Talk:Ablaut/references

ablaut

Bußmann, H. (1990).

Ablaut [engl. apophony/vowel gradation - Auch: Apophonie]. Systematischer Wechsel bestimmter Vokal in etymologisch verwandten Wörtern der i[n]d[o]eur[opäischen] Sprachen....

Apophonie → Ablaut.

Bussmann, H. (1996).

ablaut (also apophony, vowel gradation)

German term for a systematic morphophonemic alternation (⇒ morphophonemics) of certain vowels in etymologically related words in Indo-European languages. The term has been used in this sense since Grimm (1819). Prior to that, it had been used pejoratively for any kind of vowel irregularity. (The Greek term ‘apophony,’ used in some languages, is a loan translation of Grimm's term: apó ‘away from,’ phōnḗ ‘tone.’) Originally, ablaut was purely phonetic-phonological; it was later morphologized (⇒ morphologization), especially in Germanic, where ablaut indicates tense differences in the inflection of strong verbs (⇒ strong vs weak verb), e.g. sing - sang - sung or other processes of word formation, e.g. song.....

alternation

(b) Morphophonemic alternation differeniates words grammatically, such as through ablaut in tense formation (sing - sang - sung) and word formation (bind - band - bound), and umlaut in plural formation (woman - women). (⇒ also allomorph, morphophoneme)

apophony ⇒ ablaut

vowel gradation ⇒ ablaut

Crystal, D. (1997).

ablaut see GRADATION (2)

[no entry under apophony]

gradation

(2) In HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS, the relationship between VERB forms based on variations in the root vowel, as in sing, sang, sung; more explicitly called vowel gradation or ablaut.

Crystal, D. (2001).

ablaut A change of vowel which causes a word to take on a different grammatical function.... This kind of relationship between vowels is also called vowel gradation. It is very common in Indo-European languages....

[no entry under apophony]

vowel gradation > ablaut.

Bauer, L. (2004).

ablaut is a type of internal modification involving vowels. The change in form between sing, sang and sung is an instance of ablaut. This narrow usage where the changes affect the forms of a verb is the most common one. Sometimes derivational relationships between pairs such as fall, fell (a tree), rise, raise and sing, song are also included in ablaut. See also apophony, umlaut.

ablaut-motivated compounding refers to the juxtaposition of word-like elements which are related to each other by a vowel-change (ablaut). Words like clip-clop, dilly-dally, wishy-washy illustrate the phenomenon. Note that these are not really compounds, since they are not necessarily made up of two independent words, and that the vowel sounds which alternate are strictly constrained. See also rhyme-motivated compounding.

apophony is a type of internal modification of the phonological segments of a word. Sometimes the label is used for any internal modification affecting consonants or vowels, sometimes it is used specifically for modification of vowels, and sometimes it is used even more specifically for the narrowest sense of ablaut.

internal modification is any change to the phonological make-up of a base which has a semantic effect equivalent to adding some affix. For instance, the change in the vowel from foot to feet has the same effect as adding an affix to hand to give hands. This is one type of internal modification. We can distinguish between several sub-types.

First there are changes of vowels, like the one illustrated in foot and feet. Different sub-types of vocalic alternation or ‘vowel mutation’ are distinguished, depending on their historical origin. See ablaut, umlaut. Where the vowels in a word act quasi-independently of the consonants in giving meanings as in Arabic katab ‘he wrote’, kitaab ‘book’, kaatib ‘clerk’ (where the root is *ktb, indicating ‘writing’), the vocalic changes are sometimes discussed as internal modification (sometimes using the label apophony), and, in older texts, referred to as transfixes. See also root-and-pattern.

Consonantal changes or ‘consonant mutation’ can be illustrated from English, with the noun-verb pairs belief-believe, sheath-sheathe, house-house (/haʊs-haʊz/). In each case the noun ends in a voiceless fricative, the verb in the corresponding voiced fricative. Such changes are sometimes included under apophony.....

vowel mutation see apophony, internal modification

Bauer, L. (2003:32-36).

"Where affixes are not used for creating new words, the most common method is to make some kind of phonological change to the base... The terminology surrounding the various types of change is complex and, unfortunately, not always illuminating, as will be seen below....

