Talk:Dispersal vector/Archive 1

Archive 1

Proposed Bibliography for New Changes to page

Mab157, Hendrickla and I are planning on editing this page in the near future. This is a proposed bibliography for those upcoming changes. We are planning on adding information on the dispersal vectors of pollen, seeds, spores, and potentially some invasive species. Please let us know what you think.

Aukema, J. E. (2003). “Vectors, viscin, and Viscaceae: mistletoes as parasites, mutualists, and resources”. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1(4): 212-219. doi:10.2307/3868066

Bullock, James; Kenward, Robert; Hails, Rosie, eds. (2002). Dispersal Ecology. MA, USA: Blackwell Science Ltd.

Chuong, J., Huxley, J., Spotswood, E. N., Nichols, L., Mariotte, P., & Suding, K. N. (2016). “Cattle as Dispersal Vectors of Invasive and Introduced Plants in a California Annual Grassland”. Rangeland Ecology & Management. 69(1): 52-58. doi:10.1016/j.rama.2015.10.009

Croteau, E. K. (2010). “Causes and Consequences of Dispersal in Plants and Animals. Nature Education Knowledge”. 3(10):12.

Dobson, H. E. M.; Bergström, G. (1999). "The ecology and evolution of pollen odors". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 222 (1): 63–87. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Evans, R. N., & Prusso, D. C. (1969). “Spore Dispersal by Birds”. Mycologia. 61(4), 832-&. doi: 10.2307/3757475

Glime, Janice (2017). "4-11 Adaptive Strategies: Vegetative Dispersal Vectors". Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 1: Physiological Ecology. US: Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists.

Harder, Lawrence D. (Jun. 1990). "Pollen Removal by Bumble Bees and Its Implications for Pollen Dispersal". Ecology. 71 (3): 1110–1125. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Harder, Lawrence D.; Wilson, William G. (Dec. 1998). "Theoretical Consequences of Heterogeneous Transport Conditions for Pollen Dispersal by Animals". Ecology. 79 (8): 2789–2807. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Jha, Shalene; Dick, Christopher W.; Dirzo, Rodolfo (2010). "Native bees mediate long-distance pollen dispersal in a shade coffee landscape mosaic". PNAS. 107 (31): 13760–1376. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Panter, C. J., & Dolman, P. M. (2012). “Mammalian herbivores as potential seed dispersal vectors in ancient woodland fragments”. Wildlife Biology. 18(3), 292-303. doi:10.2981/11-112

Richardson, M. F., Sherman, C. D., Lee, R. S., Bott, N. J., & Hirst, A. J. (2016). “Multiple dispersal vectors drive range expansion in an invasive marine species”. Molecular Ecology. 25(20): 5001-5014. doi:10.1111/mec.13817

Thorp, R. W. (1999). "The collection of pollen by bees". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 222 (1): 211–223. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Van der Maarel, Eddy; Franklin, Janet (2013). Vegetation Ecology (2 ed.). UK: Wiley Blackwell.

Van Rossum, Fabienne; Stiers, Iris (2010). "Fluorescent dye particles as pollen analogues for measuring pollen dispersal in an insect- pollinated forest herb". Oecologia. 165 (3): 663–674. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Viana, Duarte; Santamaria, Luis; Figuerola, Jordi (2016). "Migratory Birds as Global Dispersal Vectors". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 31 (10): 763–775. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.07.005 – via PubMed.

Wilson, A. J., Morgan, E. R., Booth, M., Norman, R., Perkins, S. E., Hauffe, H. C., . . . Fenton, A. (2017). “What is a vector?” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences. 372(1719). doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0085

Young, Helen J. (Jul., 2007). "Foraging behavior affects pollen removal and deposition in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 94 (7): 1267–1271. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Annamatt1025 (talk) 01:00, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

Proposed Outline and Bibliography for New Changes to Dispersal Vector Page

Mab157, Annamatt1025, and I are planning on editing this page in the near future. This is a proposed outline with updated bibliography for the upcoming changes. Please let us know what you think.

I. Introduction (Existing) - We will be editing this section. We will be removing the random examples the previous editors added in the introduction. We plan on adding a more scientific definition along with history of the study / understanding of dispersal vectors.

• Definition of Dispersal - “Dispersal is an ecological process that involves the movement of an individual or multiple individuals away from the population in which they were born to another location, or population, where they will settle and reproduce.” (Croteau 2010)
• Definition of Dispersal Vector
• Three types of dispersal: Adult, Natal, Gamete. (Croteau 2010)
  • Adult: Changing location after reaching reproductive maturity
  • Natal: moving from birth site to first place attempt to reproduce
  • Gamete: Common for non-motile adult individuals
• Active or Passive Dispersal (Croteau 2010)
  • Active: Moving under its own ability
    • Density dependent process, may depend on local population size, resource competition, and habitat quality and size
    • More vagile animals = better dispersal
    • Terrestrial animal dispersal is less effective or energy-efficient
  • Passive: using kinetic energy of environment

II. Autochory - This section will feature information about the dispersal of plant units by their own parent plant. This section may just include some examples and a link to the Seed Dispersal wikipedia page, as they already have a small section about autochory included there.

