Talk:Ancient Egypt/Archive 3

Archive 1

Archive 2

Archive 3

Archive 4

Archive 5

Initial critique of the existing article

Okay, here's a quick critique of some of the issues as I see it with the existing article:

"Weasel words", mainly imprecise wording of factual statements:
- Done"Ancient Egypt was a long-standing civilization": we have a pretty good idea how long that was; why not state it?
- Done"Khafre's Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c.2500 BC or perhaps earlier).": The "c" is for "circa", so "c. 2500 BC" doesn't need the "or perhaps earlier" (which arguably alludes to the fringe theorists saying that it is millennia older.
- Done "Karnak Temple where some of the best preserved ancient Egyptian writing still exists": I find the phrase "best preserved" grating; it is not what Karnak is all about, and on the whole you would probably be better off finding a picture in the Ancient Egypt section on Wikimedia Commons that more accurately illustrates samples of Egyptian hieroglyphs
-Done "Louvre Museum antiquity": it's a picture of a large jar, not an unidentified "antiquity". Again, suggest you find a better image to illustrate the section the pic goes with

Lists where there should be prose:
- The History sections starts off strong, but then becomes a link to a list of pharaohs and dynasties. Better to borrow from the History of ancient Egypt article and from related articles to help flesh this out.
- Similarly, the Literature section is simply a bunch of links to notable works, but this doesn't constitute a useful summary the topic

Sections that are too short:
- The art section deserves more than two meager paragraphs, and the Architecture section ought to be beefed up as well. In both cases I suggest drawing upon more info from the parent articles and summarizing them.

Not enough citations
- I'll make a point of going through the article and adding citation requests to things that are arguably contentious. For an article this size I would expect to see about twice the number of citations than are already provided.
- If you want an article to pass GA status, all of the citations that have not been referenced need to be dealt with. Most of these fall under the "Open Questions" section, and deal with fringe theories. Those should either be chopped or put into its own section labeled "Alternate theories" or something similar.

More comments to come, but that's a start! Cheers! Captmondo 13:17, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

• Also the article needs a few words about the Amarna period. Jeff Dahl 00:19, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

I have seen your reply on my User page asking me to tackle the history section. It's big, but I'll see what I can do. And yes, I agree that it ought to cover the Amarna period as well.

To my eyes one of the largest "holes" is the section having to do with Ancient Egyptian literature. I see that Markh has created a stub "main" article for Ancient Egyptian literature, but this needs to be expanded considerably. Given time, I will lend a hand to that as well. Captmondo 14:08, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Just fyi, the remainder of the History section will take longer to do, primarily because the source articles are either haphazard, too short or contain a lot of contentious material (primarily relating to modern-day religions, for which I do not have a lot of reference material to draw upon). Will keep working at it, but expect progress to be slower. Cheers! Captmondo 04:20, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

I have added brief summaries of what was in the break-out articles for the history sections, and tidied up the references (some were missing and showed as errors) and added to the bibliography Hopefully this now looks a bit better. The article is now really long! Is this a problem? 11:40, 6 October 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Markh (talk • contribs)

Good work Markh! Though am guessing you are finding that the quantity and quality of readily-available information to draw upon is getting a bit on the thin side. And yes, I agree that this section is getting too long. My thinking was to "start big" and then go through the whole thing again and winnow it down (one exception: possibly expand the section on the early part of the 18th dynasty). At most I'd say each section (save for the New Kingdom, which most people will want to know more about) ought to be no more than 3 paragraphs long each.

Will first work on bringing the ancillary articles up to snuff, and then copy a summary of that info to this article.

Nice to see how the literature section is coming along btw! Captmondo 15:55, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Having added content into all of the histor sections, I think we should replace the History of Ancient Egypt article (after extracting any information that is missing), with the history section from this article, and then massively reduce the section in this article, as it is now really too big for anyone to read. Markh 20:02, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

I agree with what you propose. Have just finished salvaging what I though was worth keeping content-wise from the History of Ancient Egypt article and placed it into the body of this article. Now you can feel free to copy the whole of the History section from this article and replace the History of Ancient Egypt article with it in good conscience. The comes the work of whittling down the History section here. Captmondo 00:49, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Do the first half, and replaced the History of Ancient Egypt article with the stuff from here, now we need to reduce the size of this article. Markh 20:56, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

I'll volunteer to work on trimming down the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods and the Predynastic sections. Jeff Dahl 22:14, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

OK, I trimmed down the Paleolithic and Neolithic. Next I'll do Early dynastic and Old Kingdom. Jeff Dahl 04:53, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

And just so we don't forget, we should explain the concept of co-regency, something that I think is totally unique to Egypt. Jeff Dahl 01:40, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

I've gone and whittled down the Third Intermediate Period section somewhat. I'm also not sure how important the concept of coregency really is with an article of this scope/breadth. It already has its own article (which looks like it may need updating from an Ancient Egyptian perspective) and this sort of thing can best be left to individual pharaoh article (IMHO). Captmondo 21:39, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Comment to 83d40m re: size of article: I noticed your edit comment that you disagree about reducing the size of the article. Just to be clear, the rest of us who are working on the article simply want to trim down the long history section so that it is not overlong. Fine details can and should appear in the associated articles on those periods, which are referenced at the top of each sub-section. If you disagree with this assertion, I respectfully suggest you do so here. (Like the addition to the Ptolemiac period section btw, ditto the nice pic of the statue of Cleopatra from the Hermitage)! Cheers! Captmondo 14:36, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Exactly, the history section was better than the actual History of Ancient Egypt article, and there is no need to repeat content here. The rest of the article needs expansion and then review, as it is an on-going process Markh 18:45, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Date for the pyramid/sphinx caption

I reworked the caption on the pyramid/sphinx photo. I have mentioned 4th dynasty and Old kingdom, and tossed in a date around 2550 BC. I know the dating error during OK is about ±50 years or so, and 2550 BC is right in the middle of the ranges given in my sources. I'm open to discussion about which dates, if any, to include for the caption, but 2550 seems like a nice round number that is consistent with what I have in my sources. Jeff Dahl 20:55, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

I think that makes the most sense, and since the sources back that up, go with it. Captmondo 12:14, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Trimming down

I just finished trimming down the Old Kingdom. I'm not concerned about the images, and I don't care what happens to them right now just as long as they don't get in the way. We can fine tune that stuff after the copy editing is done. I'm happy to continue marching through the history section, taking on the first intermediate period and middle kingdom. I'll add page numbers to the refs maybe a little later. So we are now down to just over 100kb from 116kb, at this rate we shouldn't have any trouble getting to a manageable size. Jeff Dahl 21:01, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Automatic peerreview

The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question.

