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Architecture of Taiwan

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The architecture of Taiwan can be traced back to stilt housing of the aborigines in prehistoric times; to the building of fortresses and churches in the north and south used to colonize and convert the inhabitants during the Dutch and Spanish period; the Tungning period when Taiwan was a base of anti-Qing sentiment and Minnan-style architecture was introduced; in Qing dynasty period, a mix of Chinese and Western architecture appeared and artillery battery flourished during Qing's Self-Strengthening Movement; During the Japanese rule of Taiwan, the Minnan, Japanese and Western culture were main influencers in architectural designs and saw the introduction and use of reinforced concrete. Due to excessive Westernization as a colony, after the retrocession of Taiwan to the Republic of China in 1945 from Japan at the end of World War II, Chinese classical style became popular and entered into international mainstream as a postmodern design style. Today, Taiwanese architecture has undergone much diversification, every style of architecture can be seen.[1]

Prehistory (−1621)

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Main article: Prehistory of Taiwan

The architecture of prehistoric Taiwan saw structures ranging from cave dwellings, stilt housing, to stone masonry. Primarily of Austronesian architecture.[2]

Cave dwelling

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Prehistoric man made use of caves for their dwellings, and Taiwan's oldest known civilization is the Changbin culture (長濱文化) dating back to over 50,000 years. An example of an archaeological site of a cave dwelling is the Bashian Caves in Changbin Township, Taitung County which is dated from between 5,500 and 30,000 years. The actual cave itself has a height of around ten meters and can accommodate some ten persons.

Stilt housing

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Main article: Stilt house

Spread over the vast prehistoric Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean areas, stilt houses vary greatly. In more recent times, Taiwanese aborigines make use of them for holding church meetings, as places to cool down and to hold ancestral activities. Apart from their cooling effect, stilt houses also have various functions such as avoiding miasma, dampness, flood, and insects and snakes from entering, it is also easier to construct.

Stone-slab housing

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The Paiwan and Bunun peoples made houses using thatched roofing and made walls from stones. Homes of nobles were decorated with elaborate wood carvings. The special characteristics of such houses is that dark colored building materials help conceal the buildings in its environment and the layered use of rocks mimic the scales of the hundred pacer snake that they worship.[3]

Aboriginal architecture

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Main article: Taiwanese aborigines

Chinese and aborigines made use of natural materials such as straw, wood, bamboo, grass, stone, and soil as basic construction materials. The types and styles of building vary depending on the environment, climate, and cultural influences of each ethnic group. For example, the Amis tend to live in larger communities and planned the layout of their community such as placement of communal homes and a plaza for matters of governance inside, planting a bamboo forest around the outside with camps and guard stations to defend against foreign aggressors.[4] The Atayal and Saisiyat peoples made their homes out of wood and bamboo, while the Tao people who lived further away on Orchid Island and faced strong changes in seasonal weather such as typhoons, developed houses that made use of digging vertically into the ground to strengthen their foundations.[5]

Dutch and Spanish settlement (1624–1662)

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Main articles: Castle and Fortress

The 16th century was a time of Western naval navigation, exploration and trade and also the shifting of power from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty. Most of the architecture in Taiwan from this period were dominated by fortresses, primarily the Dutch Fengguiwei Fort, Fort Zeelandia, Fort Provintia in the south and the Spanish Fort San Salvador (聖薩爾瓦多城), Fort Santo Domingo to the north. The Dutch used red bricks in construction while the Spanish used stone. Both sides made use of ports and constructed fortresses to consolidate their power on the island. The fortresses were square shaped with an additional side for the installment of artillery. This period saw Taiwan architecture enter the peak of Western colonization. Such structures from this period represent the first generation of architectural works and is now listed as a world heritage by the Republic of China government.[6]