• “Dispersal of spores or seeds by the parent organism.” (autochory 2018)
  • Example One: Fern Spores
    • Ballistical dispersal in leptosporangiate ferns
      • The fern itself catapults its spores 1-2 cm so they can be picked up by a secondary dispersal vector, predominantly the wind. (Pajarón 2018)
    • Rock growing fern, Asplenium celtibericum
      • This fern grows on rock walls, parallel to the rock, pressing their lamina against the rock face in order to better disperse its spores. (Pajarón 2018)
  • Example Two: Flowering Plant Seeds
    • Cymbalaria muralis
      • A flower that grows on rocks and engages in negative phototropism, that allows it to twist away from sunlight and lay seeds in crack or small hollows, also known as “autosowing” (Pajarón 2018)

III. Zoochory - This section will include all of the animal facilitated dispersal of dispersal units. It will include all biotic dispersal vectors excluding those included in autochory. This section will include brief descriptions and examples of the sub categories.

• Myrmekochory - This includes all of the dispersal caused by ants.
  • Link to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecochory
• Ornithochory - This section will include all of the dispersal caused by birds, providing information on one of the most prevalent dispersal factors. It will include the subsections listed below (Seed dispersal, pollen dispersal, fungal spore dispersal, and carnivorous birds)
  • Seed Dispersal -- this section may just link to the seed dispersal wikipedia page
    • Dispersal of the seeds of hot peppers (include information about capsaicin)
    • Seed caching
      • Diaspores of trees and shrubs dispersed by birds by transportation and caching of seeds as food storage, since only some seeds are later recovered and eaten, allowing the plants to germinate away from the mother tree (Van der Maarel and Franklin 2013, pp 171)
      • Birds and mammals contribute to spread of fruity trees (Van der Maarel and Franklin 2013, pp 171)
      • Gut passage enhances germinability with birds and mammals but not when fish eat seeds (Van der Maarel and Franklin 2013, pp 171)
      • Invertebrates, mammals, and birds eat fallen seeds and fruits, which are able to resist digestive juices, can remain viable after excretion, and which are scattered in feces allowing for dispersal (Croteau 2010)
      • Able to transport seeds over long distances
    • Ingestion of herbivores by carnivorous birds
      • Example: Barn owl pellets containing pouched mouse remains that contain germinating seeds (Dean and Milton 1988)
  • Pollen Dispersal
    • Pollen sticks to the beak of hummingbirds
  • Fungal Spore Dispersal
    • Spores stick to the bottom of birds’ feet (Evans and Prusso 1969)
• Mammaliochory - This section will include all of the dispersal caused by mammals, including subcategories on seeds, ostracods, and parasites as well as broad descriptions of how mammals can act as dispersal vectors.
  • Seed and Spore Dispersal --- this section may just link to the seed dispersal wikipedia page
    • Ingestion by herbivores
      • Example: Reindeer feces collected in Norway contain viable, germinating seeds and and vascular spore plants (Brathen et al 2007)
        • Gut passage of seeds increases rate of germination when excreted. (Boch et al 2015)
    • Ingestion of herbivores by carnivores (secondary dispersal)
    • Fur
      • Example: Small Rodents (Dispersal of bryophytes and ferns is facilitated by small mammals in the boreal forest (Barbe et al 2016)
        • Diaspores from 6 different bryophytes found on the fur of American red squirrels, Northern flying squirrels, and deer mice.
        • Hypothesized that small mammals acting as dispersal vectors have advantages compared to wind transport: the ferns and the small mammals share similar ecosystems, while wind transport is random, and small mammals can transport spores not conducive to wind transport due to low production and morphology.
  • Aquatic Ostracods Dispersal
    • Lab mice can pass living Bromeliad Annelids (Dero) and Ostracods (Elpidium) through their feces
      • Phoretic Behaviour of Bromeliad Annelids (Dero) and Ostracods (Elpidium) using Frogs and Lizards as Dispersal Vectors (Lopez et al 2005)
  • Parasites
    • Fecal–oral transmission
      • Selective Defecation and Selective Foraging: Antiparasite Behavior in Wild Ungulates? (Ezenwa 2004)
• Amphibians/Reptiles
  • Some tadpoles can eat and pass Bromeliad Annelids (Dero) and Ostracods (Elpidium) unharmed (similar to seed dispersal)
    • Phoretic Behaviour of Bromeliad Annelids (Dero) and Ostracods (Elpidium) using Frogs and Lizards as Dispersal Vectors (Lopez et al 2005)
  • The Atlantic lizard, Gallotia atlantica, ingests and excretes germinating seeds (Nogales 2007)
• Insects - slugs, bees
  • Bees
    • Pollen
      • Passive - collection of pollen on the “hooked or modified hairs” on the mouth and legs of the bee during flower visitation (Thorp 2000)
  • Slugs
    • Fern and bryophyte endozoochory by slugs (Boch 2016)