• Per Wikipedia:What is a featured article?, Images should have concise captions.^[?]
• There may be an applicable infobox for this article. For example, see Template:Infobox Biography, Template:Infobox School, or Template:Infobox City.^[?] (Note that there might not be an applicable infobox; remember that these suggestions are not generated manually)
• Per WP:WIAFA, this article's table of contents (ToC) may be too long- consider shrinking it down by merging short sections or using a proper system of daughter pages as per Wikipedia:Summary style.^[?]
• There are a few occurrences of weasel words in this article- please observe WP:AWT. Certain phrases should specify exactly who supports, considers, believes, etc., such a view.
  • allege
  • might be weasel words, and should be provided with proper citations (if they already do, or are not weasel terms, please strike this comment).^[?]
• Please make the spelling of English words consistent with either American or British spelling, depending upon the subject of the article. Examples include: honor (A) (British: honour), armor (A) (British: armour), neighbor (A) (British: neighbour), meter (A) (British: metre), fibre (B) (American: fiber), offense (A) (British: offence), organize (A) (British: organise), recognize (A) (British: recognise), ization (A) (British: isation), any more (B) (American: anymore), grey (B) (American: gray), jewelry (A) (British: jewellery), mould (B) (American: mold), molt (A) (British: moult).
• Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.^[?]

You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, Markh 12:12, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Egyptian Life

I believe that someone needs to write more about their burial customs. It was a huge part of Egyptian life...or death, and yet, there doesn't seem to be a lot of info on their mummification or the burying of the body in the pyramid or tomb. It may be that there is enough info on that subject, and I thought there wasn't only because I didn't read the whole article, but even in that case, this whole page needs to be expanded. For fans of Ancient Egypt, such as myself, this page barely covers half of the worthy topics it can have.

Abluescarab 03:37, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I can understand your concerns and we integrate the burial as you suggest (but we do talk about tomb types under the Architecture heading), but if we expand the article to cover every detail, it will get too long for people to read. This is actually a very important issue, because people reading an article want to get the most bang for the buck: they want to quickly get a summary of the topic. Right now, the article weighs in at about 95kb, which equates to about 20 or more printed pages (depending on how you print them). For most topics, 95kb is quite long, but for a broad topic like ancient Egypt, the length could probably stay at 80 to 90kb without too much problem. Adding little bits here and there can easily bog down the article so that people won't be able to get a good summary of the topic. That said, we have links to sub-articles which explain the topics in much greater detail, for example Egyptian burial rituals and protocol talks about a lot more than we can put in this article. See also WP:Summary. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 04:32, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

By the way, you mention you didn't read the whole article. Is it because it is so long already? Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 04:32, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Well, yeah, I guess, but it's not that it's too long, it's that it doesn't hold my interest, which surprises me. I don't know why; I don't understand. Maybe we could have more seperate articles, not a lot, so that it won't annoy people, but maybe the broader topics, we could just have a link to a page (e.g. Ancient Egypt: Burial Customs) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Abluescarab (talk • contribs) 04:54, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

On the History channel they have constructed a face of an Egyptian Pharaoh (I think king Tut). One significant facial feature of the Pharaoh was the back of his head which seems to be longer than the average head in modern humans. I think the greatest majority of the population of modern Egypt is Arabs. Are modern day Arabs direct descendants of ancient Egyptians or were the majority of the ancient population a different race? Are there still any modern tribes or ethnic groups which are closely linked to ancient Egyptians? Daniel 11:14, 16 November 2007 (CAT)

Copyedit

• Hey Jeff, I've copyedited the lead; take a look and see if I've seriously altered the meaning of anything, or if there's anything you don't like. I would also suggest establishing a standard of American spelling conventions (since, I believe, "civilization" is spelled with an "s" in British English). It's not bad at all though, even if it is a bit wordy at parts (it looks like it's going to be a fun ce); just be sure to reference after punctuation, and at the end of the sentence if at all possible. Finally, I would suggest moving the Great Pyramids somewhere else; although iconic, I think one picture--that of your map--would be more professional, clean, and encyclopedic. A thoroughly great job overall!

P. S. That "needs expansion" template halfway done the article should be gone by the time I get there (in one to two weeks), since I can't ce unstable sections. Thanks! --Malachirality (talk) 08:17, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Thanks so much for helping and the nice comments. I'll take care of the tagged section ASAP. As for the pyramids, that's a tough call so I'll defer that decision for later. Again, I appreciate the help! Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 17:31, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

• Questions: please clarify the meaning of "an interpretation of the Narmer Palette, a ceremonial cosmetic palette depicting this ruler wearing pharaonic regalia." Which ruler is depicted? how does this suggest Narmer=Menes?

The Narmer palette shows the pharaoh Narmer uniting upper and lower Egypt, and this is the interpretation part, because the palette does not directly say "Narmer unifies Egypt", instead it uses symbols and iconography that are open to interpretation (which has been pretty much universally accepted). The identification as Menes is because the ancient Egyptian king lists don't mention any Narmer, they say Menes is the founder of the civilization. Often kings had more than one name, so it could be that Meni was just another one of Narmer's names. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 02:07, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

• "from which they could control trade routes to the levant and the labor and agricultural produce of the fertile delta region." were they trying to control the labor/produce of the region itself, or were they trying to control the trade routes to the labor/produce of the region?

--Malachirality (talk) 22:22, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Controlling the delta meant the pharaohs could control the trade routes with Byblos and the rest of the near-east, which brought in wood, oil, and luxuries, and pharaohs could profit from this trade. Also, the delta has a huge amount of fertile land, so much of the crops were grown there, and that's where the taxes and manpower were coming from. Since Memphis was located right at the southern edge of the delta along the Nile, the administration was located at a key spot for going south to upper Egypt as well. It is interesting to note that even today the city of Cairo is located in this strategic location. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 02:07, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

• If you haven't already, I would suggest reviewing the copyedited sections to make sure nothing has been incorrectly altered (esp. wrt the questions asked earlier and here as well). Speaking of which: I have characterized "these practice" (after five centuries of "these practices) as "feudal". If this is inaccurate please change it or notify me here. Finally, I know you weren't too warm to the idea when I mentioned it earlier, but I strongly feel that the Great Pyramids picture would be better placed in this section, esp. wrt the line mentioning "Khufu" and "enduring monuments to the great power of the pharaohs" (not verbatim I know). It would be more enc. appropriate I feel, and a better fit size-wise as well. As it stands, the two picture combo in the lead is awkwardly fitted, looks cluttered, and makes a big chunk of space at the end of the lead/TOC section. But I'll understand if you're hesitant; I don't plan on bring this up again. Cheers --Malachirality (talk) 05:27, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
  • I just made a few minor fixes, I hope this way makes sense. I'm changing over the citations to the Harvard style and adding page numbers as well. As for the pyramids, I'm not the right judge since I'm so used to it, but I can't shake the desire to have a strong iconic image at the top to let readers know they've hit the right page. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 20:32, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Third Intermediate Period

1. Pronoun w/out antecedent: "they" were replaced by the Libyans...The High Priests of Amun or the Pharoahs? or both? Need to specify who, when, and/or where.
2. There seems to be a problem with chronology: the article makes it seem that the 24th dynasty was founded after the ruler of the 25th dynasty conquered so-and-so.
3. Last sentence(s): did Egypt or Assyria enjoy the "numerous victories"? If the former, then why the abrupt last sentence, "...Thebes was occupied and Memphis was sacked"?
4. Largely unrelated to ce, but more dates would be helpful in this section.