"More common is modification to a vowel sound. Such modification has a different name depending on its historical source. Where it is the result of assimilation to a following vowel (even if that later vowel has subsequently disappeared) it is called Umlaut. Otherwise it is called Ablaut. Either can be referred to as vowel mutation....

"Although these examples have all come from the Germanic languages and the very names Umlaut and Ablaut are German loan words, vowel mutation is not restricted to these languages by any means, as can be seen from the examples in (26).

"(26) [examples in Dinka and Welsh - ishwar]"

Matthews, P. H. (1991:136-139).

M uses generally the terms modification and vowel change and gives examples from Latin, German, English, Ancient Greek, Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, and Indo-European. He mentions the terms ‘vowel alternation’ and ‘Ablaut’ with respect to Indo-European:

"Indo-Europeanists will simply talk of the e-grade, the o-grade and the zero, weak or reduced grade of a given root (e.g. the root derk-/dork-/drk-). In referring to the phenomenon in general they will talk of ‘vowel alternations’ (Meillet, Introduction) or of ‘Ablaut’ (the German term adopted by Grimm for the Germanic reflexes in particular)...."

Haspelmath, M. (2002:18, 22-23).

H uses the terms base modification, alternation, stem modification/alternation and gives examples from German, Albanian, English, Arabic, Huallaga Quechua, Hindi/Urdu, Chalcatongo Mixtec, and Standard Arabic. He does not mention the terms ablaut or apophony. Nor does he give specific terms that refer only to a particular type of base modification; he does, however, cite examples of the various types of base modification (i.e. palatalization modification, voicing modification, gemination modification, lengthening modification, vowel fronting modification, tonal modification).

Katamba, K. (1993:101-102).

K uses the term ablaut to refer to a "change in a root vowel which indicates a change in grammatical function". K does not use the term apophony. He cites an example from English, but he does not state that the term ablaut applies only to Germanic or Indo-European languages.

The Handbook of Morphology (1998).

This reference uses the terms ablaut, apophony, and vowel gradation interchangeably. This is easily seen in the index where all relevant page numbers are listed under each of these index entries. Within the text, it seems that different authors prefer to use different terms.

Beard (p. 62) uses the term apophony and puts stem mutation and revoweling in parentheses. He mentions Semitic languages and specifically Algerian Arabic.

Spencer (p. 132-133) uses the term apophony and puts ablaut in parentheses. He mentions the following langs/families: Semitic, Afroasiatic, Cushitic, Qafar, Hua, Modern Standard Arabic, Yokuts, Miwok, Terena.

Fife & King (p. 485-486) uses ablaut and vowel gradation with respect to Celtic.

Haiman (p. 539, 547-548) uses vocalic ablaut with respect to Hua (a Papuan language).

Hayward (p. 633) uses ablaut with respect to Qafar (an East Cushitic language).

Pei, M. (1996).

ablaut 1. Historically, the changes which occurred in a vowel sound according to the position of the pitch accent in the parent language, or of the stress accent at a later period; it reflects a mass shift of vocalic features in a language, and is an all-pervading, regular system of alternations, due to regular conditioning.... The vowel alternation, gradation, or mutation regularly denotes a distinction in meaning (such as different tenses of a verb). Ablaut is subdivided into ABSTUFUNG and (ABTÖNUNG (q.v.). Synonyms: ALTERNANCE VOCALIQUE, APOPHONY, QUALITATIVE GRADATION, (VOWEL) GRADATION, (VOWEL) MUTATION. See also CONDITIONED SOUND CHANGE, REGULAR SOUND CHANGE.

2. Descriptively, a REPLACIVE MORPHEME (q.v.), in INTERNAL MODIFICATION (q.v.).

apophony See ABLAUT.

internal modification 1. Descriptively, a morphological process whereby there is an internal alternation of the morpheme to indicate a change in grammatical relationship. See also FUSION, INTERNAL CHANGE, REPLACIVE, SYMBOLISM

2. Historically, see ABLAUT, VOWEL GRADATION.

vowel gradation 1. Historically, the change in internal vowels of words to show distinctions in meaning, such as the difference of tense in a verb.... See also ABLAUT, ABSTUFUNG, ABTÖNUNG.

