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June 5, 1st 'Express d'Orient' between Paris and Wien (1st between Paris and Constantinopel on October 4)

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links in French:

Le 5 juin 1883, le train Express d'Orient est créé entre Paris et Vienne. Il est composé de deux fourgons dont l'un est réservé au service postal, d'une voiture-restaurant et d'au moins deux voitures-lits. http://perso.wanadoo.fr/roland.arzul/wl/orientexpress.htm

L'Orient Express - Le 5 juin 1883, le train Express d'Orient est créé entre Paris et Vienne. Il est composé de deux fourgons dont l'un est réservé au service postal, d'une voiture-restaurant et d'au moins deux voitures-lits. A partir d'octobre de la mème année, le service est prolongé Paris, Strasbourg, Vienne, Budabest, Bucarest- Giurgiu. Après une traversée du Danube en bateau, train autrichien de Rustchuk à Varna, où les passagers embarquent à bord du navire "Espero" pour Constantinople. Le voyage dure 4 jours. En 1884, la liaison Paris-Budabest est quotidienne. En 1889, la liaison est assurée entièrement par rail jusqu'à Constantinople, en 67 heures et 35 minutes. http://perso.wanadoo.fr/roland.arzul/wl/orientexpress.htm

1883-5-6 inauguration du Train-Express-Orient que l'on appellera Orient-Express. http://www.quid.fr/2000/Q042850.htm

Inauguration, le 05/06/1883, de l' "Orient - Express", premier train de luxe international (en EU). http://christophe.lachenal.free.fr/francais/education/fr_education_historique.html

Wdew 21:00, 23 October 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Introduction standard time zones in the United States and Canada railroads

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In the United States and Canada, standard time zones were introduced on November 18 1883, by American and Canadian railroads. Newspapers referred to that day as "the Day of Two Noons." There was no legislative enactment or ruling: the railroads simply adopted a five zone system and assumed the public would follow. The American Railway Association, an organization of railroad managers, had noticed growing scientific interest in standardizing time. The ARA devised their own system, which had irregular zone boundaries which followed then-existing boundaries of different lines, partly in order to head off government action which might have been inconvenient to their operations. Most people simply accepted the new time, but a number of cities and counties refused to accept "railroad time", which, after all, had not been made law. In, for example, the expiration of a contract--what does "midnight" mean? In one Iowa Supreme Court case, the owner of a saloon argued that he operated by local (sun) time, not "railroad time," and so he had not violated laws about closing time. Standard time remained a local matter until 1918, when it was made law as part of the introduction of daylight saving. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_time

Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid nineteenth century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some major railroad junctions served by several different railroads had a separate clock for each railroad, each showing a different time. The Pittsburgh main station used six different times! The confusion for travellers making a long journey involving several changes of train can be imagined. A system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads was first proposed by Charles F. Dowd about 1863. Dowd's system was never accepted by American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented their own version on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons", when each railroad station clock was put either forward or back as standard time noon was reached within each time zone, east to west. The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Standard zone time was formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in 1918. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone

November 18, 1883 Railroads throughout the United States adopted Standard Time. This system replaced numerous local times by which local trains were operated. Standard Time was divided into four time zones based on the sun time at the 75th, 90th, 105th and 120th meridians west of Greenwich. http://www.railfanclub.org/archives/newsletters/nov05/ThisMonth.htm

BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD TIMELINE 1883 11 18 Standard time adopted at noon. http://www.geocities.com/scott_w_dunlap/BORRTIME.htm

November 18, 1883 - The American Railway Association instituted standard time in the U.S. at noon; adopted from system first proposed by Charles F. Dowd, a school principal in New York state; North America was divided into four time zones, fifteen degrees of longitude, one hour of "standard time" apart; Sir Stanford Fleming proposed extension of the Dowd system to the whole world with 24 time zones; 1918 - Congress officially adopted the railroad time zones and put them under the supervision of the Interstate Commerce Commission. http://www.kipnotes.com/Railroads.htm

Railroads Establish Standard Time Prior to the late 1800s, every city and town across America had it’s own time determined by the sun. For example, when it was noon in Washington D.C., it was 12:08 in Philadelphia, 12:12 in New York and 11:51 in Lynchburg, VA. When it was noon in Chicago, it was 12:31 in Pittsburgh, 12:24 in Cleveland, 12:09 in Louisville, 11:50 in St. Louis, 11:27 in Omaha, and 9:05 in Sacramento. This made it very confusing for the railroads and for people who used the railroads to coordinate with one another. Between Maine and California, for example, a traveler would have to change his watch 20 times. In the railroad stations there had to be different clocks for each railroad. In Pittsburgh alone, there were 6 different time standards for train arrivals and departures. This all changed in 1883. At a meeting of an association of railroad officers (the General Time Convention) on October 11, 1883, Standard Time was adopted. The plan was for five time zones -- four in the United States, and one in the Eastern Provinces of Canada -- based on mean sun times on the 60th, 75th, 90th, 105th and 120th meridians west of Greenwich, England. The new Standard Time was implemented on November 18, 1883. This system was established in U.S. law with the Standard Time Act enacted in 1918. http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/m/c/mch/railroad/RAILROAD.DOC

November 18, 1883 - Five standard time zones are established by the United States and Canadian railroad companies to end the confusion over thousands of local time zones. http://americasbesthistory.home.att.net/abhtimeline1880.html

1883, November 18 - Canada - railways adopt a standardized system of keeping time that uses hour-wide time zones. http://www.railways.incanada.net/candate/candate.htm

390. When was Standard Time adopted? At the stroke of 12 o'clock noon, on November 18, 1883, more than fifty different "times" were abolished in the United States, and railway clocks and watches throughout the country were set to Standard Time, or four standards of time (Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific, each one hour apart). Standard Time, which soon came into general use and was later adopted in other countries, was sponsored and put into effect by the General Time Convention of Railway Managers, which later became the American Railway Association and then the Association of American Railroads. http://www.railwaystation.com/1942/15.html

Wdew (talk) 13:14, 16 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]

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During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:34, 1 June 2011 (UTC)[reply]

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