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List of sweet potato cultivars

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Trumpet-shaped flowers and large, heart-shaped leaves emerge the stems of a sweet potato plant.
A sweet potato plant in bloom at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology botanical garden
Close-up view of a pile of golden sweet potato roots
Edible sweet potato roots photographed in Karlsruhe, Germany

This list of sweet potato cultivars provides some information about varieties and cultivars of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The sweet potato was first domesticated in the Americas more than 5,000 years ago.[1] As of 2013, there are approximately 7,000 sweet potato cultivars. People grow sweet potato in many parts of the world, including New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Japan, Hawaii, China, and North America. However, sweet potato is not widely cultivated in Europe.[2]

People breed sweet potatoes mainly either for food (their nutritious storage roots) or for their attractive vines. (The variety 'Vardaman' is grown for both.) The first table below lists sweet potato cultivars grown for their edible roots; the second table lists cultivars bred as ornamental vines. In the first table, the Parentage column briefly explains how the sweet potato cultivar was bred. Sweet potato plants with desirable traits are selectively bred to produce new cultivars.

Sweet potato cultivars differ in many ways. One way people compare them is by the size, shape, and color of the roots. The more orange the flesh of a sweet potato root is, the more nutritious carotene it has. (Humans metabolize carotene into vitamin A.) The skin of a sweet potato root is a different color than the flesh. The biological word for the outer skin is epidermis; the flesh is called the pith or medulla. The first table below has a general description of the color of the root's flesh and skin.

In the mid-20th century, sweet potato growers in the Southern United States began marketing orange-fleshed sweet potatoes as "yams", in an attempt to differentiate them from pale-fleshed sweet potatoes.[3] Even though these growers called their products yams, true yams are significantly different. All sweet potatoes are variations of one species: I. batatas. Yams are any of various tropical species of the genus Dioscorea. A yam tuber is starchier, dryer, and often larger than the storage root of a sweet potato, and the skin is more coarse.[3] This list does not include yams.

Cultivars bred for edible roots

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Many of the sweet potato cultivars below were bred at agricultural experiment stations. An agricultural experiment station (AES) is a research center where scientists work to increase the quality and quantity of food production. Agricultural experiment stations are usually operated by a government agency and/or a university.