Thanks --Malachirality (talk) 22:14, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Ah yes, I understand the confusion over the dynasties. It would be convenient if every dynasty came one after the other in a neat series, but actually there were as many as 4 dynasties ruling at the same time in different areas during the third intermediate period. I'll have a map coming that should clarify, and I will probably remove references to the dynasty numbers. I'll have to get back to the details after the holidays, as all my books are back in Chicago. Thanks again for your help. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 01:17, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Roman Domination

• "The Byzantine Empire...had little in common with the Western Roman Empire, which fell in the face of Islamic invasions in the fifteenth century"--was it the Byzantine or the Western Roman Empire that fell in the fifteenth century? Common sense indicates the former, but the modifier/comma suggests the latter.
• Also pretty much unrelated to ce, but I've noticed a sudden lack of sources in these later history sections. Not Jewish myself, but I suspect in any case that phrases such as "the Jews' nighttime massacre of many Christians" will need some citations.

--Malachirality (talk) 04:20, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Copyedit Finished

I think I've finished! Anyways, thanks for cooperating and answering my flood of questions; your participation made this a really fun copyedit (learned a lot too). There are still a few big things to do for this article though (there's some underlinking of important terms/places/things, and of course, sources), so if the prose changes around a lot, I might come back to take a look (or the proofreader will catch it). I'll probably continue to help out a little with wlinking, though I'm no good with sources right now.

Anyway, don't hesitate to drop me a line if you have another article that needs copyediting or if you have a request at LOCE that is just sitting there. And good luck in your future editing! --Malachirality (talk) 18:34, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

For Jeff Dahl: A tiny item that needs repair. While it isn't normally noticeable, when your map of Ancient Egypt is enlarged "Eastern Desert" reveals itself to be misspelled (the "t" is missing).Fred PA 2000 (talk) 03:14, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

That turns out to be a rendering problem with some browsers which have problems displaying some elements of vector images properly. I can assure you it's spelled right on my screen (Firefox with WinXP). Wait, nevermind. I see what you mean, I'll fix it. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 05:53, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Controversies

Should there be a seperate article on controversial subjects from Ancient Egypt, or should this get a section in this article? If a seperate article exists, I cannot find it (please give me the link if it exists).

Some subjects that should be mentioned:

- Attribution of the Great Pyramid to Cheops (Khufu). Only little proof of this exists (a very small number of cartouches), and the proof that does exists is considered to be fraudulous by some Egyptologists. - Presence of cocaine, THC and nicotine in Egyptian mummies from 1000 BC indicates trading with American civilizations. This is not accepted by Egyptologists, but the presence of these substances has been proven beyond any doubt. Since coca and tobacco are indiginous to America, there had to be trades. Cocaine and nicotine did not reach Europa until around 1500 AD. - The Egyptians were able to make nearly perfectly round diorite vases without the wheel having been invented. 1) How did they polish diorite in the first place (one of the hardest stones) 2) How did they get it exactly round without a wheel to rotate it on?

These are just some of the scientific problems (I do have the sources of these claims), but it illustrates the point that a lot of things are just accepted which are not proven. Since it is an encyclopedia, I think these uncertainties should be addressed to prevent people from taking things for true without any second guess.

Wild Wizard (talk) 16:12, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Which Egyptologists consider the attribution to khufu fraudulent? Attribution of the step pyramid is beyond doubt, and we know the giza pyramids came after the step pyramid. All the kings of the 4th dynasty are accounted for, so who else could the great pyramid belong to? Presence of THC, cocaine etc seem dubious to me, where is this information coming from? How could the pyramids/sphinx come from 10,000 BC? There was no culture in ancient Egypt capable of building the pyramids in 10,000BC but there was in 2500 BC. As for the round vases, this is an easy one. The ancient Egyptians used drills and drill bits to hollow out vases. In fact, there are even 4th dynasty drill cores that show how they drilled holes through hard stones, there is no mystery.

What info to include in the article? We should include core topics that were important parts of the ancient culture. Fringe theories haven't gotten enough reliable sources to support them and even then they don't contribute much to our understanding of the culture. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 22:38, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Roman Period

An anon contributor removed the section on the Roman period, with an edit summary that said that the period was not part of ancient Egyptian history. I have restored the section because many ancient Egyptian history books include material from the roman period. Even though there were no pharaohs during this time period, I still the article should cover this period, because the culture in Egypt did not just disappear after the Romans came in. The section should be a little more succinct, but I think it forms an important part of the history of the civilization. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 19:01, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Wholeheartedly agree. Whoever removed that should not have done so. "Ancient Egypt" arguably ought to cover all time periods considered "ancient", which is generally regarded as being before the advent of the "Dark Ages" in Western culture after the fall of Rome in the 5th century. For a good (and citable) summary, see the article on ancient. Captmondo (talk) 20:18, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

I also ended up leaving a warning with the anon IP who did this. Lots of prior warnings for other editing offenses, so this is not an isolated incident. Captmondo (talk) 20:25, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

I do not agree. Traditional culture of ancient Egypt have disappeared in the Hellenistic period.--Reino Helismaa (talk) 03:55, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

I am going to replace the section, as the deletion hasn't been agreed here. Some of the major surviving monuments (Dendara, Edfu and Kom Ombo are all largely Roman in date, and these are still Egyptian rather than Roman. The Faiyum portraits are also largely Roman in period. Please don't delete the section again. Markh (talk) 10:37, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Stone Age and Copper Use

