Talk:Astronaut/Archive 1

Archive 1

Archive 2

Public domain astronaut bios

If anyone wants to fill in more biographies have a look at the public domain astonaut biographies at,

http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/astrobio_former.html

--Imran —Preceding undated comment was added at 22:07, 11 October 2002 (UTC).

List

The list of astronauts/cosmonauts is getting awfully long now more and more biographies are added, and as the text part of this article has grown significantly it makes the article very long. I would suggest to move the list into an alphabetical "List of astronauts" page, maybe also one "List of astronauts by selection group", and only put the links on bottom of this page instead. andy 15:14 Mar 20, 2003 (UTC)

Sounds good. And maybe "astonauts by nationality" or some other way to emphasis those not from the U.S. or Soviet Union/Russia. Rmhermen 16:05 Mar 20, 2003 (UTC)

I just started with the List of astronauts by selection, still very incomplete. andy 23:28 Mar 20, 2003 (UTC)

International astronauts

The International Astronaut section is a mess. First we list a four member 1977 class of ESA astronauts for Spacelab-1 when List of astronauts by selection list a three member class in 1978 and only one of them flew on that mission. Also we say that the Italian astronauts were merged into the ESA ones but we never list there being any Italian astronauts before then. It would be nice to have a statement of how many countries have sent people into space. Maybe a listing of the year each countries first astronaut flew? Rmhermen 18:51, Oct 15, 2003 (UTC)

The selection history is a mess because it is a mess :-) Most international selection where for just one mission - one flight opportunity and then usually two astronaut candidates get into training. France, Germany, Japan and Canada (maybe Italy as well, I am not sure) however did create actual astronaut teams when more regular mission participation was planned. But I don't have that many details, I can only give more detailled information on the german astronauts. Actually I planned to write about them for a long time already... andy 19:00, 15 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I found the missing 4th person from the first ESA selection group. Still don't know why we have two different years listed. Rmhermen 19:06, Oct 15, 2003 (UTC)

Only the English/'international' astronaut terms should be bold-emphasized; other emphases should use italics, to preserve overall visual clarity. Wernher 10:47, 26 Oct 2003 (UTC)

May I suggest a standard information block (as for missions) for each astronaut with his or her own page? I just put an example on Guion Bluford's page. What have I missed? Country of origin? Other important fields for the info block? Comments encouraged! -- Ke4roh 03:06, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

See also the example block on Neil Armstrong's page. -- Ke4roh 03:01, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

FAI

Just wondering what FAI is supposed to stand for. I don't think that the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (Iberian Anarchist Federation) is the group who defined space flight... Any more info and a fixed link would be great. Thanks. -- biggins 07:49, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It stands for Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, in case you're still interested. Hydraton31 14:06, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Most spaceflights

Page says " As of 2003, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut was seven", but not who did that. Andy Mabbett 19:07, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

It's both Jerry Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz - Jerry Ross actually made the record just 2 month before Chang-Diaz followed. andy 19:14, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Possible wiki links and backlinks

Suggest 6 possible wiki links and 10 possible backlinks for Astronaut

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Astronaut article:

• Can link launch vehicle: ...came the first American to ride to space on-board a Russian launch vehicle, arguably becoming the first American cosmonaut in the proc... (link to section)
• Can link news media: ...es used in English for astronauts from [[China]] by Western news media. The term was coined in May 1998 by [[Chiew Lee Yih]] from... (link to section)
• Can link Chinese government: ...lly means space human. Official English text issued by the Chinese government uses the term "astronaut." It is unclear whether the Chine... (link to section)
• Can link Pham Tuan: ...irst American in space in May 1961. On [[July 23]] [[1980]] Pham Tuan of Vietnam became the first Asian in space when he flew abo... (link to section)
• Can link first group: ...76]] the Soviets started the [[Intercosmos]] program with a first group of 6 cosmonauts from fellow socialist countries, a second g... (link to section)
• Can link jet fighter: ...he first astronauts, both in the USA and USSR, tended to be jet fighter pilots, often [[test pilot|test pilots]], from military bac... (link to section)

Additionally, there are some other articles which may be able to linked to this one (also known as "backlinks"):

• In Calvin and Hobbes, can backlink space traveller: ...on didn't draw very many of them. * [[Spaceman Spiff]] - a space traveller who fights alien monsters on far-away planets, based upon W...
• In List of South Africans, can backlink space traveller: ...r of the Zulu Nation, to Internet entrepreneur and civilian space traveller Mark Shuttleworth....
• In Hollow Earth, can backlink space traveller: ...ssian authors [[Boris and Arkady Strugatsky]], an Earthling space traveller lands on a planet where, due to extremely high [[Earth's at...
• In BBV, can backlink space traveller: ...'Who''-ish note was added by the introduction of an amnesic space traveller (who one of the other characters dubs "Fred" after her pet ...
• In Jean-Loup Chrétien, can backlink ASTRONAUT: ...ER-GENERAL, FRENCH AIR FORCE (RET.) NASA MISSION SPECIALIST ASTRONAUT (FORMER)...
• In Gregory J. Harbaugh, can backlink ASTRONAUT: GREGORY J. HARBAUGH (MR.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)...
• In Mark C. Lee, can backlink ASTRONAUT: MARK C. LEE (COLONEL, USAF, RET.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)...
• In Richard A. Searfoss, can backlink ASTRONAUT: RICHARD A. SEARFOSS (COLONEL, USAF, RET.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)...
• In Susan L. Kilrain, can backlink ASTRONAUT: SUSAN KILRAIN (Maiden Name: Still) (COMMANDER, USN) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)...
• In History of science fiction, can backlink space traveller: ...ctively Impartial Criticism of the Life of Man'' In which a space traveller gives his point of view on humans and the planet Earth in t...

Notes: The article text has not been changed in any way; Some of these suggestions may be wrong, some may be right.

Feedback: I like it, I hate it, Please don't link to — LinkBot 11:30, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Table?

A lot of the stuff in the space milestones section should be in a table I think.

Also, I think the use of the more neutral term "space traveller" might be useful than using the American term "astronaut" most of the time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.176.2.17 (talk • contribs) 00:17, 11 December 2004 (UTC)

I agree, why must we use the American term? Because it's American? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.136.164.51 (talk • contribs) 12:32, 4 February 2005 (UTC)

Civilians

I still don't know how many civilians have been in space. The first section says that the Americans take a fairly lax definition of astronaut (people in training and people who have been on the edge of space, but not actually in space), then later in the section on non-military personnel the article talks about two people who only match up to the american definition (the first died before they got into space, the second only went to the edge). So who was the first non-military person in space, by international (npov) definitions?

p.s. - I've taken the 'badly-constructed' bit out because it doesn't say why it's badly constructed - a similar Latin/Greek word (Television) says its a hybrid word, mentioning nothing about being badly contructed. sheridan 20:45, 2005 Jan 8 (UTC)

IIRC the first American who was totally a civilian in space was probably Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17. All the previous Americans had been in the military before and this was primarily why they were selected - ie excellent test pilots. Even guys like Neil Armstrong who is often described as being civlian had been military pilots, though sometimes they had retired from the forces before being selected.

Of course I can't speak for the Russians. Probably be looking at one of the members of the Voskhod 1 crew, one of whom was a designeer (supposedly put there to guarantee his design would work!) and another was a doctor. Evil Monkey → Talk 21:22, Jan 8, 2005 (UTC)

The main reason I focused on this is because I read or heard once (typically it was a long time ago and I don't have the slightest idea what the source was) that all the early astronauts were military while all the early cosmonauts were civilian. While that's obviously wrong, especially in the light of this article, I was wondering what the truth was. sheridan 17:59, 2005 Jan 11 (UTC)

All the early Soviet cosmonauts (and probably still today) were military pilots of some sort. Valentina Tereshcova may not have been but I do remember that she was involved in parachuting which was why she was selected (the cosmonauts were nothing more than passengers but were ejected just while they were still descending as the capsule landing would have been quite rough). Evil Monkey → Talk 07:47, Jan 12, 2005 (UTC)

Just a guess, but wasn't it Gordo the chimp (or was he a minkey...)? J. Clouseau, spationaut00:27, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Taikonaut probably not coined by Chiew Lee Yih

Is there any proof that Taikonaut was coined by Chiew Lee Yih aside from the usenet post on May 19, 1998? In standard Mandarin spoken on the Republic of China, astronaut is called "Tai Kon Ren". I am almost certain that many other people might have called Chinese astronauts "Taikonauts". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.237.239.172 (talk • contribs) 17:54, 23 January 2005 (UTC)

The earliest use of the term found in Google Groups is on that date.[1] Evil Monkey → Talk 03:07, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

1. its "TaiKongRen".

2. why?

--JinFX HuangDi 1698 08:07, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

"Tai Kong Ren" comes straight from the Chinese pinyin of "太空人". "太" here means, vast to the greatest extent, "空" means, space, and "人" means person, so it really means "Person in extremely vast space", which is a rough translation into "astronaut". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zapurdead (talk • contribs) 02:19, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Subjects I'd like to see written about

I'm interested in how astronauts live; how they exercise, eat, sleep, and so on. I haven't seen any such information on the 'pedia yet. Ground 19:38, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

UK Astro/Spatio/Whateverionauts

"European (outside of the UK) space travellers are called spationauts"

So what would people-who've-been-to-space from the UK be called? There doesn't seem to be any mention. Isn't the UK a partner in the ESA? Then why not Spationaut? Perhaps it's an English speaking thing, in which case, would this apply to Irish / Australians / etc.? In any case, the actual terms for UK people-who've-been-to-space should be given, or the "outside of the UK" should be removed. --Malcohol 14:35, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Actually Spationaut is only commonly used in France, in the rest of Europe people are refering to Europeans in space as astronauts. I heard that ESA wanted to call them Euronauts, but it just did not fit. So in fact the whole spationaut thing is not correct anyway. Themanwithoutapast 20:38, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Themanwithoutapast, I never heard the term spationaut before. I'm from Sweden... The word really isn't used there, we're just saying astronaut as well. If it's a french term, the article shouldn't say it's used in Europe - at most it should say parts of Europe, and I made I change that I hope might be acceptable... TERdON 16:49, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Naming history

The article doesn't quite mention exactly when the astronaut vs cosmonaut distinction came to light, or whose idea it was. --Dtcdthingy 20:41, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Asian and Chinese astronauts

I don't think it is really worth mentioning about Shannon Lucid and William Anders. They are only listed here because of where they were born, not their ethnicity. We could argue that Michael Collins was the first European in space as he was born in Rome, Italy. Evil Monkey∴Hello 21:46, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

First European in space was Yuri Gagarin--Nixer 08:23, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

European HUMAN, not European Soviet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.77.82.154 (talk • contribs) 03:12, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Nipponaut

There have been several Japanese astronauts since the 1990s, however to my knowledge none was ever called "Nipponaut". This is also confirmed by a google search, which just return 11 hits on this term. If that is a proposed term for future astronauts launched by a japanese manned launcher, it is original research, and also does not belong here. Comments anyone? andy 11:58, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Question about what an "astronaut" is