Name Plant breeder Parentage Root skin (epidermis) colour Root flesh (medulla) colour Notes Origin
Acadian Louisiana State University[4] L21 × L131[4] copper orange Does not appear US
Allgold / Okla. 240 Oklahoma State University–Stillwater[4] Creole × Triumph (Parent 10)[4] tan[1] orange Does not appear US
Americana ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Apache USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)[4] (Yellow Yam 149 × Nancy Hall 42–1) × (Pelican Processor Triumph)[4] orange ? Does not appear US
Australian Canner Department of Agriculture (Australia)[4] ? ? ? Adaptation trials/naming by USDA et al.[4] Australia
Ayamurasaki ? indigenous sangria plum Also called beniimo Okinawa
Baker / V 2158 Norfolk, Virginia[4] Virginian × numbered seedling[4] ? ? Does not appear US
Beauregard Baton Rouge, Louisiana[4] open-pollinated seedling of L78-21[4] rose[5] orange[5] First cultivated in 1987[5] US
Bonara ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Campeon ? ? light red[6] white[6] Commonly called boniato[6] (a word for sweet potato in Cuban Spanish) ?
Canbake / G-52-15-1 Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station (AES)[4] ? ? ? Does not appear US
Caro-Gold Clemson College[4] C317 × Goldrush[4] bright purple orange Does not appear US
Carolina Bunch US Vegetable Laboratory (USDA Agricultural Research Service); South Carolina AES[4] open pollinated seedling of Excel[4] light copper deep orange Does not appear US
Carolina Nugget North Carolina State University[4] HM1-36 × Lakan[4] rosy medium orange First cultivated in 1954[4] US
Carolina Ruby North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS)[4] open pollinated seedling of Beauregard[4] dark red to purple-red[5] dark orange[5] First cultivated in 1988[5] US
Caromex North Carolina State University[4] NC228 × NC234[4] dark copper deep orange First cultivated in 1971[4] US
Carver Tuskegee Institute[4] Centennial × Jewel[4] deep rose deep orange Does not appear US
Centennial / L-3-77 Louisiana AES (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)[4] Unit IPR × Pelican Processor[4] orange[7] orange[7] Does not appear US
Chipper ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Covington NC98-608 North Carolina State University[4] ? rose[5] orange[5] Smooth skin[5] US
Cliett Bunch Porto Rico / Georgia Bunch Porto Rico University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station (Tifton, Georgia)[4] mutation from Vining Porto Rico[4] ? ? Similar to Vining Porto Rico[4] US
Coastal Red University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station (Tifton, Georgia)[4] open-pollinated seedling from GA-76[4] red medium orange First cultivated in 1978[4] US
Coppergold L. A. Sharum (Fort Smith, Arkansas)[4] selected mutation in Allgold[4] russet copper ? Does not appear US
Cordner Texas AES and Oklahoma State University[4] copper[5] medium orange[5] ? First cultivated in 1983[5] US
Creole ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Darby Louisiana AES (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)[4] open pollinated seedling of L 83-523[4] dark rose orange Purple stems[4] US
Don Juan Puerto Rico AES (Río Piedras, Puerto Rico)[4] selected from native stock[4] ? ? Does not appear Puerto Rico
Earlyport Louisiana AES (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)[4] (Mameyita × seedling L-4-6) × (seedling L-5 × Triumph)[4] copper orange Similar to Porto Rico[4] US
Earlysweet / T-3 University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station (Tifton, Georgia)[4] Porto Rico × unnamed breeding lines[4] light-skinned deep orange Does not appear US
Eureka Louisiana State University AES; University of California AES[4] L9-163 × LO-132[4] copper orange Does not appear US
Evangeline Louisiana[8] ? rose orange[8] Does not appear US
Excel USDA and the South Carolina AES[4] open-pollinated seedling of Regal polycrossed in 1981 to 29 other parental selections[4] light copper orange Skin color is slightly lighter than that of Jewel[4] US
GA90-16 Georgia AES; US Vegetable Laboratory (USDA ARS)[4] ? ? white Low sugar, low maltose[4] US
Garnet ? ? pale copper brilliant orange Commonly called "yams" in the United States to distinguish them from O'Henry sweet potatoes[4] US
Georgia Jet ? ? purplish red deep orange Does not appear US
Georgia Red / T-6 University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station (Tifton, Georgia)[4] Porto Rican crosses[4] coppery-red skin ? Similar to Porto Rico[4] US
Gold Rush Louisiana AES (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)[4] (Mameyita × Seedling L4-6) × (Seedling L-5 × Triumph)[4] light copper deep orange Purple stems[4] US
Golden Belle Bryce Woods (Rogers, Arkansas)[4] Nancy Gold mutation[4] ? golden Flesh color differs from Nancy Hall. US
Goldmar Maryland AES (College Park, Maryland)[4] Redmar mutation[4] golden ? Cultivated in 1973. Similar to Redmar, but different skin color.[4] US
Grand Asia ? ? pink white Boniato-type similar to 'Japanese'[9] ?