Hello everyone. I'm writing to find out exactly what the Egyptians were using copper for. I see they made tools according to the article, but I'm wondering to what extent and did it fully replace stone tools. In short, I need to find out exactly when ancient egypt stopped being a Stone Age culture. I know they didn't start utilizing iron on a wide scale till about the same time as other african adopters (Nubia and West Africa specifically) in the 6th century. Egypt seems to be virtually alone in its use of bronze. Did they use bronze widely? Or did Egypt not really enter the age of metals until the adoption of iron? thanks in advance and good work on this amazing article. Scott Free (talk) 23:09, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Excellent question. Stone tools worked well and were cheap and plentiful, even after the adoption of copper and bronze, and their use was never fully replaced. Copper became more and more common around the time of unification, say 3100 BC or so, but really picked up after expeditions to the Sinai to get malachite ore (to be smelted into copper) starting under Sneferu. Bronze was introduced during the second intermediate period by the Hyksos, and really picked up during the New Kingdom. Here again copper tools were still widely used even after the adoption of bronze; the tomb of Tutankhamun, for example, has more copper objects than bronze ones. Still, bronze continued to grow in popularity throughout and after the New Kingdom. Egypt was never the driving force developing new metallurgy technology, and they were slow to adopt foreign technologies, but for me this represents a very pragmatic, efficient use of resources especially in a country with not much firewood. Why use copper when stone will do? Why use bronze when copper will do? Oxford History by Shaw goes into detail about the transition out of the stone age, so I would have to check there to see exactly what periods are covered by the term. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 01:56, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Thanks a bunch, Jeff :). I guess my last question is once Egypt starting using bronze, is it safe to say they were no longer using stone or at least not to the degree that they were using bronze? Thnx in advance. Scott Free (talk) 04:53, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Yes, but as always it was a gradual transition, and different tasks called for different tools. Quarrying granite was still done with diorite pounders, even after bronze was readily available. But yes the flint hand-axes and knives common before unification did die out in the Old Kingdom, replaced mainly with copper tools. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 18:14, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

egyptians women had more rights then other culture women in there time —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.8.98.146 (talk) 17:18, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Good article nomination on hold

This article's Good Article promotion has been put on hold. During review, some issues were discovered that can be resolved without a major re-write. This is how the article, as of March 2, 2008, compares against the six good article criteria:

1. Well written?: There are some (relatively minor) issues with the prose and the article's compliance with the Manual of Style. First off, there is some language that is a little overblown, such as the sentence "The pyramids built by Djoser, Khufu, and their descendants stand as eternal symbols of the power of the pharaohs." in Old Kingdom. Remember that this is a reference work, and you should only be going so far with the flowery commentary. Is that quote true? Yes. Could you put it in a less hyperbolic way? Absolutely. Same thing with phrases such as "...written in a confident, eloquent style". Even supported by sources, that kind of statement is subjective enough to sound like hyperbole, it could be fixed simply with more conservative word choice. Other areas with the worst of this prose problem are detailed in the next criterion. In other areas, I'm going to tweak the lead a little bit to try and keep it concise and to state the obvious. Additionally, a few of the images are placed in a way that violates WP:MOS#Images. Key things to remember are: stacking images on top of each other in a row on the right (or left) is prohibited, as are images that face each other on both sides of the text (i.e. sandwiching). I'm going to attempt to fix these myself.

2. Factually accurate?: Mostly very good throughout, but there are some large blocks of text with contestable statements that are not cited in-line. In particular: the last paragraphs of Ptolemaic dynasty (names a cause for decline) and Roman domination (anytime you use the words Jews, massacre, and mob in the same paragraph, you're probably gonna need a cite) are uncited. The last few sentences of the first paragraph of Architecture is more of the same rosy language, and are uncited. The third paragraph of Architecture also needs citations. The middle paragraph of Art is also uncited, and even where cited contains more rosy terms (...ancient Egyptian art served its political and religious purposes with precision and clarity). The Medicine section is entirely uncited and contains a lot the poor prose I have explained previously.

3. Broad in coverage?: Obviously broad in coverage.

4. Neutral point of view?: Quite a bit of the flowery prose I outlined previously could be viewed as a problem with neutrality, especially since some of it is not attributed with in-line citations. Please fix places where I outline such problems, and otherwise the article gives fair representation to all points of view.

5. Article stability? Clearly stable, no edit wars etc.

6. Images?: All images are accounted for with proper license tags and fair use rationales (where necessary).

Please address these matters soon and then leave a note here showing how they have been resolved. After 48 hours the article should be reviewed again. If these issues are not addressed within 7 days, the article may be failed without further notice. Thank you for your work so far. VanTucky 23:32, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Notes

For readability, please place any comments or questions pertaining to the hold below rather than within the body of the review. Thank you!

• Thanks to VT for your comments, I will start working on them now. I agree with most of the assessment and I will put in the requested citations. In the review, you mentioned several passages which contain what you call "rosy" language. I agree with you that a few of them could be improved. However, I disagree with several examples you mentioned, such as "confident and eloquent style," "precision and clarity," etc. Of course I can add any citations, but these are not hyperbole or exaggeration. Middle kingdom literature was indeed written in a more sophisticated style compared to its predecessors and descendants. The art was intended to clearly and unambiguously show political and religious messages. Ancient Egyptian physicians were held in high regard, for their services were requested by Egypt's neighbors, and physicians from abroad went to learn their art in Egypt. I guess I don't understand the problem with any of these statements. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 01:07, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

I know the facts you're presenting aren't hyperbole, that's the whole point Jeff: it's not what you're saying, it's how you say it. " written in a more sophisticated style compared to its predecessors and descendants" is a sober recounting of the qualities of the a piece of ancient Egypt that is appropriate for a reference work. But that's not the phrasing that's used in the text currently. The places I quoted don't read that way, they read like the narration on a PBS special. It's word choice that makes things sound more adoring, bombastic and flowery, rather than simply sticking to the facts. VanTucky 01:13, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

What is flowery about "precision and clarity"? I consider it engaging, lively prose, and I haven't used anything close to the adoring language of some FAs. For comparison, the FA Shakespeare is replete with nuggets such as:

• "His characters become more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of his mature work."
• "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of writing, began to infuse each other"

Sentences such as "precision and clarity" are not at all bombastic or flowery, especially compared with featured exemplars. I consider it a crisp, concise sentence that does state the facts precisely. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 01:21, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

First off, things that slipped by in other articles is not relevant here; inappropriate prose in one area is not an excuse for it elsewhere. It's not just "precision and clarity" alone, it's in context. Besides, that one is not nearly the worst example. I can understand how it may be hard to take, especially considering that the line between acceptably dry encyclopedic style and too much praise is somewhat relative. But I'm not alone here on this, I had several users whom I asked to look at it on IRC say it was a bad case of overly flowery prose. I think that the best solution is for me to simply redact some of the places I find to be inappropriate, and see what you think. Sound like a thing to try? VanTucky 01:39, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

If folks on IRC have something to say they can do so here. In the peer review and copy-editing (above and linked), the prose was described by several reviewers as well written. Brilliant, engaging prose does not have to be dry and stale. Rather than having slipped through the cracks, many featured articles exemplify this kind of direct, active writing style, which is the first criterion of a featured article. Perhaps you can list examples below and we can work it out on the talk page? Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 01:57, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