I have a question about civilian "astronauts". Is the term really used to indicate any person who travels into space, or is it reserved for the trained spacemen of various space agencies? There is a note in the article on William Shatner that he has reserved a seat for a civilian spaceflight on Virgin Galactic, and that when he takes his ride he will become "a full-fledged astronaut". To my mind this is simply not right; there's a big difference between someone who has trained and sacrificed for years to pursue the career of being a space traveller, and someone who hasn't (even if he did play one on TV). I'm tempted to remove the word "astronaut" from the Shatner article, but I decided to check here first. Is there a more appropriate term for civilian space tourism, or is "astronaut" appropriate? -Kasreyn 23:04, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

My question was previously in the "civilians" section above, but no one seemed to notice it. Does anyone have an answer? -Kasreyn 06:30, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

List of people who have gone to the moon

I'm thinking of making a list of all the lunar astronauts (anyone who either landed on or orbited the moon). This is of interest because they're all getting pretty old by now and I'm not sure how many are left. We're probably approaching an era where the number will get steadily smaller all the time. Thoughts? Phr 06:57, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

List of lunar astronauts may be of interest then. Evil Monkey - Hello 07:25, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Nice, thanks. Now to add their birth dates and what they're currently doing. I'll try to get around to that soon. Phr 07:31, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

I would think that they may be better placed in the article on the people themselves. Most are in serious need of expansion anyway. Evil Monkey - Hello 19:28, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

The link to List of lunar astronauts on the page currently reads "left the Earth's orbit." This raises the question: Around what body does the Moon orbit? Suggest rephrasing ... --Davecampbell 02:09, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism

The "AstroNOTs" part should be removed. Nonsensical theories of that kind and their jargon are degrading the spirit of this article and the very term "Astronaut". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.77.159.109 (talk • contribs) 18:54, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Mexican Astronaut?

Why is a mexican astronaut one of the few photos shown on the page? Mexico has no space program, its one astronaut has done nothing of distinction other than serving as a political poster boy for cross-boder relations. Lets put people of distinction up there, Americas first astronauts, Sally Ride, or others who achieved firsts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.173.98.243 (talk • contribs) 22:51, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Mike Mellville

It is disparaging POV to detail that Mellville's Spaceship One flight was suborbital, when NASA's first astronaut, Alan Shepherd's flight was also suborbital, but this is not mentioned. All X-15 astronauts, whether by US or international standards, are also suborbital. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.173.98.243 (talk • contribs) 22:59, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

No it's not. Remember to assume good faith. Antimatter---talk--- 21:54, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Afronaut

I've never heard the term Afronaut, how widely is it used? Philip Stevens 16:37, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

I do not think very widely, given that only one man holds this title (Mark Shuttleworth). However, at the time of his voyage into space, there was great media attention, with live interviews, etc. from space. At the time (about 4 years ago), the South African press coined the term. We have the astronaut, cosmonaut, taikonaut, spaikonaut (I think), now why not an Afronaut? -- Chris Lester ^talk 18:48, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Well, really - the term makes no sense in this enviroment. "Afro" supposedly means "Africa" and "naut" definately means "sailor". Hence, the term Afronaut would mean anyone who ever sail the African continent. 85.225.27.67 23:08, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Then how do all those other names come about? Modern-day usage need not account for perfect etymologies. -- Chris Lester ^talk 05:52, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Explanation: In the cases of astro, cosmo or taiko, none refer to the country involved, e.g. US, Russia, China, but to the actual position of being in space. For example: Taiko, "the word is a hybrid of the Chinese term "taikong" (space) and the Greek "naut" (traveler), or astronaut, according to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary." Whereas afro presumably refers to the continent. So an equivalent in that context would be a word for space in an African language linked with the term naut (sailor). Hope that helps. --Candlewicke (Talk) 15:37, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Not soviet gallery

This is not a Soviet Gallery. Inclusion of other space travellers might help POV. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.77.82.154 (talk • contribs) 03:15, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Go ahead. MadMaxDog 20:23, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Good Article

This is not a Good Article because it is too biased toward US and Soviet union, and has poor referencing. --GoOdCoNtEnT 03:54, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Angkasawan

Move here the section censored by SG:

Malaysia is preparing a manned space flight aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft and a visit to the International Space Station in October 2007. Angkasawan is used to call astronauts from Malaysia ^[2].

219.76.64.26 09:05, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Eagle scouts

I need a citation for this, I've heard many times that most Astronauts were Eagle Scouts (BSA) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xexos (talk • contribs) 04:48, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

See also

Added a link to Moon landing in see also. Anyone objects then delete it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.45.124.246 (talk • contribs) 05:41, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

How many killed in flight

How do we get 18 astronauts killed while in flight? I only count 17: 3 on Apollo 1, 7 on each of Challenger and Columbia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.213.209.24 (talk • contribs) 20:53, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Numbers of astronauts

explanations and sources for numbers 454, 448, and 444 are needed.. somewhere in the article the 'extra-people' should be explained; or perhaps just better explained in the List of astronauts by name as well.. where does 454 come from? who are the 6 that have flown 50 miles and not 100 km? Mlm42 10:01, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

The money question

How much do astronauts get paid? given the dangers of their job, it must be pretty substantial...this information must be available somewhere. Antimatter---talk--- 21:51, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Iceland

What about Bjarni Tryggvason? He was born on Iceland, so it should deserve a dot on the map. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 130.243.248.165 (talk) 18:53, 19 December 2006 (UTC).

Terminology

Concerning this language: "Cosmonaut" is arguably the more semantically correct term, as "astronauts" do not yet travel to other stars. Doesn't seem like an argument to me, since cosmonauts don't travel to other universes either. I suggest deleting this selection. Spitwater 22:42, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Seeing as it was the Soviet Union that first put a man in space surely the correct term would be Cosmonaut an Astronaut specifically being an American Cosmonaut the same way Chinese space crew are commonly referred to as Taikonauts in the media —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alfius (talk • contribs) 15:38, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Chinese and Russian translations of astronaut have no place on this article

This is an English language wiki and the subject matter gives no reason why a Russian or Chinese translation of the name should appear. Why not Swahili or Dutch? Why not have all article titles on this entire wiki translated in all languages. There have been nationals outside of Russians and Chinese in space, why not list them? There have been many notable attorneys and physicians in other countries besides English speaking ones, but you don't see the Portuguese or Vietnamese translations of those titles. Seriously. There is no possible argument for having those translations that has any weight at all. All I can think of that might lead to such translation is nationalism POV which has no place in this encyclopedia. I don't have a problem with the Taikonaut section, that seems relevant. A section about different astronaut programs around the world is fine, but not the translations of titles in the intro.(Narkstraws 04:07, 7 February 2007 (UTC))

This has been discussed at length in the past. The (clear) distinction of the term cosmonaut is that Russia actually possesses its own manned space program, like the US, and cosmonaut is the formal term for participants of that program. Terms for astronaut in other languages are not used in an official sense by any manned space program. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 05:17, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Who determines what is 'official'? Brazil had a space program. India has a space program, I bet they have 'official' versions. How do you determine what is 'official'? (Narkstraws 16:02, 7 February 2007 (UTC))

No person who has flown in space, including those from India or Brazil, has done so as a participant of those countries' programs. Those who have flown with NASA are officially known as astronauts, those who have flown with the Russian program as cosmonauts. The Chinese space agency (the only other space agency to launch its own astronauts) translates the Chinese word as "astronaut". Clearly, "cosmonaut" has a unique status as an alternative term which no other language term possesses. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 18:32, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Cosmonaut is a long-established and widely known term. It belongs. Wahkeenah 05:51, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

The argument doesn't follow. 'Cheese' is a long established and widely known term, does it belong in the article? At the top? Maybe it deserves mention, please read my comments below. (Narkstraws 16:04, 7 February 2007 (UTC))

If 'Cheese' were a long established and widely known synonym for an astronaut, then it would belong. Wahkeenah 23:53, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Cosmonaut is a word in the English language. The Wikipedia article for Cosmonaut redirects to this page. A huge proportion of the world's astronauts have been known as cosmonauts. This is why it is appropriate.--Bibliophylax 15:46, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

It may be appropriate somewhere inside the article, but perhaps not at the top. Again, I don't see a lot of other articles that have synonyms with foreign origins (that have worked their way into the English language or not) listed at the top. I don't see a lot of articles with a list of synonyms at the top, period, foreign origin or not. What is the criteria or standard used to determine if an 'or'and a synonym should be placed in a Wikipedia article? Perhaps Cosmonaut should be its own article or just be a redirect with a statement about other nation's programs in the body with the translation. I'm not anti-Russian, it just made no sense to me, and if you're going to do something like this it should be consistent with established Wiki policy and established wiki precedence. Can you provide evidence to satisfy either of these two requirements? At the very least, it should make sense, and it doesn't. I my first impression was, why Russian? why Chinese? The English version makes sense - it's in an English language version of Wikipedia. (Narkstraws 15:59, 7 February 2007 (UTC))

This is an English Wikipedia and since Cosmonaut is an English word and is a synonym for Astronaut, it should be listed in the intro. It's listed second, but as in many articles, common synonyms or alternative names for the article topic are listed in the intro. Rillian 01:21, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

There must be some kind of standard for choosing to include synonyms. Red doesn't say Red or Crimson or Scarlet etc. (Narkstraws 17:56, 8 February 2007 (UTC))

The articles for Crimson and Scarlet both mention that they are different shades of Red. They are not synonyms. Meanwhile, Cosmonaut redirects to Astronaut, because the only "shade" of one vs. the other is which of the two major space programs they come from. Wahkeenah 01:07, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Who qualifies to be an astronaut

Another thing:

"An astronaut or cosmonaut (Russian: космона́вт IPA: [kəsmʌˈnaft]) is a person who has chosen space travel as a profession."