Hannah Sweet ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Hayman White ? ? tan[10] cream[10] An heirloom variety of the Eastern United States[11][12] US
Heartogold Louisiana State University[4] Mameyita × Yellow Yam[4] flesh-colored deep orange Does not appear US
Hernandez Louisiana State University AES[4] seedling of L70-323[4] burnt orange[5] deep orange[5] First cultivated in 1992[5] US
HiDry Clemson University; USDA[4] fourth-generation, open-pollinated selection from MK-14[4] white cream Cultivated for industrial use[4] US
Hoolehua Gold ? ? pale red orange Does not appear ?
Hoolehua Red ? ? red off-white Does not appear ?
Hopi / HM-122 USDA Horticultural Field Station (Meridian, Mississippi)[4] ? ? ? Does not appear US
Houhere Māori traditional pre-European "kūmara" type[13] pink yellow Rectangular tubers New Zealand
Hutihuti Māori traditional pre-European "kūmara" type[14] cream cream Long, thin, up to 20 roots per plant[13] New Zealand
Iliua ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Japanese / Oriental ? ? purplish red pale Boniato-type.[9] Comparatively lower moisture.[8] ?
Jersey Orange / Orange Little Stern Kansas State College; Rutgers University[4] ? orange-brown deep orange Size and shape are similar to that of Jersey Yellow[4] US
Jersey Red ? ? ? ? An heirloom variety[10] US
Jersey Yellow ? ? golden, buff, or tan cream to bright yellow An heirloom variety[10] US
Jewel North Carolina State University ? copper[5] deep orange[5] First cultivated in 1970.[5] Commonly called "yams" in the United States to distinguish them from O'Henry sweet potatoes. US
Kandee / K1716 Kansas State College[4] La 1946 Cross 17 × 1 (yellow yam × Nancy Hall)[4] reddish bronze bright orange Does not appear US
Kona B ? ? pale red to orange-red light orange Does not appear ?
Kote Buki ? ? purplish red white Mid-season ?
Lakan / L-0-123 Louisiana AES (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)[4] (Unit IPR × Pelican. Processor) × (Mameyita × L-4-6)[4] reddish-bronze to reddish-tan bright orange Does not appear US
Mameyita ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Maryland Golden ? ? ? ? Does not appear US
Miguela ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Murasaki ? ? hybiscus pale Low moisture[8] ?
Murff Bush Porto Rico E. L. Murff (Normangee, Texas)[4] Porto Rico mutation[4] copper[7] orange[7] First cultivated in 1949. Similar to Porto Rico.[4] US
Nancy Gold Kansas State College AES[4] Nancy Hall mutation[4] buff-colored deep-orange Skin color differs from Nancy Hall[4] US
Nancy Hall ? ? tan yellow Does not appear ?
Nemagold / Okla. 46 Oklahoma State University–Stillwater[4] Yellow Jersey (Orlis strain) × Okla. 29[4] ? ? Does not appear US
Northern Star ? ? ? ? Cultivated in Australia ?
Nugget / NC-171 North Carolina AES (Raleigh, North Carolina)[4] NC-124 × (NC-41 × B5965)[4] ? ? Does not appear US
O'Henry Henry Wayne Bailey [(Vardaman, MS)][15] Beauregard mutation[15] coppery tan lemon cream Variant of Beauregard[8] US
Okla. 46 Oklahoma State University–Stillwater[4] Okla. 29 × Orlis [Okla. 29-Parent 10 (see Allgold) × L37 (see Red Gold)][4] golden russet orange Roots and vines are like yellow Jersey or Orlis; shouldered leaves US
Oklamar / Okla. 52 Oklahoma State University–Stillwater AES[4] Oklahoma 5 × Australian Canner[4] purple salmon Does not appear US
Oklamex Red Oklahoma and New Mexico AES B 1564 × PI 153655 dark red salmon Extremely sweet, moist root; yam-type US
Onokeo ? ? violet ivory Does not appear ?
Onolena / HES number 14 Vegetable Crops Department, University of Hawaii (Honolulu)[4] Porto Rico × Nancy Hall[4] tan dark orange Similar to Porto Rico[4] US
Orange Sunset Plant & Food Research ? purple orange and purple First cultivated in 2014[16] New Zealand
Orlis Kansas State College[4] mutation from Common Little Stem Jersey[4] bronze ? Similar to Little Stem Jersey US
Owairaka Red Fay Gock and Joe Gock[17] waina type[18][16] dark red yellow As of 2000, the preeminent cultivar of New Zealand (followed by Toka Toka Gold and Beauregard)[19] New Zealand
Papota USDA ARS; Tropical Agricultural Research Station[4] International Institute of Tropical Agr. seedling[4] white beige Turnip-shaped root[4] US
Parapara Māori traditional ? pink ? Medicinal variety, used to feed babies, the elderly, and the sick[20] New Zealand
Pelican Processor / L-5 / L-4-5 Louisiana AES (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)[4] selfed seedling of Americana[4] cream light cream Does not appear US
Picadita ? ? purple-red[6] white[6] Commonly called boniato[6] (a word for sweet potato in Cuban Spanish) ?
Pope North Carolina State University[4] NC 288 × 304[4] light salmon medium orange Does not appear US
Poporo Māori traditional ? purple purple traditional sweet and dry variety[20] New Zealand
Porto Rico 198 / Porto Rican / Puerto Rican North Carolina[5] ? rose-pink[5] orange mottled[5] First cultivated in 1966[5] US
Purple Dawn Plant & Food Research ? purple purple First cultivated in 2014[16] New Zealand