IV. Hydrochory - This section will include all dispersal caused by water. The subcategories will be divided into the types of dispersal units hydrochory interacts with. The main sections will be bryophytes and plankton, as seed dispersal by hydrochory is well covered on seed dispersal.

• Seeds
  • We will probably provide a quick summary of seed dispersal by water here, and then link to the seed dispersal page as it is already thoroughly discussed there
• Bryophyte / Ferns gametophytes - sperm is dispersed by ANY water (rain, floods, etc)
  • Non-vascular plants and ferns require water for their sperm to move to their eggs in gametophytes → produces sporophytes
• Zooplankton - dispersed by flooding
  • “This contributes to the dispersal of zooplankton by plants when they are displaced by the flood pulse” (Battauz 2017)
• Larval dispersal of plankton - dispersed by currents (Richardson 2016)

V. Anemochory - This will include all dispersal caused by wind, with subsections on seeds (which will likely have a link to seed dispersal) and fungal spores. A general description of how wind can act as a dispersal vector will also be included.

• “Wind is most common dispersal vector” (Van der Maarel and Franklin 2013, pp 171)
• Seeds -- the seed dispersal page already has a detailed description of this, so we will provide a quick summary and link.
  • Parameters affecting seed dispersal via wind (Van der Maarel and Franklin 2013, pp 171)
    • Releasing height
    • Seed Production
    • Time and duration of seed release
    • Low falling velocity
    • Shape
    • Surface structure combined with releasing height
  • Wind is most common dispersal vector (Van der Maarel and Franklin 2013, pp 171)
  • Few seeds have high wind dispersal potentials, many classified as wind dispersed have low wind dispersal (Van der Maarel and Franklin 2013, pp 171)
  • Wind speed not essential (Van der Maarel and Franklin 2013, pp 171)
  • Areas with high amounts of species with high wind dispersal potential are in open landscapes such as tundras, grasslands, or deserts (Van der Maarel and Franklin 2013, pp 171)
  • Wings, hairs, or inflated processes help seeds be carried by the wind (Croteau 2010)
• Fungal Spores and Pathogens
  • Dispersal of fungal spores is key to the development of a disease epidemic. (Aylor 1990)
  • Intermittency of Wind (“gustiness”) (Aylor 1990)
    • Major role in initial spore removal
    • Number of spores in the air typically found near mid-day, when wind speed and level of turbulence near ground are highest
    • Escape to moving air above the canopy air is dependent on:
      • Vertical distribution in crop prior to detachment
      • Type of detachment (passive is more effective)
      • Wind speed

VI. See Also (Existing Wikipedia pages)

• Seed Dispersal
• Biological Dispersal
• Oceanic Dispersal
• Diplochory
• Myrmecochory

Bibliography

Aukema, J. E. (2003). “Vectors, viscin, and Viscaceae: mistletoes as parasites, mutualists, and resources”. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1(4): 212-219. doi:10.2307/3868066

Aylor, D. E. (1990). The Role of Intermittent Wind in the Dispersal of Fungal Pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 28(1), 73-92. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.28.090190.000445

"autochory." A Dictionary of Ecology. . Encyclopedia.com. 13 Oct. 2018 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

Barbé, M., Chavel, É. E., Fenton, N. J., Imbeau, L., Mazerolle, M. J., Drapeau, P., & Bergeron, Y. (2016). Dispersal of bryophytes and ferns is facilitated by small mammals in the boreal forest. Écoscience, 23(3), 67-76. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2016.1235917

Boch, S., Berlinger, M., Prati, D., & Fischer, M. (2016). Is fern endozoochory widespread among fern-eating herbivores? Plant Ecology, 217(1), 13-20. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0554-9

Bråthen, Anne K . , T. González, V. , Iversen, M. , Killengreen, S. , T. Ravolainen, V. , A. Ims, R. and G. Yoccoz, N. (2007), Endozoochory varies with ecological scale and context. Ecography, 30: 308-320. doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2001.04976.x

Bullock, James; Kenward, Robert; Hails, Rosie, eds. (2002). Dispersal Ecology. MA, USA: Blackwell Science Ltd.