Is someone an astronaut simply because they chose to do it as a profession, or does it require them having been in space, or having trained by an agency or organization that has sent people into space? Am I an astronaut if I chose to be one right now? Just a thought. (Narkstraws 16:07, 7 February 2007 (UTC))

I have clarified the introduction accordingly. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 18:27, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

While astronauts include trained professionals who have not flown, non-professionals who do fly are almost always considered astronauts as well. The current intro reflects this, and is well-worded and fully accurate. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 02:45, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Christa McAuliffe and other non-professional space travelers are typically characterized as astronauts. An astronaut is a space-traveler. (So is a cosmonaut). Unless there is some Astronauts Union that claims some legal status that one can't be called "astronaut" unless one is a professional astronaut. If so, a citation would be needed, as that would not be common knowledge. Wahkeenah 02:57, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

McAuliffe is a bad example - but everyone who has flown in space has been considered an astronaut. "is a person who is a professional space traveler or has been trained to do so" is grammatically incorrect, in addition to being awkwardly worded, and it doesn't add any useful information, as non-professional space travelers are almost universally considered astronauts. I am reverting the change. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 03:19, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

While historically, all space travelers have been astronauts (people trained by a government agency to travel in space), there have been an increasing number of people who train to / travel in space but cannot be accurately called "astronauts". Examples include politicians Nelson and Garn, journalist Toyohiro Akiyama, Juno Helen Sharman, ISS visitors Tito, Shuttleworth, Gregory, and Ansari; and Teacher in Space Project Christa McAuliffe. McAuliffe is neither a space traveler nor an astronaut as defined by NASA. She is classified as a Space Flight Participant (see http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/PS/index.html#SFP)by NASA. As when airplanes stopped carrying only professional pilots, the term passenger was applied to the non-professionals on board, the same applies to space travelers. Will everyone who flies on Virgin Galactic be termed an "astronaut"? Rillian 03:22, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Either that, or on the maiden voyage at least, "Galactic Virgins". :) Wahkeenah 03:37, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Again, McAuliffe is a bad example, never having been in space. But at present, non-professionals who have been in space are regularly referred to as astronauts, and thus far, even non-professionals have had to train to some degree. If and when regular passenger service begins, and there have actually been untrained, passive space travellers, the article should be changed to reflect that. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 03:25, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Please provide some citations of these non-professional space travelers regularly being referred to as astronauts. Re: training - there will be no untrained space travelers, at least not for a long time. Re: passive - Akiyama]], Tito, Shuttleworth, Gregory, and Ansari were certainly described as passive visitors, along for the ride, but not participating in the operation of the spacecraft or the station. While they conducted some "experiments", those were their own doing, and not part of the official program. Rillian 03:31, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Saying McAuliffe was not an astronaut, just because she didn't physically make it into space, thanks to the explosion, is hitting below the belt. Meanwhile, it occurs to me that whatever NASA calls them might carry some weight. Meanwhile, answer me this: When retiring Senator John Glenn (Friendship 7 astronaut) flew on the shuttle, was he an astronaut then? Wahkeenah 03:35, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

I didn't say McAuliffe wasn't an astronaut because she didn't make it into space, I said she hadn't traveled in space because of the Challenge disaster. Many astronauts haven't traveled in space, Loria, Acaba, White, to a name a few. If Glenn's only mission was the Shuttle boondoggle, he could perhaps be considered only a space flight participant. However, his selection and training by NASA to be an astronaut during the Mercury program qualifies him as one for life. Rillian 03:40, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Per http://www.answers.com/astronaut&r=67, an astronaut is "A person trained to pilot, navigate, or otherwise participate as a crew member of a spacecraft." While McAuliffe could actually be considered a member of the Challenger crew, Akiyama, Tito, Shuttleworth, Gregory, and Ansari certainly weren't. Hence the title "space flight participant" chosen by NASA and the Russian agency. Rillian 03:37, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Answers.com is typically a wikipedia mirror, so I wouldn't go citing it. Meanwhile, it sounds like McAuliffe and Glenn qualify as astronauts on their shuttle flights because they were doing something other than just being "baggage". Wahkeenah 03:44, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

I was't citing the Wiki content of answers, rather the dictionary definition on top of the page. At a minimum, Glenn qualifies as an astronaut due to his Mercury program work. McAuliffe's crew member status is debatable. She was selected for special program that was intended to be non-professional in nature (i.e. by completing her training, she did not become a member of the NASA Astronaut Corps), and NASA classifies her as a "Space Flight Participant" on their Bios page, not as an Astronaut. However, she did train with the Challenger crew. Rillian 03:50, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

You're right, that was from a separate section. Unfortunately, it's still vague. "Participate" might be argued to mean simply "being there". The word "astronaut" means "star traveler". No one has gone to any stars yet. Unless there is an authoritative body that has official authority to define what the word "astronaut" precisely means, and can be cited, then the broadest possible definition would seem to be required. Wahkeenah 04:18, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

SpaceShipOne astronauts

User:Rillian has now put astronaut infoboxes on Peter Siebold and Doug Shane, two Scaled Composites test pilots who were qualified on WK/SS1 but who never piloted it into space, and did not qualify for their FAA commercial astronaut certificates. Do they really need to be called astronauts? Doesn't that provide inaccurate information to our readers? I reverted, but he's restored the boxes, citing this article as saying an astronaut is anyone who's ever trained, regardless if they've been fully licensed or qualified. Since they're non-NASA, it seems to me that the FAA criteria is what applies here. It's like been a pilot: you can't say you're one until you have the license, until you take the final check ride. I suppose you could call Siebold and Shane "student astronauts" (much like student pilots), but that seems a little pointless. I won't remove the infoboxes again, but I still think they should come off, and would like to see it there's consensus on this. Akradecki 15:47, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. The colloquial use of the word seems to follow an and/or basis: Either a person has flown in space, or they have been trained by one of the major space programs. The current wording is overly broad - a person "trained" by anyone is not automatically an astronaut. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 15:56, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Disagree. Shane and Siebold are listed on the List of astronauts by selection, are listed on the SpaceShipOne page under the heading "Astronauts", and their articles have the {{astronaut-stub}}. They were trained by a organization capable of human spaceflight and qualify as astronauts. Adding the infbox brings their pages into conformity with other astronaut articles, those with and without spaceflight experience. Rillian 18:15, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

I have clarified the intro to reflect that there is not a consensus on this issue, but that astronaut usually refers to professional space travelers who have traveled in space. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 16:05, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Within NASA, those who have not flown are "astronaut candidates", so the use of "astronaut" for these people is purely colloquial - a usage that I have never heard of being extended to non-NASA trainees. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 16:08, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Acutally, within NASA, the term "astronaut candidate" is used for people selected by NASA to join an astronaut class but who have not yet completed their training. Once training is complete, i.e. they "graduate" from training, they are classified as astronauts and referred to as such, even if they have never flown a mission or even been assigned to a spaceflight mission. See NASA's bio of Joseph Acaba, he is listed on the Career Astronauts page, not on the Candidate Astronauts page. If Joseph M. Acaba and Christopher Loria are NASA Astronauts (completed training but no flights yet), then Shane and Siebold are Scaled Composites Astronauts. Rillian 17:29, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Are we saying that there is not consensus that Roger B. Chaffee was an astronaut? He died during a training event and did not fly in space. His wikipedia page says he was an astronaut, he is categorized as an American astronaut, he is listed on the List of astronauts by name, his NASA bio states he was an astronaut. Someone who trains to be crewmember of a manned spacecraft is an astronaut. I agree that the training needs to be from an organization capable of manned spaceflight, not just me in my basement "training" on the lunar landing simulator game. Were the USAF MOL participants not astronauts? Rillian 17:42, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Actually, no one is saying that at all. I think it's pretty clear that as a NASA trainee, Chaffee meets the colloquial usage, despite not having astronaut wings. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 17:44, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

If "no one is saying that at all" - then why was the article changed to state that there is debate over whether someone who has trained but not flown can be considered an astronaut? If it's "clear" that a trainee like Chaffee is an astronaut, why do we need to statement in the article about the "debate"? Rillian 18:07, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

[placing my comment here that I also answered with on my talk page]

Well, you are correct in a way, there is no such thing in the U.S. as a "pilot's license". We have Pilots Certificates and associated ratings (but we don't have "badges"....I have no idea where you get the idea of a "badge", as there's no such thing). Melvill and Binnie didn't get a "licence" but a rating added to their pilots certificate for flying into space. The other two did not. It wasn't something "honorary", it was an actual rating, so they are rated as astronauts, while Shane and Siebold are not. You can train as a pilot all you want, but until you take the checkride, you don't get the rating or certificate. For the astronauts, you don't get that until you make the actual flight. Though I didn't say this earlier, by calling those who aren't really astronauts such a title, you denegrate the work and qualifications of those who have accomplished it. Let's bring this back to wikipedia-land, though: you have to have verifiability for statements, you don't get to make up stuff yourself. NASA certainly doesn't officially recognize these two as astronauts, so that leaves the only other body who can officially recognize them as astronauts, and that is the FAA. If you can point me to some other official, verifiable source that has designated these two as astronauts, then I'll gladly concur with you on this, but until you can, we should stick with wikipedia verifiabilty guidelines. Akradecki 21:25, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Journalists & politicians

The lead paragraph currently states, "While generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is also sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.". I would like to know if any politicians and journalists have actually been to space. If not, I would like to know why they are mentioned in the lead paragraph. Jon Harald Søby 11:49, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

See Bill Nelson and Toyohiro Akiyama as examples. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 13:33, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Merge?

I haven't placed the tags yet, but it seems to me to be redundant to have this article and a separate article called Commercial Astronaut. Seems like the readers would be better served with one article, inwhich the different "flavors" of astronaut are listed. Anyone want to weigh in with an opinion before I add the merge tags? Akradecki 04:46, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

I am with you completely. As far as I can tell there is no reason to have two articles. Unless some one objects I would just merge them. --Daniel J. Leivick 05:14, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

That article started out as something about a Commercial Astronaut Badge or some such, and grew into what it is now. To me it looks like hype, and at best it should be part of the general Astronaut page. Wahkeenah 05:19, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Disagree. While the concept of commercial astronaut should certainly be covered in this Astronaut article, the details of commercial astronaut programs and the development of commericial space programs warrants a separate article. Feel free to post the merge tags though, and let's have a discussion. Regards, Rillian 13:56, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

I'm now gonna disagree with myself, as well. Rillian makes a good point that the Commercial Astronaut does need to be covered in this article, but I've rethought things, and maybe there needs to still be a separate article because it's becoming an FAA pilots rating, just like we have Air Transport Pilot and Commercial Pilot. Akradecki 15:05, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Deaths expansion

I've expanded the deaths section a bit, and wanted to let everyone know why. Before doing this, the section said that there were 18 deaths, and referred the readers over to Space disaster which, in the opening paragraph says 22. One has to cull carefully through that article to find out which were actual space mission deaths and which were subspace or training accidents. Since there have only been 4 spaceflights that have resulted in fatalities, it seems that a summary of them here isn't too much of a waste of electrons and provides our readers with easier-to-obtain informaiton, and since ulitmately this article is about astronauts, honoring the fallen by listing there names here seems quite fitting. Akradecki 18:47, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

A couple of comments. I agree the number of deaths should be reconciled with Space Disasters. However, this is too much detail for an overview article on Astronaut. The danger of being an Astronaut should be described with some summary but the details of specific disasters should be left to Space Disasters. Also, as this article is about astronauts, people trained to fly in spacecrafts, the discussion of danger should not be limited to deaths during spaceflight, but training accidents as well. Rillian 13:40, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Four incidents is too much? I find that hard to believe. Yes, this is an overview article, so only the most significant incidents are mentioned in the ariticle (although an argument could be made that Apollo 1 should be included, but I won't go there). Besides, the way it was presented before, only the US incidents were mentioned. By adding the 2 Soviet incidents, I've balanced out the Americanisms. Akradecki 01:46, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

航天员 vs 宇航员

This concerns the following sentence in the "Terminology" section of the article:

In Chinese, the term yǔháng yuán (Simplified Chinese: 航天员; pinyin: hángtiān yuán) (宇航员, "universe navigator") has long been used for astronauts.

I am not so knowledgeable in Chinese that I would know which is used more often by what groups, but I can tell that this sentence is confusing. Which is more common or are they interchangeable? If they are interchangeable, then I would suggest changing it to"

In Chinese, the terms yǔháng yuán (宇航员, "universe navigator") and hángtiān yuán (航天员, "sky navigator") have long been used for astronauts.