I requested an opinion from SandyGeorgia. Her reply is here

I have added references for the rest of the sections. Are there any other problems besides the above? Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 03:19, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for waiting, work had overtaken my time and I thought it best to give myself some time to think about the article some more. I figured out that not all the areas I originally had a problem with are truly inappropriate. However, I realized that some of the areas I mentioned are really quite blatant peacock terms. For example, "The pyramids built by Djoser, Khufu, and their descendants stand as eternal symbols of the power of the pharaohs." I changed this to, "The pyramids built by Djoser, Khufu, and their descendants are the most memorable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization, and power of the pharaohs that controlled it." What's the difference, how is one peacock terms and one not? Well, "most memorable" is very precise and verifiable factual statement. "Eternal" simply sounds more impressive, and is not really verifiable (no man-made structure can really be called literally eternal). It's not an issue of whether a source agrees or not, it's that statements like those sound much more poetic and impressive than they actually impart facts. It makes the article feel biased, which I know it's not overall. Anyway, I'll check the article and simply rewrite any areas I think contain peacock terms. We can discuss and keep rewriting if you disagree with any of the changes (of course), but otherwise the article is most definitely passable as GA...and will soon be for FA (I assume). Thanks again, VanTucky 01:36, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair enough. Thanks for helping, I know it's a lot of material to go through. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 01:49, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Thanks again for your hard work and patience. Congratulations! VanTucky 23:36, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Thanks. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 23:49, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

meaningless reference to pi.

The article states:"The ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and never made any efforts to calculate it, but they could approximate the area of a circle using a simple formula, which was to subtract 1⁄9 of the diameter and square the result." Isn't that exactly the concept of pi? In modern mathematics we use Constant times Radius squared = area. This statement says the Egyptions used constant times diameter squared = area. Sorry folks but that is both the concept of pi, and a calculation of it, just using diameter(which is directly measurable) rather than radius. As the diameter is of course twice the radius, the egyptian approximation of pi is clearly 2X2X8/9 r squared = 32/9. I am removing this erroneous statement. IdreamofJeanie (talk) 12:02, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Why did you remove the formula though, which is clearly cited and appropriate? I added it back. 2X2X8/9 may indeed be 32/9 but the ancient Egyptians made no attempt to calculate this as such. Apparently it did not occur to them that there was this special ratio, and the written sources indicate they simply used the approximation without the realization of its special significance. The real meaning of pi is that the ratio is constant and true for every circle, and there is no source that indicates they understood this profound truth, let alone tried to make calculations of it. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 13:04, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

I don't have the knowledge on this subject, but a few questions come to mind. Did they use the formula more than once? Assuming they did, obviously they understood that the same formula is usable on every circle, just as I'm sure they understood that the same formula is used to discover the area of any square, or any rectangle, etc. Just because they didn't give the fraction a name didn't mean they didn't understand it's importance. On the other hand, if it was only used a few times in one area, and not throughout the empire, then that should be mentioned. IanCheesman (talk) 18:01, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

It was routinely used, or at least it was a common "textbook" problem. Like the ancient Egyptians, we can think of their formula as a rule of thumb. The ancient Egyptians were interested only in getting the answer to real world problems and were not interested in math for math's sake. I guess I take issue when people say that the ancient Egyptians had "a close approximation of pi", because it implies they were interested in abstract mathematical thought. Allow me to quote from Clarke (page 222, ref on the article)

• "Although the ancient approximation of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, or pi, is not given in the mathematical papyri, the determination of the area of a circle occurs in the Rhind Papyrus (No. 50). The method was to subtract 1/9 of the diameter from it and to square the result. This would now be expressed by the formula A = (8/9)D². This approximation is fairly close, the area thus obtained being (.7902)D² instead of the true value (.7854)D², and must have been originally have been obtained by drawing a circle on a finely squared surface and counting the squares."

Note that the approximation is for the area and not for the ratio. For us, it is an easy conclusion to draw that the ratio would follow naturally from the approximation but not so for the ancient Egyptians--they simply would not have thought of it in those terms. I'll remove the sentence IdreamofJeanie found objectionable since it doesn't actually add anything, but I'm not going to delete the whole paragraph as that user tried to do. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 18:45, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Thanks Jeff, that's ideal, I just found the earlier wording contradictory. cheers IdreamofJeanie (talk) 20:50, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for bringing this up as it lead me to notice other red flags in this section. I am more troubled by the fact that a high school geometry textbook was used as a reference in the article! Furthermore, the quote above by Clarke shows that original research is being introduced into the article in violation of WP:SYNTH, something I've pointed out before on the article FA review page. A closer examination of the sources cited would be a good idea at this point. — Zerida ☥ 21:43, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Some of your additions to the math section were good, others not. As they are currently formatted, I think the hieroglyphs at the end are confusing and unhelpful to a casual reader, I would either delete or make it more intelligible. I'm going to partially undo some of your changes and move a few things, see what you think. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 05:35, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Alexandria mob

I removed the clarify tag on the Alexandrian mob quote. Shaw (418, under the section "A Long Decline") says: "These problems were often aggravated by the fury of the Alexandrian mob, which first surfaced at the death of Ptolemy IV..." Shaw goes on to quote from Polybius of their "unbridled and vicious temper". (Zerida) I think this is what you are looking for, right? Otherwise what needs to be clarified? Thanks for your copyedits. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 05:13, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Yes, thanks, I found it and made a small addition for context. — Zerida ☥ 05:21, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Ancient Egypt 'a civilisation'

Correct me if I'm wrong, but semantically, wasn't 'Ancient Egypt' the *area* inhabited by the Ancient Egyptians, rather than the name of the culture? The opening sentence of this article struck me as rather bizarre.

--CharlesRCD —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.40.163.5 (talk) 10:11, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Arguably the term 'Ancient Egypt' refers not only to the area but also the *time* in which the Egyptians inhabited that area. Over time that area changed substantially due to things like conquests, so the area argument doesn't really hold. And in the literature there is no equivalent terms that is commonly used that captures the people/culture in the same way as do terms like "Assyrian", "Sumerian" or "Mayan". If there was a self-descriptive term for the people it would probably be something like "Kemetians" or something similar, since the Ancient Egyptians used the term "Kemet" (or really "KMT", as there are no distinctive vowels in the language) to describe the people who lived alongside the Nile and who were not Nubians or Libyans for example. But this term is not in wide use, and Wikipedia is not here to advocate particular viewpoints.

I suspect that if you go digging, the term likely originated with early Egyptologists who simply wanted to distinguish between the land's ancient inhabitants and their works as distinct from the cultures that supplanted it at a time when the language was not yet known. Captmondo (talk) 21:08, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Math section

Starting a new heading. I removed some parts because:

• Having a litany of 5 or 6 math papyri doesn't add value, just pick the two most important.
• I hid the hieroglyphs at the bottom; should either find a better way to format or remove.
• Removed transliterations: rwy 'r-2' and so on, these are basically gibberish to the average reader. This greatly hinders reading and understanding. Better to use symbols and words people will understand, such as 2⁄3.
• "In geometry, the ancient Egyptians had a grasp of the principles underlying the Pythagorean theorem..." I thought this was a little vague, better to say specifically what principles they did understand (such as certain rise/run produces simple whole numbers for the lengths of the sides of the triangle formed). They certainly did not understand the Pythagorean theorem, which is the impression that a casual reader might get by reading that sentence.
• "The angle of the face of a pyramid was calculated from the ratio of its height to half of its base; for the Great Pyramid of Giza it was 14-11." Not well integrated, not sure why this specific 14-11 ratio is important to mention.