Purple Heart / Okinawa Okinawa Island ? tan grape Also cultivated in Hawaii Japan
Queen Mary / L-126 Louisiana AES (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)[4] Porto Rico × Nancy Hall[4] ? ? Similar to Porto Rico[4] US
Ranger Louisiana State University[4] Porto Rico × Nancy Hall[4] flesh-colored orange Similar to Nancy Hall US
Rapoza ? ? ivory purple Does not appear ?
Rekarawa Māori traditional ? white ? chestnut flavour[20] New Zealand
Rekamaroa Māori traditional pre-European "kūmara" type[13][14] white ? Does not appear New Zealand
Red Diane ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Red Garnet ? ? deep red to purple[15] orange[15] Does not appear ?
Red Jewel ? ? red deep orange Does not appear ?
Red Nancy Kansas State College[4] mutation of Nancy Gold[4] red orange Similar to Nancy Gold[4] US
Redglow University of Georgia AES; California AES[4] open pollinated seedling of GA-109[4] light, purple-red deep orange Does not appear US
Redgold / Okla. 26 Oklahoma State University–Stillwater[4] Okla. 2 × L37 (seedlings involving Creole, Nancy Hall and Porto Rico)[4] red orange Does not appear US
Redmar / Md 2416 Maryland AES (College Park, Maryland) [(K18400 × B6313) × Shoreland × (Virginian × K1846)] red ? First cultivated in 1971. Similar to Nemagold[4] US
Regal USDA ARS; South Carolina AES (Clemson University); Texas Agricultural Station (Texas A&M University)[4] seedling of W-99 polycrossed with 29 other parental selections[4] dark purplish-red orange to deep orange Does not appear US
Resisto USDA; South Carolina AES; Texas AES[4] seedling of W-56[4] reddish-copper dark orange Does not appear US
Rojo Blanco Tuskegee Institute[4] Rose Centennial × White Triumph[4] deep red milk white Does not appear US
Romanawa Māori traditional[20] ? gold yellow/orange Does not appear New Zealand
Rose Centennial ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Ruddy US Vegetable Laboratory (USDA ARS); South Carolina AES[4] open pollinated seedling of W-119[4] red skin orange Does not appear US
Scarlet North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS)[4] selected from meristem-tip culture derived clones of Jewel[4] ? orange Does not appear US
Shore Gold Virginia Tech Experiment Station[4] open pollinated seedling of L7-177 from the Louisiana breeding program[4] light copper bright orange Does not appear US
Southern Delite USDA ARS; Clemson University[4][15] an open pollinated seedling of W-99[4] rose to dark copper orange Made publicly available in 1986.[15] Skin color varies with soil type[4] US
Stokes Purple Unknown (North Carolina)[21] purple gray dark purple Made publicly available in 2012. US
Sumor USDA ARS; United States Vegetable Laboratory; South Carolina AES (Clemson University); Edisto Research and Education Center[4] open pollinated seedling of W-154[4] light tan white to yellow Comparatively high vitamin C[15] US
Sunnyside USDA (Beltsville, Maryland and Louisiana)[4] (Yellow Yam × Nancy Hall) × (Pelican Processor × Triumph)[4] ? ? Does not appear US
Sweet Red North Carolina State University[4] open pollinated seedling of NC 258[4] deep copper-red deep orange Does not appear US
Tango USDA; Missouri AES (Columbia, Missouri); Sweet Potato Cooperative Group (Beltsville, Maryland)[4] Nancy Hall × Porto Rico 1-10[4] ? ? Does not appear US
Tanhoma Oklahoma State University–Stillwater AES[4] selection Australian Canner[4] ? ? Does not appear US
Taputini Māori traditional pre-European "kūmara" type[14] cream cream Long, thin, up to 20 roots per plant[13] New Zealand
Toka Toka Gold ? ? gold white Became commercially available in 1972[22][16] New Zealand
Topaz Texas AES[4] open pollinated seedling of W-26[4] bronze medium orange Does not appear ?
Travis Louisiana AES[4] polycross with L3-217 as seed parent[4] rose deep orange First cultivated in 1980 US
UPLSP-1 ? ? ? ? Cultivated in the Philippines[23] ?
UPLSP-2 ? ? ? ? Cultivated in the Philippines[23] ?
U.P.R. number 3 Puerto Rico AES (Río Piedras, Puerto Rico)[4] selected from Mameya; open-pollinated[4] ? ? Does not appear Puerto Rico
U.P.R. number 7 Puerto Rico AES (Río Piedras, Puerto Rico)[4] L-240[4] ? deep orange Does not appear Puerto Rico
Vardaman ? ? golden[7] light orange Does not appear US
Virginian / V-53 Truck Experiment Station (near Norfolk, Virginia)[4] Maryland Golden × B-219[4] purplish-red to copper-red bright orange Does not appear US
VSP-5 ? ? ? ? Cultivated in the Philippines[23] ?
VSP-6 ? ? ? ? Cultivated in the Philippines[23] ?
Waimanalo Red ? ? red pearl Does not appear ?
Waina ? ? ? ? Vining variety brought to New Zealand in the 1800s[18] ?
White Delite North Carolina State University[4] cross between a University of Georgia breeding clone (GA41) and an unknown pollen parent[4] purplish pink[5][9] white[5] First cultivated in 1979[5] US
White Triumph ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?
Whitestar USDA (Beltsville, Maryland)[4] cultivar Laupahoehoe (Hawaii)[4] white pale Does not appear US
Yellow Yam ? ? ? ? Does not appear ?