If one or the other is more commonly used, then perhaps a different sentence should be used, but the current sentence is rather poorly constructed. Alethiareg 21:54, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Synonyms

"cosmonaut" and "astronaut" are synonyms in all languages, and the usage of choice is often dictated by political reasons

Therefore redirecting cosmonaut taikonaut whatever etc. here is self defined as politically motivated by the article itself, and its baloney. Cosmonauts are not synonymous with astronauts, bunch of either self-deceptive circular reasoning or plain old fashioned dissembling going on here- cosmonauts are Russian. astronauts are American. Americans invented the term Astronaut for political reasons not the other way around. Russians invented Space Travel for political reasons, among other things, and called the Space Travelers Cosmonauts. I prefer cosmonaut would give Russian space travelers astronaut give American and Taikonaut give Chinese space travelers. I don't really understand what this page is trying to do other than make a point that Americans have primacy when it comes to defining space travel, irrespective of history. If that is not going to happen, if we are going to claim the terms are "synonyms in all languages" (go look up cosmonaut for definition 1) then at least Astronaut should also redirect to NPOV Space Travelers. or extraterrestrial navigators or whatever. Try redirecting Astronaut to Cosmonaut and see how far the synonym claim gets. It would get nowhere and start a firestorm in 2 minutes. This needs POV tag by definition, not nomination for good article, otherwise contents themselves are passable 68.60.68.203 12:59, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

• Astronaut and Cosmonaut are synonyms. They both essentially mean "space traveler", and they cover the same job and activities. There is no point having two articles in the same language on the same subject. This is the English wikipedia, so Astronaut gets the main article. If it were the Russian wikipedia, Cosmonaut would get the main article. Wahkeenah 13:29, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

quote "usage of choice is often dictated by political reasons" but besides that they are not the same Cosmonaut refers to RUSSIAN space travelers. If this is not a POV point then, change it to Space Travelers, Cosmonaut is not a Russian word it is an English word defining a Russian Space Traveler, 68.60.68.203 13:41, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

The article says "cosmonaut" (complete with the Russian spelling) is in fact the word used in the Russian language. What's your source contradicting that information? Wahkeenah 13:46, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

I don't disagree that the article could be renamed "Space traveler" and that "astronaut" and "cosmonaut" etc. could then redirect to it. That move would require consensus. Wahkeenah 13:48, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

In fact, in quoting the article's statement about "politial reasons", you neglected to include the part about how cosmonaut is, in fact, the Russian term for a space traveler. There is a degree of the Greek language borrowed by Russian (beyond just borrowing the alphabet) and root words with "cosmos" (space) are normal Russian words. Wahkeenah 13:56, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

well you are too fast for me I think I made my point about that POV. My other point, is what actually brought me to this page but I got sidetracked - and that is that I wanted specifically to find out about taikonauts, ie specifically Chinese astronauts and got me redirected here, nothing to do with cosmonauts at first, although when I found that that also redirected here I thought it was a problem. I can understand the article wants to be about all space travelers, and probably you could do chinese space program or something but, well from there it gets rather complex ---------your other point, Yes the etymology of Cosmonaut is Russian usage by way of the greek Greek kosmos, universe + Greek nauts, sailor- the etymology of oh, say barge is french it is still an english word Cosmonaut in french is cosmonaute in greek its κοσμοναύτης in Finnish kosmonautti and, there you go 68.60.68.203 14:13, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

all by the way, meaning Russian type person flying in space 68.60.68.203 14:19, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Yes. Arguably, cosmonaut is the better word, since astronauts don't fly to stars. But Americans are also known for thinking beyond the practical, i.e. "reaching for the stars", so it fits. This article is just a general description of the term. There are many detailed articles about particulars of the various space programs. Wahkeenah 14:24, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

well since we got off on this I did a little checking, although I am not sure they should be emulated the french wiki redirects cosmonaute to Spationaute, italian cosmonauta to Astronauta. Anyway I don't mean to give you guys problems I just thought, given tendencys and my specific interest in a particular nations space travelers...68.60.68.203

The article Russian Federal Space Agency should give you specific information about Russian space flight, as opposed to general human space flight, which this article is intended to do. Given that astronauts, cosmonauts, and taikonauts are all discussed on this page, the choice of article title reflects the term used in anglophone countries, as it should be, since this is the English Wikipedia. Clearly, each wikipedia should name its astronaut article according to the term most commonly used by speakers of that wiki's language. If you feel that information is lacking, please feel free to add it where appropriate, to this or any other article. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 15:11, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

ok thanks guys68.60.68.203 15:26, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Roger. User Swpb confirmed what I said earlier, that this fits in the English wikipedia because it is the most commonly-used English synonym. Wahkeenah 15:36, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

444 people have reached Earth orbit or beyond[citation needed] I get 451

Pardon this list: you can remove if it takes up too much room -space time not all up to date but these are all human orbiters

(001) Acton, Loren W. 7 d 22:45:26 STS-51F

(002) Adamson, James C. 13 d 22:21:33 STS-28, STS-43

(003) Afanas'yev, Viktor M. 555 d 18:34:32 Soyuz TM-11, Soyuz TM-18,

(004) Akers, Thomas D. 33 d 22:44:46 STS-41, STS-49, STS-61, STS-79

(005) Akiyama, Toyohiro 7 d 21:54:40 Soyuz TM-11

(006) Aksyonov, Vladimir V. 11 d 20:11:47 Soyuz 22, Soyuz T-2

(007) Al-Saud, Salman Abdel Aziz 7 d 01:38:52 STS-51G

(008) Aldrin, Edwin E. 12 d 01:53:06 Gemini 12, Apollo 11

(009) Aleksandrov, Aleksandr Pan. 9 d 20:10:19 Soyuz TM-5

(010) Aleksandrov, Aleksandr Pav. 309 d 18:02:59 Soyuz T-9, Soyuz TM-3

(011) Allen, Andrew M. 37 d 16:12:06 STS-46, STS-62, STS-75

(012) Allen, Joseph P. 13 d 01:59:22 STS-5, STS-51A

(013) Altman, Scott D. 37 d 15:12:03 STS-90, STS-106, STS-109

(014) Anders, William A. 6 d 03:00:42 Apollo 8

(015) Anderson, Michael P. 24 d 18:07:54 STS-89, STS-107

(016) Ansari, Anousheh Soyuz 10 d 20:54:?? TMA-9, ISS, Soyuz TMA-8

(017) Apt, Jerome 35 d 07:11:09 STS-37, STS-47, STS-59, STS-79

(018) Armstrong, Neil A. 8 d 13:59:35 Gemini 8, Apollo 11

(019) Artsebarsky, Anatoly P. 144 d 15:21:50 Soyuz TM-12

(020) Artyukhin, Yuri P. 15 d 17:30:00 Soyuz 14

(021) Ashby, Jeffrey S. 27 d 16:18:19 STS-93, STS-100, STS-112

(022) At'kov, Oleg Yu. 236 d 22:49:04 Soyuz T-10B

(023) Aubakirov, Toktar O. 7 d 22:12:39 Soyuz TM-13

(024) Avdeyev, Sergey V. 747 d 14:22:47 Soyuz TM-15, Soyuz TM-22,

(025) Bagian, James P. 14 d 01:53:10 STS-29, STS-40

(026) Baker, Ellen S. 28 d 14:31:42 STS-34, STS-50, STS-71

(027) Baker, Michael A. 40 d 04:59:09 STS-43, STS-52, STS-68, STS-81

(028) Balandin, Aleksandr N. 179 d 01:17:57 Soyuz TM-9

(029) Barry, Daniel T. 30 d 14:26:26 STS-72, STS-96, STS-105

(030) Bartoe, John-David F. 7 d 22:45:26 STS-51F

(031) Baturin, Yuri M. 20 d 00:43:30 Soyuz TM-28, Soyuz TM-32

(032) Baudry, Patrick 7 d 01:38:52 STS-51G

(033) Bean, Alan L. 69 d 15:45:16 Apollo 12, Skylab 3

(034) Bella, Ivan 7 d 21:56:12 Soyuz TM-29

(035) Belyaev, Pavel I. 1 d 02:02:17 Voskhod 2

(036) Beregovoy, Georgiy T. 3 d 22:51:00 Soyuz 3

(037) Berezovoy, Anatoly N. 211 d 09:04:32 Soyuz T-5

(038) Blaha, John E. 161 d 02:47:28 STS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58,

(039) Bloomfield, Michael J. 33 d 11:00:52 STS-86, STS-97, STS-110

(040) Bluford, Guion S. 28 d 16:35:42 STS-8, STS-61A, STS-39, STS-53

(041) Bobko, Karol J. 16 d 02:03:43 STS-6, STS-51D, STS-51J

(042) Bolden, Charles F. 28 d 08:38:44 STS-61C, STS-31, STS-45, STS-60

(043) Bondar, Roberta L. 8 d 01:14:45 STS-42

(044) Borman, Frank 19 d 21:35:43 Gemini 7, Apollo 8

(045) Bowersox, Kenneth D. 211 d 14:15:16 STS-50, STS-61, STS-73,

(046) Brady, Charles E. 16 d 21:47:47 STS-78

(047) Brand, Vance D. 31 d 02:03:52 ASTP, STS-5, STS-41B, STS-35

(048) Brandenstein, Daniel C. 32 d 21:05:51 STS-8, STS-51G, STS-32,

(049) Bridges, Roy D. 7 d 22:45:26 STS-51F

(050) Brown, Curtis L. 57 d 15:07:57 STS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85,

(051) Brown, David M. 15 d 22:21:00 STS-107

(052) Brown, Mark N. 10 d 09:27:42 STS-28, STS-48

(053) Buchli, James F. 20 d 10:24:38 STS-51C, STS-61A, STS-29, STS-48

(054) Buckey, Jay C. 15 d 21:49:59 STS-90

(055) Budarin, Nikolay M. 444 d 01:26:38 STS-71, Soyuz TM-27, STS-113

(056) Burbank, Daniel C. 10 d 19:11:01 STS-106

(057) Bursch, Daniel W. 226 d 22:17:05 STS-51, STS-68, STS-77, STS-108

(058) Bykovsky, Valery F. 20 d 17:48:23 Vostok 5, Soyuz 22, Soyuz 31

(059) Cabana, Robert D. 37 d 22:43:39 STS-41, STS-53, STS-65, STS-88

(060) Camarda, Charles d 13 21:72:?? STS-114

(061) Cameron, Kenneth D. 23 d 10:11:47 STS-37, STS-56, STS-74

(062) Carey, Duane G. 10 d 22:11:03 STS-109

(063) Carpenter, M. Scott 0 d 04:56:05 Mercury 7

(064) Carr, Gerald P. 84 d 01:15:34 Skylab 4

(065) Carter, Manley L. 5 d 00:06:46 STS-33

(066) Casper, John H. 34 d 09:54:22 STS-36, STS-54, STS-62, STS-77

(067) Cenker, Robert J. 6 d 02:03:51 STS-61C

(068) Cernan, Eugene A. 23 d 14:16:12 Gemini 9A, Apollo 10, Apollo 17

(069) Chang-Diaz, Franklin R. 67 d 17:17:38 STS-61C, STS-34, STS-46,

(070) Chawla, Kalpana 31 d 14:55:04 STS-87, STS-107

(071) Cheli, Maurizio 15 d 17:40:22 STS-75

(072) Chiao, Leroy 36 d 13:38:23 STS-65, STS-72, STS-92

(073) Chilton, Kevin P. 29 d 08:23:01 STS-49, STS-59, STS-76

(074) Chretien, Jean-Loup 43 d 11:19:07 Soyuz T-6, Soyuz TM-7, STS-86

(075) Clark, Laurel B. 15 d 22:21:00 STS-107

(076) Cleave, Mary L. 10 d 22:01:16 STS-61B, STS-30

(077) Clervoy, Jean-Francois 28 d 03:05:32 STS-66, STS-84, STS-103

(078) Clifford, Michael R.U. 27 d 18:25:10 STS-53, STS-59, STS-76

(079) Coats, Michael L. 19 d 07:57:15 STS-41D, STS-29, STS-39

(080) Cockrell, Kenneth D. 65 d 12:26:32 STS-56, STS-69, STS-80,

(081) Coleman, Catherine G. 20 d 20:41:56 STS-73, STS-93

(082) Collins, Eileen M. 22 d 10:37:46 STS-63, STS-84, STS-93

(083) Collins, Michael 11 d 02:05:14 Gemini 10, Apollo 11

(084) Conrad, Charles 49 d 03:38:35 Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12,