I don't mean to just erase your effort, I want to find a way to integrate this stuff together in a way that doesn't distort or confuse. [[User:Jeff Dahl|e at a given number. My wording says that units are repeated as many times as necessary to add up to the number, the example 80 is chosen arbitrarily and for this example the tens unit is the one necessary.

• "...compared to the modern approximation 3.1416" We don't need to tell people that pi = 3.141..." We can just say pi, people will know what that means. Writing out 3.1416 complicates the prose and is arbitrarily imprecise, because the number has to be rounded off (why not 3.14159 or 3.14?). Why not avoid the issue by just using the symbol pi?
• Why not "The Egyptians had a grasp of the principles underlying the Pythagorean theorem such that they knew that a triangle had a right angle opposite the hypotenuse when its sides were of a 3-4-5 ratio." Saying they had a "grasp of the principles" is very vague and the relationship to the theorem is unspecified. The fact that a 3-4-5 triangle has a right angle opposite the hypotenuse is certainly not a "principle" of the pythagorean theorem any more than an apple falling is a principle of the theory of gravity.
• Area ≈ [(8⁄9)D]² = 256⁄81 is mathematically inaccurate because there are no variables on the right hand side of the equation. Again, what is wrong with the way I had it? Jeff Dahl ([[User talk:Jeff Dahl| "The ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and never made any efforts to calculate it" bit. It's hyperbolic and glosses over the details of their ability to approximate the area of a circle.

• My sources say that 2/3 is a special case, and that other fractions having numerator greater than 1 were not used Both you and "your sources" are wrong. The equivalent of 3⁄4, i.e. 3-r was also expressed by another glyph; I just happen not to have mentioned it. My wording also sticks to the source I quoted. I am not interested in *your* take on it; it's OR.
• It's not just the tens that can be repeated, any of the units, 1, 10, 100, may be repeated to arrive at a given number. While that part could further be reworded, your previous wording ("The symbol was written as many times as necessary to add up to the desired number,") suggested that in order to express 100 or 1000 or 10000, glyphs representing the number ten had to be continually repeated, which is yet again false.
• We don't need to tell people that pi = 3.141 I disagree because 1. it is based on the source cited, and 2. it lets readers of all levels appreciate the extent of the ancient Egyptians' understanding of the area of a circle.
• Why not "The Egyptians knew that a triangle had a right angle opposite the hypotenuse when its sides were of a 3-4-5 ratio" Because as I said again and again that's what the source, an actual Egyptologist, indicates. And that's what matters.
• Area ≈ [(8⁄9)D]² = 256⁄81 is mathematically inaccurate because there are no variables on the right It is obvious from the context that what is meant is 256⁄81 ≈ 3.16, but it can be made clearer. — Zerida ☥ 08:19, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

i passed ss because of this page

i passed yes IPASSED ,and stop complaing this page rocks —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mentleman (talk • contribs) 00:34, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Auto peer review

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The Ptolemies and the Greek-Macedonian dispute

It took me a while to realise what to do about this, but as soon as I started to look at what recent reliable sources say, it was clear -- Greek/Macedonian is the phrase used in a number of books. And as not everyone (probably not most people) know that Alexander III is Alexander the Great, changing to Alexander the Great solves that problem. So far as I can see, any changes from Alexander the Great and Greek/Macedonian will be nationalistic edits and should be reverted, but hopefully that won't happen. Doug Weller (talk) 09:38, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Egyptian ice

No such thing, but they did cool beverages. I've got no time right now, but see [1] for a good source.--Doug Weller (talk) 18:25, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Links from Notes to References

I'm thinking of putting links from the Notes to the References, as at Che Guevara and as described/discussed here. Comments? ☺

hi —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.88.9.138 (talk) 19:16, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Qualifications

Is anyone here an Egyptologist or does anyone have any formal training? If so I would be most intrested to talk to you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.230.192.142 (talk) 23:02, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

"Divine" Pharaoh

The lede says that Egypt was ruled by a "divine pharaoh". Doesn't this imply that the pharaoh was actually divine, rather than simply considered divine? -- Rmrfstar (talk) 18:04, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Ancient Egyptian Clothing

Someone should add a section here (or create and article) on the clothing styles, how clothes relate to caste, etc. 71.35.177.136 (talk) 17:52, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Go right ahead and do it, if you've got a reliable source ;) Please put the source here, first, though, before you write. That way we can approve ;) Thanks! BlackPearl14^{[talkies!•contribs!]} 18:08, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Egypt does not get alot of rain.Except in the winter months,south of cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm. on a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall between october and march. Snow falls on sinais mountains and some of the north costal cities such as damietta baltim, sidi barrany. Tempatures average between 80 degrees on the red sea coast.Temptures average between 55 degrees (f) in winter. A steady wind from the northwest helps hold down the tempeture near the mediterranean coast. The khamaseen is a wind that blows from the south in egypt in spring, bringeg sand and dust, and sometimes raises the tempeturesin the desert to more than 100 (f) (38 (c). Evidence of human habitation in the nile valley since the paleolithic era appears in the form of artifacts. Rock carvings along the nile terraces and in the desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter gathers in fishers replaced a grain grinding culture. Climate changes and or overgrazing around 8,000 BC, began to desiccate the pastarol lands of egypt, forming the sahara. early trible people migrated to the nile river where they developed a settled agricultural. ecomony and centraliced society. By about 6000 BC the neolithic culture rooted in the nile valley. During the neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently. in upper and lower egypt the badarian culture and the successor naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to the dynastic egyptian civilization. The earliest known lower egyptian site, merimda, predates the badarian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.148.238.170 (talk) 02:41, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Egypt traded goods from the Nile River so they can transport goods easily from the Nile River. that means that they don't have to walk a long way to get from a place to an another place. the nile River was so important that if egyptians didn't have it millions people could of died.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Romantic night (talk • contribs) 00:45, 24 October 2008 (UTC) 

Map is Useless

None of the names on the map are legible. It must be enlarged or corrected in some other way.--67.175.86.191 (talk) 07:39, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Protected?

Why is this article protected? I don't see any reasoning for it on the talk page. Worldruler20 (talk) 12:25, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Have a look at the page log. If you don't think it needs protection, have it unprotected and/or feel free to initiate discussion. Vandalism has been persistent over a long period of time and always returns quickly each time the article has been unprotected though. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 13:13, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Picture caption error?