  • Taioan Street (大員市街) was built by the Dutch and is now the present day Yanping Street (延平街) in Anping District, Tainan City.
    Taioan Street (大員市街) was built by the Dutch and is now the present day Yanping Street (延平街) in Anping District, Tainan City.
  • Fort Zeelandia was built by the Dutch in 1624 and is now known as Anping Fort (安平古堡).
    Fort Zeelandia was built by the Dutch in 1624 and is now known as Anping Fort (安平古堡).
  • Remains of Fort Zeelandia in 1871
    Remains of Fort Zeelandia in 1871
  • Remains of Fort Zeelandia in 1871
    Remains of Fort Zeelandia in 1871
  • Fort Provintia was a bastion structure, the remains of which are now known as Chihkan Tower (赤崁樓).
    Fort Provintia was a bastion structure, the remains of which are now known as Chihkan Tower (赤崁樓).
  • Fort Santo Domingo was built by the Spanish in 1628 and after their defeat was rebuilt by the Dutch. It is known as Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ (紅毛城, Red-haired Fort) after the Dutch people.
    Fort Santo Domingo was built by the Spanish in 1628 and after their defeat was rebuilt by the Dutch. It is known as Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ (紅毛城, Red-haired Fort) after the Dutch people.
  • Model of Fort San Salvador in Keelung City
    Model of Fort San Salvador in Keelung City
  • Archaeological excavation pit of Todos los Santos (諸聖堂) near Fort San Salvador
    Archaeological excavation pit of Todos los Santos (諸聖堂) near Fort San Salvador

Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1682)

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Qing dynasty (1683–1896)

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Minnan-style architecture
Hakka Architecture
  • Liudui Martyr's Shrine (六堆忠義祠), Pingtung County
    Liudui Martyr's Shrine (六堆忠義祠), Pingtung County
  • Shoushanyan Guanyin Temple (壽山巖觀音寺), Taoyuan City
    Shoushanyan Guanyin Temple (壽山巖觀音寺), Taoyuan City
  • Beipu Tianshui Temple (北埔天水堂), Hsinchu County
    Beipu Tianshui Temple (北埔天水堂), Hsinchu County
  • Lee Teng-fan's Ancient Residence, Taoyuan City
    Lee Teng-fan's Ancient Residence, Taoyuan City
  • Fanjiang Ancestral Hall (新屋范姜祖堂), Taoyuan City
    Fanjiang Ancestral Hall (新屋范姜祖堂), Taoyuan City
  • Beipu Citian Temple, Hsinchu County
    Beipu Citian Temple, Hsinchu County
  • Meinong East Gate Tower, Kaohsiung City, rebuilt in 1937.
    Meinong East Gate Tower, Kaohsiung City, rebuilt in 1937.
  • West Fence Gate(西柵門) of Jiadong (佳冬), Pingtung County
    West Fence Gate(西柵門) of Jiadong (佳冬), Pingtung County
  • Old House of Siiao Family(蕭家祖屋), Pingtung County
    Old House of Siiao Family(蕭家祖屋), Pingtung County

Fuzhou-style (Mindong) Architecture

Teochew-style architecture

Lingnan-style architecture
  • Liangguanghui Hall (兩廣會館), Tainan City
    Liangguanghui Hall (兩廣會館), Tainan City
  • Liangguanghui Hall (兩廣會館), Tainan City
    Liangguanghui Hall (兩廣會館), Tainan City
Western-style architecture

Fort

Period of Japanese rule (1896–1945)

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Western-style Architecture

Exotic Revival Style[7]

  • Kenko Shrine (建功神社), Taipei City (1928), designed by Ide Kaoru
    Kenko Shrine (建功神社), Taipei City (1928), designed by Ide Kaoru
  • Former THK Taipei Broadcasting Station (台北放送局演奏所), Taipei City (1931)
    Former THK Taipei Broadcasting Station (台北放送局演奏所), Taipei City (1931)
  • Chengnei Branch of Taiwan Cooperative Bank (合作金庫銀行城內分行), Taipei City (1933), designed by Ide Kaoru
    Chengnei Branch of Taiwan Cooperative Bank (合作金庫銀行城內分行), Taipei City (1933), designed by Ide Kaoru
  • Former Taipei Branch of Nippon Kangyo Bank (日本勸業銀行臺北支店), Taipei City (1933)
    Former Taipei Branch of Nippon Kangyo Bank (日本勸業銀行臺北支店), Taipei City (1933)
  • Former Tainan Branch of Nippon Kangyo Bank (日本勸業銀行臺南支店), Tainan City (1937)
    Former Tainan Branch of Nippon Kangyo Bank (日本勸業銀行臺南支店), Tainan City (1937)
  • Chang Hwa Bank Headquarters and Museum, Taichung City (1937)
    Chang Hwa Bank Headquarters and Museum, Taichung City (1937)