(085) Cooper, L. Gordon 9 d 09:16:03 Mercury 9, Gemini 5

(086) Covey, Richard O. 26 d 21:10:53 STS-51I, STS-26, STS-38, STS-61

(087) Creighton, John O. 16 d 20:24:48 STS-51G, STS-36, STS-48

(088) Crippen, Robert L. 23 d 13:48:31 STS-1, STS-7, STS-41C, STS-41G

(089) Crouch, Roger K. 19 d 14:57:13 STS-83, STS-94

(090) Culbertson, Frank L. 143 d 14:50:30 STS-38, STS-51, STS-105

(091) Cunningham, R. Walter 10 d 20:08:58 Apollo 7

(092) Curbeam, Robert L. 24 d 17:47:02 STS-85, STS-98

(093) Currie, Nancy J. 41 d 15:34:49 STS-57, STS-70, STS-88, STS-109

(094) Davis, N. Jan 28 d 02:06:45 STS-47, STS-60, STS-85

(095) DeLucas, Lawrence J. 13 d 19:30:04 STS-50

(096) Demin, Lev 2 d 00:12:11 Soyuz 15

(097) De Winne, Frank d 20:53:09 Soyuz TMA-1, ISS, Soyuz TM-34

(098) Dezhurov, Vladimir N. 244 d 05:27:58 Soyuz TM-21, STS-105

(099) Dobrovol'sky, Georgiy T. 23 d 18:22:00 Soyuz 11

(100) Doi, Takao 15 d 16:34:04 STS-87

(101) Duffy, Brian 40 d 17:37:41 STS-45, STS-57, STS-72, STS-92

(102) Duke, Charles M. 11 d 01:51:05 Apollo 16

(103) Dunbar, Bonnie J. 50 d 08:24:44 STS-61A, STS-32, STS-50, STS-71,

(104) Duque, Pedro F. 18 d 18:47:23 STS-95, Soyuz TMA-3

(105) Durrance, Samuel T. 25 d 14:13:54 STS-35, STS-67

(106) Dzhanibekov, Vladimir A. 145 d 15:58:35 Soyuz 27, Soyuz 39,

(107) Edwards, Joe F. 8 d 19:46:54 STS-89

(108) Eisele, Donn F. 10 d 20:08:58 Apollo 7

(109) England, Anthony W. 7 d 22:45:26 STS-51F

(110) Engle, Joseph H. 9 d 08:30:54 STS-2, STS-51I

(111) Evans, Ronald E. 12 d 13:51:59 Apollo 17

(112) Ewald, Reinhold 19 d 16:34:46 Soyuz TM-25

(113) Eyharts, Leopold 20 d 16:35:38 Soyuz TM-27

(114) Fabian, John M. 13 d 04:02:51 STS-7, STS-51G

(115) Faris, Muhammed A. 7 d 23:04:55 Soyuz TM-3

(116) Farkas, Bertalan 7 d 20:46:46 Soyuz 36

(117) Favier, Jean-Jacques 16 d 21:47:47 STS-78

(118) Fei Junlong 4 d 19:33:?? Shenzhou 6

(119) Feoktistov, Konstantin P. 1 d 00:17:03 Voskhod

(120) Ferguson, Christopher 11 d 19:06:35 STS-115

(121) Fettman, Martin J. 14 d 00:12:32 STS-58

(122) Filipchenko, Anatoly V. 10 d 21:05:00 Soyuz 7, Soyuz 16

(123) Fincke Michael Edward Soyuz TMA-4 ISS TMA-4 187d 21h 17m

(124) Fisher, Anna L. 7 d 23:44:56 STS-51A

(125) Fisher, William F. 7 d 02:17:42 STS-51I

(126) Flade, Klaus-Dietrich 7 d 21:56:52 Soyuz TM-14

(127) Foale, C. Michael 253 d 18:06:51 STS-45, STS-56, STS-63, STS-84,

(128) Forrester, Patrick G. 11 d 21:12:44 STS-105

(129) Fossum, Michael E STS-121 12d 18h 36m

(130) Frick, Stephen N. 10 d 19:42:38 STS-110

(131) Frimout, Dirk D. 8 d 22:09:25 STS-45

(132) Fuglesang, Christer STS-116 12d 20h 52m

(133) Fullerton, C. Gordon 15 d 22:50:12 STS-3, STS-51F

(134) Furrer, Reinhard 7 d 00:44:51 STS-61A

(135) Gaffney, Francis A. 9 d 02:14:20 STS-40

(136) Gagarin, Yuri A. 0 d 01:48:00 Vostok 1

(137) Gardner, Dale A. 14 d 00:53:39 STS-8, STS-51A

(138) Gardner, Guy S. 13 d 08:10:44 STS-27, STS-35

(139) Garn, E. Jacob 6 d 23:55:23 STS-51D

(140) Garneau, Marc J. 30 d 02:01:29 STS-41G, STS-77, STS-97

(141) Garriott, Owen K. 69 d 18:56:14 Skylab 3, STS-9

(142) Gemar, Charles D. 24 d 05:38:42 STS-38, STS-48, STS-62

(143) Gernhardt, Michael L. 43 d 06:01:05 STS-69, STS-83, STS-94,

(144) Gibson, Edward G. 84 d 01:15:34 Skylab 4

(145) Gibson, Robert L. 36 d 04:18:04 STS-41B, STS-61C, STS-27,

(146) Gidzenko, Yuri P. 344 d 23:49:02 Soyuz TM-22, Soyuz TM-31, Soyuz

(147) Glazkov, Yuri N. 17 d 17:26:00 Soyuz 24

(148) Glenn, John H. 9 d 02:39:49 Mercury 6, STS-95

(149) Godwin, Linda M. 38 d 06:13:49 STS-37, STS-59, STS-76, STS-108

(150) Gorbatko, Viktor V. 30 d 12:48:59 Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 37

(151) Gordon, Richard F. 13 d 03:53:32 Gemini 11, Apollo 12

(152) Gorie, Dominic L. 32 d 20:08:08 STS-91, STS-99, STS-108

(153) Grabe, Ronald J. 26 d 03:40:44 STS-51J, STS-30, STS-42, STS-57

(154) Grechko, Georgiy M. 134 d 20:32:58 Soyuz 17, Soyuz 26, Soyuz

(155) Gregory, Frederick D. 18 d 23:06:14 STS-51B, STS-33, STS-44

(156) Gregory, William G. 16 d 15:08:47 STS-67

(157) Griggs, S. David 6 d 23:55:23 STS-51D

(158) Grissom, Virgil I. 0 d 05:08:51 Mercury 4, Gemini 3

(159) Grunsfeld, John M. 37 d 18:15:11 STS-67, STS-81, STS-109

(160) Gubarev, Alexei A. 37 d 11:36:15 Soyuz 17, Soyuz 28

(161) Guidoni, Umberto 27 d 15:10:22 STS-75, STS-100

(162) Gurragcha, Judgerdemidiyin 7 d 20:42:03 Soyuz 39

(163) Gutierrez, Sidney M. 20 d 08:03:50 STS-40, STS-59

(164) Hadfield, Chris A. 20 d 02:00:44 STS-74, STS-100

(165) Haignere, Claudie 25 d 14:23:28 Soyuz TM-24, Soyuz TM-33

(166) Haignere, Jean-Pierre 209 d 12:25:51 Soyuz TM-17, Soyuz TM-29

(167) Haise, Fred W. 5 d 22:54:41 Apollo 13

(168) Halsell, James D. 52 d 09:32:05 STS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94,

(169) Hammond, L. Blaine 19 d 06:12:18 STS-39, STS-64

(170) Harbaugh, Gregory J. 34 d 02:00:34 STS-39, STS-54, STS-71,

(171) Harris, Bernard A. 18 d 06:08:15 STS-55, STS-63

(172) Hart, Terry J. 6 d 23:40:07 STS-41C

(173) Hartsfield, Henry W. 20 d 02:50:37 STS-4, STS-41D, STS-61A

(174) Hauck, Frederick H. 18 d 03:09:06 STS-7, STS-51A, STS-26

(175) Hawley, Steven A. 32 d 02:42:45 STS-41D, STS-61C, STS-31,

(176) Helms, Susan J. 210 d 23:06:27 STS-54, STS-64, STS-78, STS-101,

(177) Henize, Karl G. 7 d 22:45:26 STS-51F

(178) Hennen, Thomas J. 6 d 22:50:42 STS-44

(179) Henricks, Terence T. 42 d 18:38:34 STS-44, STS-55, STS-70,

(180) Hermaszewski, Miroslaw 7 d 22:02:59 Soyuz 30

(181) Herrington, John B. 13 d 18:47:25 STS-113

(182) Hieb, Richard J. 31 d 22:35:00 STS-39, STS-49, STS-65

(183) Higginbotham, Joan STS-116 12d 20h 53m

(184) Hilmers, David C. 20 d 14:17:56 STS-51J, STS-26, STS-36, STS-42

(185) Hire, Kathryn P. 15 d 21:49:59 STS-90

(186) Hobaugh, Charles O. 12 d 18:34:56 STS-104

(187) Hoffman, Jeffrey A. 50 d 11:54:28 STS-51D, STS-35, STS-46,

(188) Horowitz, Scott J. 47 d 10:39:22 STS-75, STS-82, STS-101,

(189) Hughes-Fulford, Millie E. 9 d 02:14:20 STS-40

(190) Husband, Rick D. 25 d 17:34:01 STS-96, STS-107

(191) Irwin, James B. 12 d 07:11:53 Apollo 15

(192) Ivanchenkov, Aleksandr S. 147 d 12:38:24 Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-6