In "Middle Kingdom," I'm pretty sure that Amenemhat III wasn't the last ruler of Egypt, contrary to what the picture says...

69.11.182.118 (talk) 03:59, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Does not deserve to be a Featured Article

The article has poorly constructed visuals. Has redundant text. Has grammar errors. It's just not the written quality of work that you would see in a text, a magazine, etc. Shouldn't FA status mean that the article is as good as "professional work" both in content AND in writing quality? TCO (talk) 17:24, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

An example:

The 18th Dynasty ended when its last three kings—Tutankhamun, Aye, and Horemheb—each died without an heir.

Think about this sentence. First the rest of the article does not give dynasty by dynasty chronology. Second, we are not told about the start of the 18th Dynasty or of it being anything special. Third, how does a dynasty end when three subsequen rulers die withouth heirs? I mean they ruled AFTER each other. Also, why is this such a big deal, when Egypt survived it the first 2 times?TCO (talk) 17:41, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Users are invited to improve the article as they see fit, so if you see problems, it may be more constructive just to fix them rather than complain about it. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 20:25, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

I only called out one example but could call out more. And is this just a play project or is Wikipedia supposed to actually be or become what it aspires to be. Anyhow, suffice it to say...that I thought it was important to make this point. Not just go rewrite the article. TCO (talk) 17:07, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Well then it is not as helpful as it could have been. Wikipedia is a community project. SGGH ^ping! 10:48, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Congrats

To getting such a large topic to FA status. It is most difficult with such articles. SGGH ^ping! 10:47, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Timeline

Great article, glad to see it featured today. I found myself looking for a basic timeline of the different kingdoms and intermediate periods. Do you guys think that would be a helpful addition? If so, is there someone more familiar with the history than I who would like to partner on constructing one? //Blaxthos ( t / c ) 20:52, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Currently we are using Template:Small Egyptian Dynasty List, did you have something else in mind? What level of detail should it have and would you be able to point out an example to copy? Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 21:25, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

The list is certainly helpful, however I find that a graphical, scaled representation helps me better understand historical developments. I'm envisioning something like this. I was thinking of a single-tier representation of the major kingdoms and periods, though if there is additional detail is appropriate I'm all for it. Significant accomplishments (like the construction of the pyramids) could be included as well... //Blaxthos ( t / c ) 22:54, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Uses Greek names for Egyptian people/places

This article consistently uses Greek names for the people and places mentioned, rarely even mentioning the correct Egyptian name, even when known.

This is supposed to be an article on Ancient Egypt as we know it today, not as it has come down to us from Greek scholars.

A few simple examples:

At least a mention that the Egyptians called their land Kemet, not Egypt —Preceding unsigned comment added by Theshewolf (talk • contribs) 16:26, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Abydos instead of Abdju

Thebes instead of Waset

Isis instead of Aset

Theshewolf (talk) 16:13, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

{{editsemiprotected}}

I propose the following changes/updates:

Second paragraph, “The civilization of ancient Egypt, known to its inhabitants as the land of Kemet, thrived from its ability...”

Addition or replacement of the Egyptian city/place name Waset for the Greek name Thebes.

Addition or replacement of the Egyptian city/place name Abdju for the Greek name Abydos.

Addition or replacement of the Egyptian city/place name Henen-nesut for the Greek name Herakleopolis.

Addition or replacement of the Egyptian city/place name Taremu (or modern Tell al Muqdam) for the Greek name Leontopolis.

Addition of Egyptian god name Tehuti to the Greek name Thoth.

Addition of Egyptian goddess name Aset to the Greek name Isis.

Under Daily Life, although there are disagreements as to the rules of senet, I have never seen it written elsewhere that “pieces moved according to random chance”. It might be worth mentioning the game Hounds and Jackals.

Under Technology, it should be noted that the Egyptians were known for “Egyptian faience”, differentiated from all other types of faience because it was not derived from clay.

This was just a first pass. I may find others. There are some obvious Greek name that do not need modification or addition, due to the context in which they are used.

Citations for all the changes requested can already be found in Wikipedia. Theshewolf (talk) 15:24, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Not done: Welcome and thanks for wanting to improve this article. Unfortunately, the {{editsemiprotected}} template is meant to be used to request specific edits to allow non-autoconfirmed editors to edit the article. Much of your request is too general for someone unfamiliar with this article to implement. Your original approach of wanting to get a discussion going here is a good approach. You may also want to visit one of the Wikiprojects listed at the top of this page to get a conversation started about these general improvements if no one responds here. Alternately, you can use the template to describe the exact change you would like to insert and someone will be glad to help. Again, thanks and welcome! Celestra (talk) 17:01, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Many Egyptian proper names are much more commonly known by their Greek versions. This is partly because of the difficulties of transliterating Egyptian words—hieroglyphs did not include vowels, and even the consonants were subject to dramatic sound changes over the millennia. The native name of Thebes, for example, may have been "Wasat", "Wasit", "Wasut", "Uasat", or any of several other permutations. (The names of individual Egyptians are written in transliteration because most of them weren't mentioned in Greek sources, but even then the names aren't very accurately rendered. Nefertiti, for instance, was probably "Naftita" or something similar.) Rather than overthrow long-established Greek terms in favor of unfamiliar, uncertain, and varying reconstructions, most Egyptologists choose to stick with tradition—and so, therefore, does this article. A. Parrot (talk) 22:57, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

I concur with Theshewolf that, as often as possible, it is important to maintain the original name of a culture; despite its difficulty in translation. I don't think Spaniards/Portugese would appreciate it if Moroccans referred to their land constantly as the Arabic translation of the Iberian peninsula; even though they colonized that area for 800 years. I agree that layperson may not have any idea of the indigenous names, but for the sake of historical accuracy and continuity, at least a reference to the name they called themselves should be available for readers to be aware of.Neser (talk) 09:01, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

A. Parrot is correct. The possible native names for Thebes, Egypt are in the article. A brief reference in this article is not possible. This isn't an issue so far as I know for modern Egyptians, so the comparison is not apt. It would be possible to do it for some but not for all, which would be inconsistent and I'm not at all convinced is a good idea. 'Kemet', referring to the cultivated strip of black land on either side of the Nile, was what the Ancient Egyptians called themselves - we could cite Bard, KA (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. for that. Dougweller (talk) 17:01, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Egyptians Rituals

In this edit from last year, a reference was added that still exists. It's presumably misspelled, but does this alleged book or its alleged publisher exist at all? I didn't find either "Australian Books" or "Austalian Books" in Google as a name of a publisher, nor did I find "Egyptians Rituals" or "Egyptian Rituals" as the name of a book by Francis, nor did I find "James D. Francis" in a context related to Egypt, except in Wikipedia and its mirrors. If you click the ISBN number, it says it's invalid. Art LaPella (talk) 19:39, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

Resolved

 – Art LaPella (talk) 03:30, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Original name?