2. Descriptively, see (for QUALITATIVE VOWEL GRADATION) INTERNAL MODIFICATION, REPLACIVE; (for QUANTITATIVE VOWEL GRADATION) REDUPLICATION, REDUPLICATING MORPHEME.

3. The change in length and quality of a vowel in accordance with the stress placed upone the word that contains it. ("This is the place!").

replacive 1. In the morphemic process of INTERNAL MODIFICATION, that morpheme which replaces another within the word in order to express grammatical relationship; it becomes fused with that word (in English, the singular oo of goose is replaced by the ee of geese in the plural; this ee could be described as a replacive morpheme).

2. Historically, see ABLAUT, (QUALITATIVE) VOWEL GRADATION.

Hartmann & Stork (1972).

ABLAUT → Vowel gradation.

APOPHONY → Vowel gradation.

VOWEL GRADATION A means of marking different functions of a word by varying the vowel sound in its stem, e.g. the three prinicipal parts of many strong verbs in English (sing/sang/sung).... → mutation. Alternate terms: ablaut, apophony, internal inflexion, internal modification, introflexion, internal change, vocalic alternation.

Glück (1993).

Ablaut (auch: Apophonie. Engl. apophony, vocalic alternation, vowel gradation, frz. apophonie, alternance vocalique) Von J. Grimm (1785-1863) verwendeter Begriff zur Bez[eichnung] des regelmäßigen, (im G[e]g[en]s[atz] zum →Umlaut) nicht kontextbedingten, ursprüngl[ich] akzentbedingten (→Akzent) Vokalwechsels bei etymolog[isch] zusammengehörigen Wörtern bzw. Wortformen in den i[n]d[o]g[ermanischen] Sprachen....

Apophonie, apophony →Ablaut

Trask (1997).

ablaut (also apophony, vowel gradation) The process of producing grammatical changes in words by changing the vowel in the stem, as in sing ~ sang ~ sung or write ~ wrote ~ written. Ablaut differs from umlaut only in its historical source, and the terms are used only by people who know the historical facts.

apophony A less usual term for ablaut.

biblio

Bauer, Laurie. (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Bauer, Laurie. (2004). A glossary of morphology. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Beard, Robert. (1998). Derivation. In A. Spencer & A. M. Zwicky (Eds.) The handbook of morphology (pp. 44-65).
Bußmann, Hadumod. (1990). Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag.
Bussmann, Hadumod. (1996). Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics. G. Trauth & K. Kazzazi (Trans., Eds.). London: Routledge.
Crystal, David. (1997). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (4th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Crystal, David. (2001). A dictionary of language (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fife, Andrew; & King, Gareth. (1998). Celtic (Indo-European). In A. Spencer & A. M. Zwicky (Eds.) The handbook of morphology (pp. 477-499).
Glück, Helmut. (1993). Metzler Lexikon Sprache. Stuttgart: Verlag J.B. Metzler.
Haspelmath, Martin. (2002). Understanding morphology. London: Arnold.
Haiman, John. (1998). Hua (Papuan). In A. Spencer & A. M. Zwicky (Eds.) The handbook of morphology (pp. 539-562).
Hartmann, R. R. K.; & Stork, F. C. (Eds.). (1972). Dictionary of language and linguistics. London: Applied Science Publishers.
Hayward, Richard J. (1998). Qafar (East Cushitic). In A. Spencer & A. M. Zwicky (Eds.) The handbook of morphology (pp. 624-647).
Katamba, Francis. (1993). Morphology. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Matthews, P. H. (1991). Morphology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pei, Mario. (1966). Glossary of linguistic terminology. New York: Columbia University Press.
Spencer, Andrew. (1998). Morphophonological operations. In A. Spencer & A. M. Zwicky (Eds.) The handbook of morphology (pp. 123-143).
Spencer, Andrew; & Zwicky, Arnold M. (Eds.). (1998). The handbook of morphology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Trask, R. L. (1997). A Student's Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London: Arnold.