(193) Ivanov, Georgi 1 d 23:01:06 Soyuz 33

(194) Ivins, Marsha S. 55 d 21:47:46 STS-32, STS-46, STS-62, STS-81,

(195) Jahn, Sigmund 7 d 20:49:04 Soyuz 31

(196) Jemison, Mae C. 7 d 22:30:24 STS-47

(197) Jernigan, Tamara E. 63 d 01:25:40 STS-40, STS-52, STS-67,

(198) Jett, Brent W. 30 d 22:53:26 STS-72, STS-81, STS-97

(199) Jones, Thomas D. 53 d 00:49:00 STS-59, STS-68, STS-80, STS-98

(200) Kadenyuk, Leonid K. 15 d 16:34:04 STS-87

(201) Kaleri, Aleksandr Yu. 489 d 21:41:13 Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-24,

(202) Kavandi, Janet L. 33 d 19:07:22 STS-91, STS-99, STS-104

(203) Kelly, James M. 12 d 19:49:33 STS-102

(204) Kelly, Mark E. 11 d 19:35:42 STS-108

(205) Kelly, Scott J. 7 d 23:11:34 STS-103

(206) Kerwin, Joseph P. 28 d 00:49:48 Skylab 2

(207) Khrunov, Yevgeny V. 1 d 23:46:00 Soyuz 5

(208) Kizim, Leonid D. 374 d 17:57:42 Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-10B, Soyuz

(209) Klimuk, Pyotr I. 78 d 18:17:59 Soyuz 13, Soyuz 18B, Soyuz 30

(210) Komarov, Vladimir M. 2 d 03:05:03 Voskhod, Soyuz 1

(211) Kondakova, Yelena V. 178 d 10:41:31 Soyuz TM-20, STS-84

(212) Korzun, Valery G. 382 d 15:40:36 Soyuz TM-24, STS-111

(213) Kovalyonok, Vladimir V. 216 d 09:09:40 Soyuz 25, Soyuz 29, Soyuz

(214) Kozeyev, Konstantin M. 9 d 19:59:51 Soyuz TM-33

(215) Kregel, Kevin R. 52 d 18:20:39 STS-70, STS-78, STS-87, STS-99

(216) Krikalev, Sergey K. 624 d 09:16:21 Soyuz TM-7, Soyuz TM-12,

(217) Kubasov, Valery N. 18 d 17:59:37 Soyuz 6, Soyuz 19, Soyuz 36

(218) Kuipers, Andre 10d 20h 53m Soyuz TMA-4, Soyuz TMA-3

(219) Laveykin, Aleksandr I. 174 d 03:25:56 Soyuz TM-2

(220) Lawrence, Wendy B. 37 d 05:23:20 STS-67, STS-86, STS-91

(221) Lazarev, Vasily A. 1 d 23:37:00 Soyuz 12, Soyuz 18A

(222) Lazutkin, Aleksandr I. 184 d 22:07:40 Soyuz TM-25

(223) Lebedev, Valentin V. 219 d 05:59:32 Soyuz 13, Soyuz T-5

(224) Lee, Mark C. 32 d 21:53:57 STS-30, STS-47, STS-64, STS-82

(225) Leestma, David C. 22 d 04:33:06 STS-41G, STS-28, STS-45

(226) Lenoir, William B. 5 d 02:14:26 STS-5

(227) Leonov, Alexei A. 7 d 00:33:08 Voskhod 2, Soyuz 19

(228) Leslie, Fred W. 15 d 21:52:21 STS-73

(229) Levchenko, Anatoly S. 7 d 21:58:12 Soyuz TM-4

(230) Lichtenberg, Byron K. 19 d 05:56:48 STS-9, STS-45

(231) Lind, Don L. 7 d 00:08:46 STS-51B

(232) Lindsay, Steven W. 37 d 08:53:26 STS-87, STS-95, STS-104

(233) Linenger, Jerry M. 143 d 02:50:18 STS-64, STS-81

(234) Linnehan, Richard M. 43 d 17:48:49 STS-78, STS-90, STS-109

(235) Linteris, Gregory T. 19 d 14:57:13 STS-83, STS-94

(236) Lockhart, Paul S. 28 d 15:23:21 STS-113, STS-111

(237) Lonchakov, Yuri V. 22 d 18:22:49 STS-100, Soyuz TMA-1

(238) Lopez-Alegria, Michael E. 42 d 14:22:27 STS-73, STS-92, STS-113

(239) Lounge, John M. 20 d 02:23:00 STS-51I, STS-26, STS-35

(240) Lousma, Jack R. 67 d 11:13:37 Skylab 3, STS-3

(241) Lovell, James A. 29 d 19:04:55 Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8,

(242) Low, G. David 29 d 18:06:57 STS-32, STS-43, STS-57

(243) Lu, Edward T. 204 d 23:18:05 STS-84, STS-106, Soyuz TMA-2

(244) Lucid, Shannon W. 223 d 02:52:26 STS-51G, STS-34, STS-43,

(245) Lyakhov, Vladimir A. 333 d 07:46:55 Soyuz 32, Soyuz T-9, Soyuz

(246) MacLean, Steven G. 9 d 20:56:14 STS-52

(247) Magnus, Sandra H. 10 d 19:58:44 STS-112

(248) Makarov, Oleg G. 20 d 17:43:40 Soyuz 12, Soyuz 18A, Soyuz 27,

(249) Malenchenko, Yuri I. 321 d 16:51:45 Soyuz TM-19, STS-106, Soyuz

(250) Malerba, Franco 7 d 23:15:03 STS-46

(251) Malyshev, Yuri V. 11 d 19:59:36 Soyuz T-2, Soyuz T-11

(252) Manakov, Gennady M. 309 d 21:19:36 Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-16

(253) Manarov, Musa K. 541 d 00:29:38 Soyuz TM-4, Soyuz TM-11

(254) Massimino, Michael J. 10 d 22:11:03 STS-109

(255) Mastracchio, Richard A. 10 d 19:11:01 STS-106

(256) Mattingly, Thomas K. 21 d 04:34:10 Apollo 16, STS-4, STS-51C

(257) McArthur, William S. 35 d 02:25:57 STS-58, STS-74, STS-92

(258) McBride, Jon A. 8 d 05:23:33 STS-41G

(259) McCandless, Bruce 13 d 00:32:01 STS-41B, STS-31

(260) McCool, William C. 15 d 22:21:00 STS-107

(261) McCulley, Michael J. 4 d 23:39:21 STS-34

(262) McDivitt, James A. 14 d 02:57:06 Gemini 4, Apollo 9

(263) McMonagle, Donald R. 25 d 05:35:10 STS-39, STS-54, STS-66

(264) McNair, Ronald E. 7 d 23:17:06 STS-41B, STS-51L

(265) Meade, Carl J. 29 d 16:14:28 STS-38, STS-50, STS-64

(266) Melnick, Bruce E. 12 d 23:27:42 STS-41, STS-49

(267) Melroy, Pamela A. 23 d 17:41:25 STS-92, STS-112

(268) Merbold, Ulf 49 d 21:38:04 STS-9, STS-42, Soyuz TM-20

(269) Messerschmid, Ernst 7 d 00:44:51 STS-61A

(270) Mitchell, Edgar D. 9 d 00:01:57 Apollo 14

(271) Mohmand, Abdul Ahad 8 d 20:26:27 Soyuz TM-6

(272) Mohri, Mamoru 19 d 04:09:07 STS-47, STS-99

(273) Morin, Lee M. 10 d 19:42:38 STS-110

(274) Morukov, Boris V. 10 d 19:11:01 STS-106

(275) Mukai, Chiaki 23 d 15:39:27 STS-65, STS-95

(276) Mullane, Richard M. 14 d 20:20:03 STS-41D, STS-27, STS-36

(277) Musabayev, Talgat A. 341 d 16:46:24 Soyuz TM-19, Soyuz TM-27,

(278) Musgrave, F. Story 53 d 09:58:27 STS-6, STS-51F, STS-33, STS-44,

(279) Nagel, Steven R. 30 d 01:36:27 STS-51G, STS-61A, STS-37, STS-55

(280) Nelson, C. William 6 d 02:03:51 STS-61C

(281) Nelson, George D. 17 d 02:44:09 STS-41C, STS-61C, STS-26

(282) Neri Vela, Rudolfo 6 d 21:04:49 STS-61B

(283) Newman, James H. 43 d 10:09:53 STS-51, STS-69, STS-88, STS-109

(284) Nicollier, Claude 42 d 12:05:32 STS-46, STS-61, STS-75, STS-103

(285) Nie Haisheng 4 d 19 h 33m Shenzhou 6

(286) Nikolayev, Andriyan G. 21 d 15:21:00 Vostok 3, Soyuz 9

(287) Noguchi, Soich 13d 21h 32m STS-114

(288) Noriega, Carlos I. 21 d 01:17:20 STS-84, STS-97

(289) Nowak, Lisa 12d 18h 36m STS-121

(290) O'Connor, Bryan D. 15 d 23:19:09 STS-61B, STS-40

(291) Ochoa, Ellen L. 40 d 19:38:00 STS-56, STS-66, STS-96, STS-110

(292) Ockels, Wubbo J. 7 d 00:44:51 STS-61A

(293) Oefelein, William 12d 20h 51m STS-116

(294) Olsen, Gregory Soyuz TMA-7, ISS, Soyuz TMA-6 9d 21h 15m

(295) Onizuka, Ellison S. 3 d 01:34:34 STS-51C, STS-51L

(296) Onufrienko, Yuri I. 389 d 14:46:52 Soyuz TM-23, STS-108

(297) Oswald, Stephen S. 33 d 22:31:51 STS-42, STS-56, STS-67

(298) Overmyer, Robert F. 12 d 02:23:12 STS-5, STS-51B

(299) Padalka, Gennady I. 198 d 16:31:03 Soyuz TM-28

(300) Pailes, William A. 4 d 01:44:38 STS-51J

(301) Parazynski, Scott E. 42 d 13:09:18 STS-66, STS-86, STS-95,

(302) Parise, Ronald A. 25 d 14:13:54 STS-35, STS-67

(303) Parker, Robert A. 19 d 06:52:30 STS-9, STS-35

(304) Patrick, Nicholas 12d 20h 51m STS-116

(305) Patsayev, Viktor I. 23 d 18:22:00 Soyuz 11

(306) Pawelczyk, James A. 15 d 21:49:59 STS-90

(307) Payette, Julie 9 d 19:13:01 STS-96

(308) Payton, Gary E. 3 d 01:33:23 STS-51C

(309) Perrin, Philippe 14 d 20:35:56 STS-111

(310) Peterson, Donald H. 5 d 00:23:42 STS-6

(311) Pettit, Donald R. 161 d 01:17:09 STS-113

(312) Pham Tuan 7 d 20:41:59 Soyuz 37

(313) Phillips, John L. 11 d 21:30:00 STS-100

(314) Pogue, William R. 84 d 01:15:34 Skylab 4

(315) Polansky, Mark L. 12 d 21:20:03 STS-98

(316) Poleshchuk, Aleksandr F. 179 d 00:43:45 Soyuz TM-16

(317) Polyakov, Valery V. 678 d 16:33:18 Soyuz TM-6, Soyuz TM-18

(318) Pontes, Marcos 9d 21h 17m Soyuz TMA-8 ISS Soyuz TMA-7

(319) Popov, Leonid I. 200 d 14:45:50 Soyuz 35, Soyuz 40, Soyuz T-7

(320) Popovich, Pavel R. 18 d 16:26:27 Vostok 4, Soyuz 14

(321) Precourt, Charles J. 38 d 19:15:56 STS-55, STS-71, STS-84,

(322) Prunariu, Dumitru D. 7 d 20:41:52 Soyuz 40

(323) Ramon, Ilan 15 d 22:21:00 STS-107

(324) Readdy, William F. 28 d 00:44:23 STS-42, STS-51, STS-79

(325) Reightler, Kenneth S. 13 d 15:36:56 STS-48, STS-60

(326) Reilly, James F. 21 d 14:21:50 STS-89, STS-104

(327) Reiter, Thomas 350d 05h 44m Soyuz TM-22, Euromir 95, STS-121, STS-11

(328) Remek, Vladimir 7 d 22:16:30 Soyuz 28

(329) Resnik, Judith A. 6 d 00:57:15 STS-41D, STS-51L

(330) Richards, Paul W. 12 d 19:49:33 STS-102

(331) Richards, Richard N. 33 d 21:30:13 STS-28, STS-41, STS-50,

(332) Ride, Sally K. 14 d 07:47:32 STS-7, STS-41G

(333) Robinson, Stephen K. 20 d 18:11:25 STS-85, STS-95

(334) Romanenko, Yuri V. 430 d 18:21:30 Soyuz 26, Soyuz 38, Soyuz TM-2

(335) Rominger, Kent V. 67 d 02:55:39 STS-73, STS-80, STS-85, STS-96,

(336) Roosa, Stuart A. 9 d 00:01:57 Apollo 14

(337) Ross, Jerry L. 58 d 00:55:19 STS-61B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55,