Cultivars bred for ornamental vines

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Name Cultivator(s) Leaf color Leaf shape Notes
Black Heart / Ace of Spades / Purple Heart ? dark purplish with purple veins heart Does not appear
Blackie ? purple and green blend ? Darker than Black Heart
Bronze Beauty ? copper ? Same leaf shape as Blackie
Copper ? chartreuse to purple ? Does not appear
Freckles ? green and yellow mottled ? Does not appear
Gold Finger ? lime green lobed Does not appear
Ivory Jewel ? green and ivory streaked heart Does not appear
Lady Fingers ? green with purple veins lobed Does not appear
Marguerite / Chartreuse / Sulfur ? chartreuse ? Does not appear
Mini Blackie ? dark green with purple veins ? Leaf color is lighter than that of lacinato kale
NCORNSP011MNLC / Illusion® Midnight Lace ? dark green with purple veins ? Does not appear
NCORNSP012EMLC / Illusion® Emerald Lace ? chartreuse lobed Does not appear
Purple Tuber ? ? ? Does not appear
Seki Blakhrt / Chillin™ / Blackberry Heart ? ? ? Does not appear
Sidekick Black ? deep purple lobed Does not appear
Sidekick Lime ? green lobed Does not appear
Sweet Caroline Bewitched Purple / PP18574 Craig Yencho; Ken Pecota (2006)[24][25] dark green to vivid burgundy ? Does not appear
Sweet Caroline Bronze / PP15437 Craig Yencho; Ken Pecota; Cindy Pierce (2002)[24][25] ? ? Does not appear
Sweet Caroline Green ? ? ? Does not appear
Sweet Caroline Green Yellow ? ? ? Does not appear
Sweet Caroline Light Green ? ? ? Does not appear
Sweet Caroline Purple ? ? ? Does not appear
Sweet Caroline Red ? ? ? Does not appear
Sweet Caroline Sweetheart Light Green ? ? ? Does not appear
Sweet Caroline Sweetheart Red ? ? ? Does not appear
Sweet Georgia Heart Purple ? ? ? Does not appear
Terrace Lime ? ? ? Does not appear
Tricolor ? green, white, pink ? Medium-size leaves
Vardaman ? ? ? Does not appear