Tolerate my ignorance of the subject for a moment: Is there any record of what title the "Ancient Egyptians" used when referring to their own culture? If so, what was that name? And, if not, or, if the word was simply a generic term, like "our people", "our culture", "us", (etc., etc., etc.), does this merit inclusion? Alright, you can go back to being intolerant now! NeutronTaste (talk) 01:24, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Hi - No probloem with ignorence, that is what we have encyclopedias for. The word you are looking for is Kemet (meaning black land - ie fertile soil) cheers --IdreamofJeanie (talk) 07:35, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Or it could mean another kind of black, if you believe some scholars. (See Ancient Egyptian race controversy.) Brutannica (talk) 21:18, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

The fact that NeutronTaste asked the question supports Theshewolf's proposal to add a reference to the original name to the article. Anyone else have perspective(s) on this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Neser (talk • contribs) 09:03, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

So long as we don't get into the dispute mentioned by Brutannica, and use IdreamofJeanie's definition (which I sourced above), I'm happy. Dougweller (talk) 17:05, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Beginning of civilization

It is a very troublesome assertion, even a contradiction in terms, that Egyptian civilization BEGINS with the unification of two (preeexisting) kingdoms around 3150 BC. What is the predynastic period then? What were the kingdoms of upper and lower egypt, since egyptian civilization was then nonexistent? I doubt very much that a source exists to back up such a claim. Asgrrr (talk) 19:10, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

The reason we think of their civilization beginning around 3150 BC with Menes is because that's what the ancient Egyptians thought about their own civilization. The thing that makes the ancient Egyptian culture distinct from what happened before or after it, is being grouped under a pharaoh, which is a system they used throughout their entire history. As an analogy, the United States can be said to have begun in 1776 not because there was no one living in America before then, but because the declaration of independence said it: "...That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States". In ancient Egypt, we know now it didn't happen exactly in 3150 BC or even in one specific year, and there's no single document that says "this is it", but to summarize their civilization, all the things that make ancient Egypt unique, from their writing system, political system, artistic conventions, etc. happened around the time of unification. I get your point, but I think main body clearly describes the transition to a unified civilization. Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 19:41, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

The United States can be said to begin in 1776 - North American anglo-saxon culture cannot. That is the point. You cannot say a culture/civilization begins with the introduction of a belated and superficial and limited aspect to that culture. Asgrrr (talk) 20:49, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Asgrrr, I find your argument ludicrous. I suspect few American would consider the Continental Congress or the Declaration of Independence superficial -- it is in fact a defining part of the culture. Similarly, the Ancient Egyptians saw the pharaoh as a living god, and for them there was no significant "before", just a divided land run by petty local rulers. Much of this is now well documented in modern archeology on the period, and the full article on the Predynastic Egypt has more information if you would bother to read it.

I also get your point, but on the whole it is a specious one. Captmondo (talk) 13:04, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Captmondo, so you would say that what happened before 1776 is not part of North American anglo-saxon culture, but a different culture? Similarly, do you think Hellenic civilization begins with the reign of Augustus? The Roman empire is no less defining to that culture than the Pharaohs to Egypt or the DoI to North America. Btw what most Egyptians (or Americans) might have thought at a given time is not an issue. This is history, not opinion polling. Asgrrr (talk) 16:21, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

What I would say about "American" culture prior to 1776 is that it was not the "United States"; certainly a lot of cultural influences came into play with the later culture, but the drive to independence (and its subsequent institutions, such as the Presidency for a start) were fundamentally different than what came before, and left its impression on the culture that followed.

Yes, there was a culture before the "founding pharaohs" of Ancient Egypt, which consists of the "pre-dynastic" and "proto-dynastic" periods, starting from neolithic times. Pharaonic Egypt in the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms was a well-defined culture, commented upon both internally by the people comprising the culture and in later periods by chroniclers like Herodotus. The unification of Egypt was seen as a significant demarcation (both by the Egyptians as well as modern scholars) in the culture from what came before it, as well as what came immediately after (a province of Rome). So I agree, this is not opinion polling, but history -- well documented and researched. So your point is...? Captmondo (talk) 12:33, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

I have added the word "coalesced" instead of "began", since I believe this covers the situation more accurately. It is clear from the article itself that Egyptian civilisation (as opposed to the kingdom) did not begin at unification. "Began" is misleading, whatever the conventions, if it leads readers to believe that Egyptian civilisation sprang into being from barbarism in 3150 BC. I have also taken the liberty of adding what I think are improvements to the copy of the Lead section, to make for easier reading. The only addition I made was to add shipbuilding to the list of achievements, which I think is significant, and largely unknown. Xandar 20:10, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

I agree that "coalesced" captures the intent better than "began", and is certainly true enough. The unification makes for a nice demarcation point for chroniclers and historians, but that's not to say that all the things that define Ancient Egyptian culture were in place when that happened. Good call. Captmondo (talk) 05:45, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Egyptians shaved their bodies?

The article claims that "Men shaved their entire bodies for cleanliness...". The reference given is Manuelian, Peter Der (1998). Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. Bonner Straße, Cologne Germany: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. ISBN 3-89508-913-3, page 405.
I don't have that reference. Is it reliable? What are its sources?
All the best, --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 05:12, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

The author is a lecturer in Egyptology and the project director for the Giza Archives for the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, I don't know/have the book, but I have read this assertion elsewhere, and I believe this is a well-sourced reference. Captmondo (talk) 13:08, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Review Maybe Needed?

One current view of the temporal and geographical distribution of hominid populations. Other interpretations differ mainly in the taxonomy and geographical distribution of hominid species.

In the confusion of cross editing, sometimes details hang out? I'm no expert but

"[...] since nomadic hunter-gatherers began living in the region during the Pleistocene some 1.8 million years ago,[...]"

is not right??? Deep Atlantic Blue (talk) 17:28, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

• Those facts are taken from the Shaw book, what specifically is not right? Jeff Dahl (Talk • contribs) 21:37, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

The whole sentence is wrong since Homo Sapiens sapiens (or only Homo Sapiens, this is not the right place to discuss it) only emerged at around 40 000 BC, and so it would be impossible the existence of human beings close to the Nile at 1.8 million years ago--Blackmagic2090 (talk) 15:38, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Only now I returned here to see if anyone had taken an interest. Modern humans, by some accounts emerged in Africa as early as 150 000 years ago. By 40 000 BCE there were well established communities of modern humans coexisting with Neanderthals in the general Middle East region. That's why I added the image. One point eight million years ago, Homo Sapiens was far from developing. The sentence should perhaps read UPPER Pleistocene 100 000 years ago. Deep Atlantic Blue (talk) 20:24, 19 January 2010 (UTC)