Early Modern Architecture[8]

Traditional Taiwanese and Taiwanese-Western Eclectic Architecture
Japanese-style and Japanese-Western Eclectic Architecture

Asian Renaissance Style(興亞式)[9] and Imperial Crown Style

Republic of China (1946–present)

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The Second World War served as a dividing point in Taiwanese architecture, bringing both political change and significant physical destruction. After the war a wave of new buildings was built with American aid, this influence lead to the dominance of the International Style. More contemporary architecture focuses on preserving the past as well as building new spaces, often finding ways to re-use historical or disused spaces.[10]

Chinese Cultural Renaissance
Newly built traditional Taiwanese architecture
  • Wan He Temple, Taichung City (1684)
    Wan He Temple, Taichung City (1684)
  • Changfu Temple, New Taipei City, rebuilt in 1947.
    Changfu Temple, New Taipei City, rebuilt in 1947.
  • Yancheng Sanshan Guowang Temple (鹽埕三山國王廟), Kaohsiung City (1949)
    Yancheng Sanshan Guowang Temple (鹽埕三山國王廟), Kaohsiung City (1949)
  • Gushan Daitian Temple, Kaohsiung City (1949–1951)
    Gushan Daitian Temple, Kaohsiung City (1949–1951)
  • Wuqi Zhenwu Temple, Taichung City (1849), restored in 1953
    Wuqi Zhenwu Temple, Taichung City (1849), restored in 1953
  • Lingxiao Chapel (凌霄寶殿) of Zhinan Temple (指南宮), Taipei City (1963)
    Lingxiao Chapel (凌霄寶殿) of Zhinan Temple (指南宮), Taipei City (1963)
  • Xingtian Temple, Taipei City (1968)
    Xingtian Temple, Taipei City (1968)
  • Sanfong Temple (三鳳宮), Kaohsiung City (1971)
    Sanfong Temple (三鳳宮), Kaohsiung City (1971)
  • Taichung Folklore Park, Taichung City (1990)
    Taichung Folklore Park, Taichung City (1990)
  • Taiwan Lai Family Ancestral Hall (台灣賴氏大宗祠), Taichung City (2006)
    Taiwan Lai Family Ancestral Hall (台灣賴氏大宗祠), Taichung City (2006)
  • Wu Chang Temple (武昌宮), Nantou County (1903, rebuilt 2010)
    Wu Chang Temple (武昌宮), Nantou County (1903, rebuilt 2010)
  • Lingxiao Main Hall (凌霄寶殿) of Nankunshen Daitian Temple (南鯤鯓代天府), Tainan City (2012)
    Lingxiao Main Hall (凌霄寶殿) of Nankunshen Daitian Temple (南鯤鯓代天府), Tainan City (2012)
Modern architecture

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "{{in lang|zh}} History of Taiwanese architecture". Archived from the original on 2016-10-04. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  2. ^ "Pre-historic Taiwanese architecture, National Chiayi University – Dead link" (PDF) (in Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  3. ^ (in Chinese) Kungdavane – Dead link
  4. ^ "Building structures of the Amis tribe, Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  5. ^ "Housing layout of the Yami (Tao) tribe, Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  6. ^ "Origins of Tamsui's Fort Zeelandia" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  7. ^ 傅, 朝卿 (2017). 台灣建築的式樣脈絡. 五南. p. 42. ISBN 9789571191904.
  8. ^ 傅朝卿. "日治時期現代風情建築" (PDF). 傅朝卿教授建築與文化資產資訊網. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  9. ^ "國家攝影文化中心台北館 導覽手冊" (PDF). 2021-03-18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  10. ^ "400 years of building history— A tour of Tainan architecture". taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
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