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Sweetpotato". International Potato Center. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  2. ^ Núñez, Carlos (7 May 2013). "Sweet potatoes a growing niche in Europe". FreshPlaza. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  3. ^ a b Schultheis, Jonathan (30 January 1998). "What is the Difference Between a Sweetpotato and a Yam?". NC Cooperative Extension. Archived from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd LaBonte, Don R. (ed.). "Sweetpotato, Lists 1-26 Combined". Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America. Department of Horticulture, Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Industry". North Carolina Sweet Potato Commission. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Stephens, James M. (2015) [1994]. "Boniato—Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir". EDIS. University of Florida. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Watch Your Garden Grow – Sweet Potato". University of Illinois Extension. University of Illinois. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Sweet Potato Varieties". About Sweet Potatoes. North Carolina Sweet Potato Commission. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  9. ^ a b c "Identifying Boniato-Type Sweetpotato Cultivars Adapted to NC Growing Conditions". New Crops & Organics. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
  10. ^ a b c d Higgins, Adrian (14 November 2012). "Rare sweet potatoes make a comeback". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  11. ^ Kasper, Rob (26 November 2008). "Aging's a fine thing for sweet potatoes". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  12. ^ Eaton, Lorraine (19 November 2010). "Haymans, an Eastern Shore sweet potato prized for generations". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d Yen, D. E. (1963). "The New Zealand Kumara or Sweet Potato". Economic Botany. 17 (1): 31–45. Bibcode:1963EcBot..17...31Y. doi:10.1007/BF02985351. S2CID 32823869.
  14. ^ a b c Harvey, Catherine F.; Gill, Geoffrey P.; Crossman, Catherine; Fraser, Lena G. (1997). "Assessing relationships of kumara cultivars by RAPD analysis". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 35 (4): 479–485. Bibcode:1997NZJB...35..479H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1987.10410171.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "Sweet Potato Varieties". sweetpotatoes.com. Wayne Bailey Produce Company. 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d Cui, Rongbin; Zhu, Fan (2019). "Physicochemical and functional properties of sweetpotato flour". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 99 (10): 4624–4634. Bibcode:2019JSFA...99.4624C. doi:10.1002/jsfa.9702. ISSN 0022-5142. PMID 30895624.
  17. ^ Lee, Lily (18 April 2016). "The Joe Gock Story". Auckland Zhong Shan Clan Association. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  18. ^ a b Lewthwaite, S. L.; Fletcher, P. J.; Fletcher, J. D.; Triggs, C. M. (2011). "Cultivar decline in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas)". New Zealand Plant Protection. 64: 160–167. doi:10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5976.
  19. ^ Shaw, S.; van de Westelaken, T.; Sorrenson, I.; Searle, B.; Hederley, D. (2008). "Effects of plant population and planting date on growth and development of kumara cultivar Owairaka Red" (PDF). Agronomy New Zealand (38): 61–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  20. ^ a b c d Te Reka O Te Kai: Maara Kai Practical Guide (PDF). Te Waka Kai Ora. 2010. ISBN 978-0-473-17533-7. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  21. ^ "Farmers markets: Stokes Purple is a sweet potato of mystery - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 2 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
  22. ^ Lewthwaite, SL (2005). Sweetpotato products in a modern world: the New Zealand experience. II International Symposium on Sweetpotato and Cassava: Innovative Technologies for Commercialization 703. pp. 31–38. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2006.703.2. ISBN 90-6605-387-9.
  23. ^ a b c d Cabanilla, Liborio S. (1996). Sweetpotato in the Philippines: Production, processing, and future prospects (PDF). Lima: International Potato Center. pp. 37–38. ISBN 92-9060-178-7. OCLC 36071607. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  24. ^ a b "Sweetpotato Breeding and Genetics Program". North Carolina State University. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  25. ^ a b Reeber, Meri. "Ornamental Sweetpotatoes for the Home Landscape" (PDF). North Carolina State University. Retrieved 27 November 2013.

Further reading

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