(338) Rozhdestvensky, Valery I. 2 d 00:06:00 Soyuz 23

(339) Rukavishnikov, Nikolay N. 9 d 21:11:06 Soyuz 10, Soyuz 16, Soyuz

(340) Runco, Mario 22 d 23:10:01 STS-44, STS-54, STS-77

(341) Ryumin, Valery V. 371 d 16:24:29 Soyuz 25, Soyuz 32, Soyuz 35,

(342) Sacco, Albert 15 d 21:52:21 STS-73

(343) Sarafanov, Gennady V. 2 d 00:12:00 Soyuz 15

(344) Savinykh, Viktor P. 252 d 17:38:50 Soyuz T-4, Soyuz T-13, Soyuz

(345) Savitskaya, Svetlana Ye. 19 d 17:07:00 Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-12

(346) Schirra, Walter M. 12 d 07:13:33 Mercury 8, Gemini 6A, Apollo 7

(347) Schlegel, Hans W. 9 d 23:40:00 STS-55

(348) Schmitt, Harrison H. 12 d 13:51:59 Apollo 17

(349) Schweickart, Russell L. 10 d 01:00:54 Apollo 9

(350) Scobee, Francis R. 6 d 23:41:18 STS-41C, STS-51L

(351) Scott, David R. 22 d 18:53:47 Gemini 8, Apollo 9, Apollo 15

(352) Scott, Winston E. 24 d 14:34:45 STS-72, STS-87

(353) Scully-Power, Paul D. 8 d 05:23:33 STS-41G

(354) Searfoss, Richard A. 39 d 03:18:24 STS-58, STS-76, STS-90

(355) Seddon, M. Rhea 30 d 02:22:15 STS-51D, STS-40, STS-58

(356) Sega, Ronald M. 17 d 12:25:15 STS-60, STS-76

(357) Sellers, Piers J. 10 d 19:58:44 STS-112

(358) Serebrov, Aleksandr A. 372 d 22:53:49 Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-8,

(359) Sevastyanov, Vitaly I. 80 d 16:19:00 Soyuz 9, Soyuz 18B

(360) Shargin, Yuri 9d 21h 30m Soyuz TMA-5 ISS Soyuz TMA-4

(361) Sharipov, Salikhan Sh. 8 d 19:46:54 STS-89

(362) Sharma, Rakesh 7 d 21:40:06 Soyuz T-11

(363) Sharman, Helen P. 7 d 21:13:45 Soyuz TM-12

(364) Shatalov, Vladimir A. 9 d 21:57:00 Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10

(365) Shaw, Brewster H. 22 d 05:52:20 STS-9, STS-61B, STS-28

(366) Shepard, Alan B. 9 d 00:16:57 Mercury 3, Apollo 14

(367) Shepherd, William M. 159 d 07:50:50 STS-27, STS-41, STS-52,

(368) Shonin, Georgiy S. 4 d 22:42:00 Soyuz 6

(369) Shriver, Loren J. 16 d 02:04:32 STS-51C, STS-31, STS-46

(370) Shuttleworth, Mark R. 24 d 22:28:22 Soyuz TM-34

(371) Slayton, Donald K. 9 d 01:28:24 ASTP

(372) Smith, Steven L. 40 d 00:17:30 STS-68, STS-82, STS-103, STS-110

(373) Solov'ov, Vladimir A. 361 d 22:50:00 Soyuz T-10B, Soyuz T-15

(374) Solov'yov, Anatoly Ya. 651 d 00:11:25 Soyuz TM-5, Soyuz TM-9,

(375) Spring, Sherwood C. 6 d 21:04:49 STS-61B

(376) Springer, Robert C. 9 d 21:33:17 STS-29, STS-38

(377) Stafford, Thomas P. 21 d 03:44:00 Gemini 6A, Gemini 9A, Apollo

(378) Stefanyshyn-Piper, Heidemarie M. 11d 19h 06m STS-115

(379) Stewart, Robert L. 12 d 01:00:33 STS-41B, STS-51J

(380) Still, Susan L. 19 d 14:57:13 STS-83, STS-94

(381) Strekalov, Gennady M. 268 d 22:29:42 Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz

(382) Sturckow, Frederick W. 23 d 16:31:31 STS-88, STS-105

(383) Sullivan, Kathryn D. 22 d 04:49:04 STS-41G, STS-31, STS-45

(384) Swigert, John L. 5 d 22:54:41 Apollo 13

(385) Tamayo Mendez, Arnaldo 7 d 20:43:24 Soyuz 38

(386) Tani, Daniel M. 11 d 19:35:42 STS-108

(387) Tanner, Joseph R. 32 d 18:08:35 STS-66, STS-82, STS-97

(388) Tereshkova, Valentina V. 2 d 22:50:08 Vostok 6

(389) Thagard, Norman E. 140 d 13:26:59 STS-7, STS-51B, STS-30,

(390) Thiele, Gerhard 11 d 05:38:43 STS-99

(391) Thirsk, Robert B. 16 d 21:47:47 STS-78

(392) Thomas, Andrew S. 163 d 10:41:50 STS-77, STS-89, STS-102

(393) Thomas, Donald A. 43 d 07:12:19 STS-65, STS-70, STS-83, STS-94

(394) Thornton, Kathryn C. 40 d 15:15:18 STS-33, STS-49, STS-61,

(395) Thornton, William E. 13 d 01:17:29 STS-8, STS-51B

(396) Thuot, Pierre J. 27 d 06:52:41 STS-36, STS-49, STS-62

(397) Tito, Dennis 8 d 05:03:40 Soyuz TM-32

(398) Titov, Gherman S. 1 d 01:18:00 Vostok 2

(399) Titov, Vladimir G. 387 d 00:51:03 Soyuz T-8, Soyuz T-10A, Soyuz

(400) Tognini, Michel 18 d 17:45:49 Soyuz TM-15, STS-93

(401) Tokarev, Valery I. 9 d 19:13:01 STS-96

(402) Treschev, Sergej J. 185 d 22:14:23 STS-111

(403) Trinh, Eugene H. 13 d 19:30:04 STS-50

(404) Truly, Richard H. 8 d 07:21:55 STS-2, STS-8

(405) Tryggvason, Bjarni V. 11 d 20:26:59 STS-85

(406) Tsibliev, Vasily V. 381 d 15:53:02 Soyuz TM-17, Soyuz TM-25

(407) Tyyurin, Mikhail W. 128 d 20:44:56 STS-105

(408) Usachyov, Yuri V. 552 d 22:24:32 Soyuz TM-18, Soyuz TM-23,

(409) van den Berg, Lodewijk 7d 00h 08m STS-51-B

(410) van Hoften, James 14d 01h 57m STS-41-C, STS-51-I

(411) Vasyutin, Vladimir V. 64 d 21:52:08 Soyuz T-14

(412) Veach, Charles L. 18 d 04:18:35 STS-39, STS-52

(413) Viehbock, Franz 7 d 22:12:39 Soyuz TM-13

(414) Viktorenko, Aleksandr S. 489 d 01:35:17 Soyuz TM-3, Soyuz TM-8,

(415) Vinogradov, Pavel V. 197 d 17:33:36 Soyuz TM-26

(416) Vittori, Roberto 24 d 22:28:22 Soyuz TM-34

(417) Volk, Igor P. 11 d 19:14:36 Soyuz T-12

(418) Volkov, Aleksandr A. 391 d 11:52:14 Soyuz T-14, Soyuz TM-7,

(419) Volkov, Vladislav N. 28 d 17:03:00 Soyuz 7, Soyuz 11

(420) Volynov, Boris V. 52 d 07:17:32 Soyuz 5, Soyuz 21

(421) Voss, James S. 202 d 05:29:21 STS-44, STS-53, STS-69, STS-101,

(422) Voss, Janice E. 49 d 02:49:05 STS-57, STS-63, STS-83, STS-94,

(423) Wakata, Koichi 21 d 19:43:22 STS-72, STS-92

(424) Walheim, Rex J. 10 d 19:42:38 STS-110

(425) Walker, Charles D. 19 d 21:56:16 STS-41D, STS-51D, STS-61B

(426) Walker, David M. 30 d 04:30:06 STS-51A, STS-30, STS-53, STS-69

(427) Walter, Ulrich 9 d 23:40:00 STS-55

(428) Walz, Carl E. 230 d 13:03:56 STS-51, STS-65, STS-79, STS-108

(429) Wang, Taylor G. 7 d 00:08:46 STS-51B

(430) Weber, Mary E. 18 d 18:29:12 STS-70, STS-101

(431) Weitz, Paul J. 33 d 01:13:30 Skylab 2, STS-6

(432) Wetherbee, James D. 66 d 10:22:55 STS-32, STS-52, STS-63,

(433) White, Edward H. 4 d 01:56:12 Gemini 4

(434) Whitson, Peggy A. 185 d 22:14:23 STS-111

(435) Wilcutt, Terrence W. 41 d 00:02:35 STS-68, STS-79, STS-89,

(436) Williams, Dafydd R. 15 d 21:49:59 STS-90

(437) Williams, Donald E. 11 d 23:34:44 STS-51D, STS-34

(438) Williams, Jeffrey N. 9 d 20:09:07 STS-101

(439) Williams, Sunita STS-116 IN ORBIT

(440) Wilson, Stephanie 12d 18h 36m STS-121

(441) Wisoff, Peter J.K. 44 d 08:09:05 STS-57, STS-68, STS-81, STS-92

(442) Wolf, David A. 152 d 16:12:06 STS-58, STS-86, STS-112

(443) Worden, Alfred M. 12 d 07:11:53 Apollo 15

(444) Yang Liwei 0 d 20:36:00 Shenzhou 5

(445) Yegorov, Boris B. 1 d 00:17:03 Voskhod

(446) Yeliseyev, Alexey S. 8 d 22:22:00 Soyuz 5, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10

(447) Young, John W. 34 d 19:42:13 Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10,

(448) Yurchikhin, Fyodor N. 10 d 19:58:44 STS-112

(449) Zalyotin, Sergey V. 83 d 16:35:20 Soyuz TM-30, Soyuz TMA-1

(450) Zholobov, Vitaly M. 49 d 06:23:32 Soyuz 21

(451) Zudov, Vyacheslav D. 2 d 00:06:00 Soyuz 23

68.60.68.203 22:15, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Binnie, Brian NO ORBIT

Melvill, Mike NO ORBIT

Joseph Albert Walker, NO ORBIT

total=454 space people

68.60.68.203 22:24, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Traditions and rituals

Hello, I just read about Charles Simonyi viewing the film White Sun of the Desert before blasting off to space and the BBC article mentioned that viewing the film is an old cosmonaut tradition. Looking a bit furter, I found this article that also mentions this. This last article also goes on to describe some other cosmonaut rituals, the most funny being this:

Another short bus ride later, the crew stepped off the vehicle and marked another cosmonaut tradition that legend says began with Yuri Gagarin in 1961 when he answered a "call of nature," urinating on the bus' wheel. Repeating the action today is seen as a token of good luck.

