources, targets and their implication in various diseases". Indian J Clin Biochem. 1 (30). doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  5. ^ Kohashi, K; Nakagomi, A; Saiki, Y (2015). "Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on the levels of inflammatory markers, cardiac function and long-term prognosis in chronic heart failure patients with dyslipidemia". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. doi:10.5551/jat.21022. PMID 24670266.
  6. ^ Kelley, NS; Yoshida, Y; Erickson, KL (2014). "Do n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase or decrease lipid peroxidation in humans?". Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 12 (8). doi:10.1089/met.2014.0045. PMID 25045922. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ Mason, RP; Jacob, R; Beauregard, G; Rowe, J (2011). "Comparative lipid antioxidant effects of omega-3 fatty acids in combination with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors [abstract]". J Clin Lipidol. 5: 201.
  8. ^ Mason, RP; Jacob, R; Beauregard, G; Malinski, T (2015). "Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces small dense low density lipoprotein oxidation and improves endothelial function in vitro as compared to other triglyceride-lowering agents [abstract]". J Am Coll Cardiol. 65: A2139.
  9. ^ Mason, RP; Jacob, RF (2015). "Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits glucose-induced membrane cholesterol crystalline domain formation through a potent antioxidant mechanism". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1848 (2): 502–509. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.016. PMID 25449996.
  10. ^ Mason, RP; Jacob, R; Beauregard, G; Rowe, J (2011). "Comparative lipid antioxidant effects of omega-3 fatty acids in combination with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors [abstract]". J Clin Lipidol. 5: 201.
  11. ^ Mason, RP; Jacob, RF; Corbalan, J; Malinsky, T. "Combination treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid and atorvastatin active metabolite reverses endothelial dysfunction in HUVECs exposed to oxidized LDL [abstract].Presented at the DEUEL Conference on Lipids, March 3-6, 2015, Monterey, CA". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Mason, RP; Jacob, RF (2015). "Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits glucose-induced membrane cholesterol crystalline domain formation through a potent antioxidant mechanism". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1848 (2): 502–509. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.016. PMID 25449996.
  13. ^ Braeckman, RA; Stirtan, WG; Soni, PN (2014). ". Effect of concomitant icosapent ethyl (eicosapentaenoic Acid ethyl ester) on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin". Drugs R D. 14: 159–164. doi:10.1007/s40268-014-0053-9. PMID 24973042. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  14. ^ Braeckman, RA; Stirtan, WG; Soni, PN (2014). "Effects of icosapent ethyl (eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester) on pharmacokinetic parameters of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects". Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 4: 143–148. doi:10.1002/cpdd.150.
  15. ^ Braeckman, RA; Stirtan, WG; Soni, PN (2014). "Phase 1 study of the effect of icosapent ethyl on warfarin pharmacokinetic and anticoagulation parameters". Clin Drug Investig. 34: 449–456. doi:10.1007/s40261-014-0194-1. PMID 24760401. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  16. ^ Braeckman, RA; Stirtan, WG; Soni, PN (2015). "Effect of concomitant icosapent ethyl (eicosapentaenoic Acid ethyl ester) on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin". 35: 45–51. doi:10.1007/s40261-014-0252-8. PMID 25471740. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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Assessment comment

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The comment(s) below were originally left at Talk:Eicosapentaenoic acid/Comments, and are posted here for posterity. Following several discussions in past years, these subpages are now deprecated. The comments may be irrelevant or outdated; if so, please feel free to remove this section.

Comment(s)Press [show] to view →
==Quality and Priority==

I judge EPA's priority (importance) to to be 'High', as it gets a pretty good amount of mention in the popular press. However, most of what makes it that important is well covered at related articles (eicosanoid, fish oil...).

I judge it's quality to be Start. It has some basic info and some citations. Some of what it's lacking:

  • first elucidation of its structure.(who, when)
  • Characterization of its physical properties (who, when)
  • Demonstration that it is an essential fatty acid
  • Biosynthetic paths in microalgae (the ultimate source of much dietary EPA)
  • Biosynthesis in the human body for ALA
    • An issue where there's some controversy and contradictory findings. Can adult humans synthesize adequate EPA from ALA?
  • Commerce in EPA as a food additive and supplement
  • Rancidity
  • Use in treatment/prevention of various diseases
    • alone or in combination with DHA
  • At least an intro to its role as a precursor to the classic and nonclassic eicosanoids
  • Role as a signaling molecule in DNA transcription.
  • Role in lipid membranes
  • Presence/Role in the brain.
  • Role in pregnancy/lactation
  • Pictures, diagrams
    • A space filling model would be nice
    • UV, Mass-spec spectra
    • Picture of a lipid raft
David.Throop 14:47, 4 November 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Last edited at 21:47, 5 November 2007 (UTC). Substituted at 14:15, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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