Chuong, J., Huxley, J., Spotswood, E. N., Nichols, L., Mariotte, P., & Suding, K. N. (2016). “Cattle as Dispersal Vectors of Invasive and Introduced Plants in a California Annual Grassland”. Rangeland Ecology & Management. 69(1): 52-58. doi:10.1016/j.rama.2015.10.009

Croteau, E. K. (2010). “Causes and Consequences of Dispersal in Plants and Animals. Nature Education Knowledge”. 3(10):12.

Dean, W. R. J., & Milton, S. J. (1988). Dispersal of seeds by raptors. African Journal of Ecology, 26(2), 173-176.

Dobson, H. E. M.; Bergström, G. (1999). "The ecology and evolution of pollen odors". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 222 (1): 63–87. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Evans, R. N., & Prusso, D. C. (1969). “Spore Dispersal by Birds”. Mycologia. 61(4), 832-&. doi: 10.2307/3757475

Ezenwa, V. O. (2004), Selective Defecation and Selective Foraging: Antiparasite Behavior in Wild Ungulates?. Ethology, 110: 851-862. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01013.x

Glime, Janice (2017). "4-11 Adaptive Strategies: Vegetative Dispersal Vectors". Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 1: Physiological Ecology. US: Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists.

Hämäläinen, A., K. Broadley, A. Droghini, J. A. Haines, C. T. Lamb, S. Boutin, and S. Gilbert. 2017. The ecological significance of secondary seed dispersal by carnivores. Ecosphere 8(2):e01685.10.1002/ecs2.1685

Harder, Lawrence D. (Jun. 1990). "Pollen Removal by Bumble Bees and Its Implications for Pollen Dispersal". Ecology. 71 (3): 1110–1125. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Harder, Lawrence D.; Wilson, William G. (Dec. 1998). "Theoretical Consequences of Heterogeneous Transport Conditions for Pollen Dispersal by Animals". Ecology. 79 (8): 2789–2807. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Jha, Shalene; Dick, Christopher W.; Dirzo, Rodolfo (2010). "Native bees mediate long-distance pollen dispersal in a shade coffee landscape mosaic". PNAS. 107 (31): 13760–1376. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Lopez, L. C., Serramo, Filizola, B., Deiss, I., & Rios, R. I. (2005). Phoretic behaviour of bromeliad annelids (dero) and ostracods (elpidium) using frogs and lizards as dispersal vectors. Hydrobiologia, 549(1), 15-22. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1701-4

Nogales, M. , Padilla, D. P., Nieves, C. , Illera, J. C. and Traveset, A. (2007), Secondary seed dispersal systems, frugivorous lizards and predatory birds in insular volcanic badlands. Journal of Ecology, 95: 1394-1403. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01305.x

Panter, C. J., & Dolman, P. M. (2012). “Mammalian herbivores as potential seed dispersal vectors in ancient woodland fragments”. Wildlife Biology. 18(3), 292-303. doi:10.2981/11-112

Richardson, M. F., Sherman, C. D., Lee, R. S., Bott, N. J., & Hirst, A. J. (2016). “Multiple dispersal vectors drive range expansion in an invasive marine species”. Molecular Ecology. 25(20): 5001-5014. doi:10.1111/mec.13817

Santiago Pajarón, Emilia Pangua & Laura Quiles (2018) Autochory in ferns, not all spores are blown with the wind, Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 152:5, 979-985, DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2017.1403395

Soons, M. B., Groot, G. A., Cuesta Ramirez, M. T., Fraaije, R. G., Verhoeven, J. T., Jager, M. and Alahuhta, J. (2017), Directed dispersal by an abiotic vector: wetland plants disperse their seeds selectively to suitable sites along the hydrological gradient via water. Funct Ecol, 31: 499-508. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12771

Thorp, R. W. (1999). "The collection of pollen by bees". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 222 (1): 211–223. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Van der Maarel, Eddy; Franklin, Janet (2013). Vegetation Ecology (2 ed.). UK: Wiley Blackwell.

Van Rossum, Fabienne; Stiers, Iris (2010). "Fluorescent dye particles as pollen analogues for measuring pollen dispersal in an insect- pollinated forest herb". Oecologia. 165 (3): 663–674. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Viana, Duarte; Santamaria, Luis; Figuerola, Jordi (2016). "Migratory Birds as Global Dispersal Vectors". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 31 (10): 763–775. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.07.005 – via PubMed.

Wilson, A. J., Morgan, E. R., Booth, M., Norman, R., Perkins, S. E., Hauffe, H. C., . . . Fenton, A. (2017). “What is a vector?” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences. 372(1719). doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0085

Young, Helen J. (Jul., 2007). "Foraging behavior affects pollen removal and deposition in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 94 (7): 1267–1271. Retrieved 29-09-2018.

Hendrickla (talk) 23:28, 15 October 2018 (UTC)