The whole story of cosmonaut rituals, traditions and superstitions seems to me like an interesting subject. How about incorporating stuff like this to the article? --Michalis Famelis (talk) 01:03, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Pictures.. and no Neil Armstrong??

I am personally offended that Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova are pictured before any american astronauts, and that there is absolutely no mension of Apollo 11 or Neil Armstrong OR Buzz Aldrin OR Michael Collins. Even in SPACE TRAVEL MILESTONES. The Moon Landing was a huge part of our history, as Neil Armstrong said himself "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." I am offended as an American, and as a human being, that Apollo 11 has been omitted from this article. It is simply preposterous. It's unacceptable. I can not be made to believe that a consensus has come that Dick Scobee be placed before Neil Armstrong in an article on Atronauts, I will not have it. --Krakko 04:43, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Then be bold—edit the page yourself. — Swpb ^{talk contribs} 05:16, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Someone should be pictured before Yuri Gagarin because...? Yasha 80.47.42.189 17:42, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Move to "Space traveler"

What, still red, not even a redirect yet? Let's move per WP:NPOV, WP:UE, and per talk above. The jolly good old Greek Αργοναυτική (argonauts) came first, then cosmonaut, astronaut, spationaut, taikonaut etc. Is every country entitled to make up a -naut of their own based on ancient Greek sailors? People that traveled to and in space should be called straightforwardly in English by what they did and do. See also

• List of space travelers by name
• Space travel
• Donald as a space traveler, in this case traveling to Mars

-- Matthead ^discuß!     O       17:41, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Good call on the redirect. However, I'm fairly sure "astronaut" is English, and is not just the US's own term: most of the English-speaking world uses it, and China officially uses it in their English publications ("taikonaut" is unofficial and is used only by western media). And because every single person who has flown in space has done so from the U.S., China, or the U.S.S.R./Russia, every single one of them has been an astronaut or a cosmonaut, which is purposely the only listed alternative name in the introduction. Yes, words like "spationaut" and others exist, but their respective countries have never launched their own space travelers for these terms to apply to, which is why these terms see only occasional usage in English, and are discussed further down the body of the article. — Swpb^talk|edits 15:35, 30 July 2007 (UTC) 20:40, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

User:Rillian has re-targeted Space traveler from Astronaut to Human spaceflight. I think his point is that this article is not about "space travelers" in general, which would just be a dictionary definition, "anyone who might potentially travel in space", but is instead about people who actually have traveled in space, a group limited to astronauts and cosmonauts. — Swpb^talk|edits 15:35, 30 July 2007 (UTC) 21:38, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

My point is that Space Traveler != Astronaut and Astronaut != Space Traveler. Not all astronauts travel in space, and not every one who travels in space is an astronaut. While the term astronaut has been broadly applied at times by the media and others to refer to anyone who trains for and/or flies in space, I think Wikipedia is better served by having a article specifically about professional space travelers (with an article name of Astronaut) that mentions other uses of the term astronaut, than substituting this article with a more general one on space travel. Looking at the current article, the content about human spaceflight in general should be updated to focus on astronaut spaceflight in particular, i.e. how many astronauts have been trained for spaceflight, how many astronauts have flown in space, how many astronauts have died during missions. Rillian 13:32, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

I disagree with "anyone who might potentially travel in space". These are candidates, wannabes, standing-in-line, pretenders, whatever. The proper umbrella term for those who have been in space, no matter how, from where, with what vehicle, on a ticket paid by a single government, by an international cooperation, or from a private pocket, as heroic mission-saving pilot or passive passenger, is simply space traveler. As conceded in the intro, the use of astronaut is highly inconsistent, both by the public and on Wikipedia. Many apply it to everyone that has traveled in space, some restrict it to those who traveled on board of an US-launched spacecraft, while others even apply it as a job designation for those receiving training for space travel, or those who are employed for space travel, even when they never get launched. How about those who have been launched by Russian Soyuz from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, by an US-Shuttle, and spend months on the Russian MIR and on the International(!) Space Station, like Thomas Reiter? Is he a cosmonaut-astronaut-internaut? Or, as certainly hefty sums of Deutsche Mark were involved, was the name Raumfahrer literally earned for him? What about those called space tourist, where is the line drawn on them regarding (not) "trained to ... serve as a crew member"? How about Gregory Olsen, dubbed "Spaceflight Participant", listed in the categories "American astronauts" and "Space tourists", who "is unhappy with the "space tourist" designation, since he conducted several experiments"? English Wikipedia has dug itself a hole with the current blurred use of astronaut. What if private initiatives like SpaceShipOne succeed, and space trips from many places become common, like obscure Tax haven islands, or cheap Flag of convenience places? Vanuatunauts, anyone? Let's make space traveler at least a disamb article that explains the differences, and move List of astronauts by name to List of people trained as spacecraft crew members, according to article content.-- Matthead ^discuß!     O       23:48, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

What other articles would be on such a disambiguation page? This article focuses on the "astronaut" and "cosmonaut" designations of space traveler, but is there much else to be said about space travelers in general to merit a separate article or articles? Could one justify a whole "raumfahrer" or "spationaut" article, for instance, on the English Wikipedia? I doubt it. The best place to describe the various international designations for space travelers is in this article, until those sections become so large as to require a split, as is the procedure throughout Wikipedia. And as the overwhelmingly preferred term in the English speaking world, this article ought to remain at "Astronaut". — Swpb^talk|edits 15:35, 30 July 2007 (UTC) 01:12, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Condensed, the article intro uses "astronaut or cosmonaut...professional space travelers... anyone who travels into space....professional space travelers ... new category of astronaut was created—the commercial astronaut...use the term spaceflight participant to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts ... US astronauts ... are awarded astronaut wings .... Space travelers." In other sections, the "overwhelmingly preferred term in the English speaking world" is already often avoided, except in the Training section, where it is falsely applied to Soviets while only US training methods are described. Let's face it, this article already talks about space travelers in general and should be named accordingly. The sections Terminology, Training, Milestones and Deaths apply not only for astronauts anyway, as cosmonauts had many firsts. Astronauts are pretty prone to getting killed, though, with Apollo 1 not even mentioned yet, apparently they were no astronauts? The term astronaut is already watered down, split in professional astronaut and commercial astronaut. The US-centered POV in Insignia needs to be reduced, especially all the trivia about US wings, pins and badges. I'm convinced the Soviet Union also gave fancy stuff to their cosmonauts. How about discussing the prettiness and significance of the Hero of the Soviet Union insignia worn by Gagarin in length and breadth here also? -- Matthead ^discuß!     O       02:58, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Add whatever content you think is missing. If "astronaut" is inconsistently defined in the article, that's because it's inconsistently defined elsewhere, and this article should reflect that. — Swpb^talk|edits 15:35, 30 July 2007 (UTC) 04:18, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

The section on Deaths clearly states that "nineteen people have been killed on five spaceflight missions, and at least ten more have been killed in ground-based training accidents" which includes Apollo 1. To keep the article a reasonable length, only the five spaceflights which resulted in astronaut deaths are listed in detail plus a link to the Space disasters article. If you feel that all astronaut deaths should be listed in the article, go ahead and propose a change. Regards, Rillian 12:48, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Why?

Why does Cosmonaut direct back here again? You guys get Astronaut and also a link back to Astronaut from Cosmonaut ;) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tommyhaych (talk • contribs) 19:27, August 21, 2007 (UTC).

Assersion about Chinese usage

I have removed the following sentence from the article because a Google test shows it is incorrect. The official website for Chinese space agency China National Space Administration is www.cnsa.gov.cn.

"More recently, official reports have used the term "hángtiānyuán" (航天员)."

All articles:

• "宇航员" site:www.cnsa.gov.cn (1,280 results)
• "航天员" site:www.cnsa.gov.cn (597 results)

Past 6 months:

• "宇航员" site:www.cnsa.gov.cn (11 results)
• "航天员" site:www.cnsa.gov.cn (2 results)

In addition, taikonaut does not have the same etymology as "tàikōng rén", so should not be taken as the same thing. "tàikōng rén" is the term used in Taiwan and Hong Kong, while taikonaut is invented in recent years for English media. --Voidvector 08:45, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Good Article - take two

I'd really love to see this article get a GA status soon. To this end, I have made a number of edits to improve its status, specifically relating to being able to pass a GA nom. I've fully referenced the majority of the article, placed references into full citation templates, separated the milestone section for ease of reading, cited most (if not all) milestones listed, expanded the training section with current requirements for NASA. (Russia's program is more difficult to document, as many of the documents are in Russian, but their program is similar and I'll be getting some refs for mention of that). Additionally, I added a section on Malaysia's space program, and I've added images to balance the page's subject matter: Alan Shephard (first American in space), and images of the parabolic trainer, and the crew of Challenger. Perhaps a picture of Neil Armstrong would be appropriate, but I'd like to see how this fleshes out to see if it would fit without being over-crowded with images.

I also think that adding the information noted above about the traditions in Russia will be very helpful, and with the upcoming launch of Expedition 16 this coming week, I expect to get references to fully fill out this area. To address possible concerns about balance of US/Russia items, adding the above tradition info will help with that, but also since the majority of astronauts have been from NASA, (295 from NASA, 72 from Russia), the majority of coverage historically will be disproportionate. There is plenty of information about the RSA program in the main articles linked from here, and this article is about the profession of an astronaut, and not so much about the countries that have astronauts, so I'm not sure that an "imbalance" would be an issue with a GA review. Items that will still need attention are to search for improper wiki links (i.e. to disamb pages), words to avoid, and jargon. I also think the fatalities section needs some additional work, and I can work on that adding citations and perhaps making it a bit easier to read, visually. Once that is done, I really think this has a great chance at GA, so any help those reading this can give would be awesome. I've wanted to see this at GA for a while, but just did not get around to working on it heavily. ^Ariel♥Gold 13:07, 4 October 2007 (UTC)