Swedish–Geatish wars

The famous Sparlösa Runestone raised in the Geatish heartland, in Västergötland, mentions a great battle, the names Eric and Alrik and the father who resided in Uppsala. Possibly a memorial to Swedish royalty, who had won a great battle.

The Swedish–Geatish wars refer to semi-legendary 6th-century^[1] battles between Swedes and Geats that are described in the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf.^[2] Little has survived of such battles in the Norse sagas,^[3] and later 11th-century/13th-century wars between Swedes and Geats, notably involving the Geatish clans House of Stenkil and House of Sverker, are referred to as Swedish civil wars.

The first war in Beowulf

The Anglo-Saxon epic relates that the Swedes did not keep the peace when the Geatish king Hreðel had died, because the Swedish king Ongenþeow's sons (i.e. Ohthere and Onela) had grown up and were eager to fight.^[4]

Þa wæs synn and sacu Sweona and Geata,

ofer wid wæter wroht gemæne,

here-nið hearda, syððan Hreðel swealt,

oððe him Ongenþeowes eaferan wæran

frome fyrd-hwate, freode ne woldon

ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosna-beorh

eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon.^[5]

There was strife and struggle 'twixt Swede and Geat

o'er the width of waters;^[6] war arose,

hard battle-horror, when Hrethel died,

and Ongentheow's offspring grew

strife-keen, bold, nor brooked o'er the seas;^[6]

pact of peace, but pushed their hosts

to harass in hatred by Hreosnabeorh.^[7]

The Geats, under their new king Hæþcyn, captured the Swedish queen, but old king Ongenþeow saved her at a hill fort called Hrefnesholt, although they lost her gold.^[8] Ongenþeow killed Hæþcyn^[9] and besieged the Geats at Hrefnesholt.^[10] The Geats were, however, rescued by Hygelac, Hæþcyn's brother,^[11] who arrived the next day with reinforcements.^[12] Having lost the battle, but rescued his queen, Ongenþeow and his warriors returned home:

Wæs sio swat-swaðu Sweona and Geata,

wæl-ræs wera wide gesy¯ne,

hu þa folc mid him fæhðe towehton.

Gewat him þa se goda mid his gædelingum,

frod fela geomor fæsten secean,

eorl Ongenþio ufor oncirde;^[13]

The bloody swath of Swedes and Geats

and the storm of their strife, were seen afar,

how folk against folk the fight had wakened.

The ancient king with his atheling band

sought his citadel, sorrowing much:

Ongentheow earl went up to his burg.^[14]

However, the war was not over. Hygelac, the new king of the Geats, attacked the Swedes:

...Þa wæs æht boden

Sweona leodum, segn Higelace.

Freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon,

syððan Hreðlingas to hagan þrungon.^[15]

...Yet after him came

with slaughter for Swedes the standards of Hygelac

o'er peaceful plains in pride advancing,

till Hrethelings fought in the fenced town.^[14]

The Geatish warriors Eofor and Wulf Wonreding fought together against the hoary king Ongenþeow.^[16] Wulf hit Ongenþeow's head with his sword so that the old king bled over his hair, but the king hit back and wounded Wulf.^[17] Then, Eofor retaliated by cutting through the Swedish king's shield and through his helmet,^[18] giving Ongenþeow a death-blow.^[19] Eofor took the Swedish king's helmet, sword and breastplate, and carried them to Hygelac.^[20] When they came home, Eofor and Wulf were richly awarded,^[21] and Eofor was given Hygelac's daughter.^[22] Because of this battle, Hygelac is referred to as Ongenþeow's slayer.^[23]

The second war in Beowulf

In Sweden, both Ongenþeow and Ohthere were apparently dead as Onela was king, and Ohthere's two sons, Eanmund and Eadgils, sought refuge with Heardred, Hygelac's successor as king of the Geats.^[24] This caused Onela to attack the Geats. During the battle, Eanmund was killed by Onela's champion Weohstan^[25] and Heardred was killed as well.^[26] Onela returned home and Beowulf became king of the Geats.^[27]

Eadgils, however, survived, and, later, Beowulf helped him avenge Eanmund by slaying Onela,^[28] an event which also appears in Scandinavian sources, as the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern (although no Geatish involvement is remembered or mentioned).

The foreboding of a third war in Beowulf

As Wiglaf sat beside the dead king Beowulf, he spoke of a new war with the Swedes that would surely come:

Þæt ys sio fæhðo and se feond-scipe,

wæl-nið wera, þæs þe ic wen hafo,

þe us seceað to Sweona leode,

syððan hie gefricgeað frean userne

ealdor-leasne, þone þe ær geheold

wið hettendum hord and rice,

æfter hæleða hryre hwate Scylfingas,

folcred fremede oððe furður gen

eorl-scipe efnde.^[29]

Such is the feud, the foeman's rage,

death-hate of men: so I deem it sure

that the Swedish folk will seek us home

for this fall of their friends, the fighting-Scylfings,

when once they learn that our warrior leader

lifeless lies, who land and hoard

ever defended from all his foes,

furthered his folk's weal, finished his course

a hardy hero.^[14]

Aftermath

According to a Scandinavian legend written down in the 13th century, in the Ynglinga saga, a 7th-century Geatish king named Algaut was invited to his son-in-law, the Swedish king Ingjald, at Uppsala. During the night, he was burned to death together with a number of other invited kings. Ingjald then extended his rule to include the Geatish heartland in Västergötland, whereas the East Geats in Östergötland preserved their independence. The Geats and the other Scandinavians were later united by Ivar Vidfamne.

Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum says that after Ivar's death, the kingdom was split between Harald Wartooth and Sigurd Hring. Harald ruled Denmark and the East Geats, whereas Sigurd Hring ruled Sweden and the West Geats. These and many sources describe how these two kings met in the legendary and enormous Battle of the Brávellir (c. 750), where Sigurd Hring was victorious and became the king of both Swedes, Geats and Danes. From this battle and onwards, all of Geatland is described as part of the Swedish kingdom.

In the 12th century, Geatish tribal independence was but a memory as the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus noted in his Gesta Danorum (book 13) that the Geats had no say in the election of the king, only the Swedes. It says even more of their loss of independence that when the Law of the West Geats was put to paper, in the 13th century, the law stated that the election and the deposing of the king rested with the Swedes and not with the Geats.^[30]

In 1442, the law of the Swedish, Norwegian and Danish king Christopher of Bavaria declared that the merging of Geatland into the Swedish kingdom took place in a distant pagan time.^[31]

Notes

^ The dating has never been a matter of controversy. It is inferred from the internal chronology of the sources themselves and the dating of Hygelac's raid on Frisia to c. 516. It is also supported by archaeological excavations of the barrows of Eadgils and Ohthere in Sweden. For a discussion, see e.g. Birger Nerman's Det svenska rikets uppkomst (1925) (in Swedish). For presentations of the archaeological findings, see e.g. Elisabeth Klingmark's Gamla Uppsala, Svenska kulturminnen 59, Riksantikvarieämbetet (in Swedish), or this English language presentation by the Swedish National Heritage Board Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ R.M. Liuzza (2000), "The Geatish-Swedish wars", Beowulf: A new verse translation, ISBN 1-55111-189-6
^ For discussions on remaining traditions, see Sölve, Ongenþeow, Onela, Battle of Brávellir, and Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern.
^ Lines 2473–2479
^ Lines 2473–2480
^ ^a ^b The mentioning of water between Swedes and Geats has been much discussed, as Swedes and Geats shared a land border (Nerman 1925:117–119). However, a simple explanation is that if the mentioning of water is not merely poetic licence, people travelling between Götaland and the traditional Swedish heartland in eastern Svealand usually did so by water (ibid.). The border forests, Tiveden, Tylöskog and Kolmården, effectively slowed down communication.
^ Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere
^ Lines 2931–2936
^ Lines 2483–2485, 2925–2931
^ Lines 2934–2942
^ Lines 2434–2435
^ Lines 2942–2946
^ Lines 2947–2952
^ ^a ^b ^c Gummere's translation
^ Lines 2959–2962
^ Lines 2965–2966
^ Lines 2966–2977.
^ Lines 2977–2982
^ Lines 2485–2490, 2977–2982
^ Lines 2987–2990
^ Lines 2992–2997
^ Lines 2998–2999
^ Line 1969
^ Lines 2380–2391
^ Lines 2610–2617
^ Line 2389
^ Lines 2388–2391
^ Line 2392–2397
^ Lines 3000–3008
^ Sveær egho konong at taka ok sva vrækæ ("it is the Swedes who have the right to elect king and to dethrone him").
^ Swerikis rike är af hedna värld samman kommit, af swea och gotha land ("The kingdom of Sweden is from pagan times a union of Swedish and Geatish/Gothic lands") (Lundström, 1972:6).

Bibliography

Lundström, I. (1972). Viking, viking. Forntidsdröm och verklighet. Statens historiska museum, Stockholm. p. 6.
Nerman, B. (1925). Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm.

External links

Old English edition edited by James Albert Harrison and Robert Sharp

Translations of Beowulf:

[1] The dating has never been a matter of controversy. It is inferred from the internal chronology of the sources themselves and the dating of Hygelac's raid on Frisia to c. 516. It is also supported by archaeological excavations of the barrows of Eadgils and Ohthere in Sweden. For a discussion, see e.g. Birger Nerman's Det svenska rikets uppkomst (1925) (in Swedish). For presentations of the archaeological findings, see e.g. Elisabeth Klingmark's Gamla Uppsala, Svenska kulturminnen 59, Riksantikvarieämbetet (in Swedish), or this English language presentation by the Swedish National Heritage Board Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Machine

[Liuzza-2] R.M. Liuzza (2000), "The Geatish-Swedish wars", Beowulf: A new verse translation, ISBN 1-55111-189-6

[3] For discussions on remaining traditions, see Sölve, Ongenþeow, Onela, Battle of Brávellir, and Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern.

[4] Lines 2473–2479

[5] Lines 2473–2480

[water-6] The mentioning of water between Swedes and Geats has been much discussed, as Swedes and Geats shared a land border (Nerman 1925:117–119). However, a simple explanation is that if the mentioning of water is not merely poetic licence, people travelling between Götaland and the traditional Swedish heartland in eastern Svealand usually did so by water (ibid.). The border forests, Tiveden, Tylöskog and Kolmården, effectively slowed down communication.

[7] Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere

[8] Lines 2931–2936

[9] Lines 2483–2485, 2925–2931

[10] Lines 2934–2942

[11] Lines 2434–2435

[12] Lines 2942–2946

[13] Lines 2947–2952

[Gummere's_translation-14] Gummere's translation

[15] Lines 2959–2962

[16] Lines 2965–2966

[17] Lines 2966–2977.

[18] Lines 2977–2982

[19] Lines 2485–2490, 2977–2982

[20] Lines 2987–2990

[21] Lines 2992–2997

[22] Lines 2998–2999

[23] Line 1969

[24] Lines 2380–2391

[25] Lines 2610–2617

[26] Line 2389

[27] Lines 2388–2391

[28] Line 2392–2397

[29] Lines 3000–3008

[30] Sveær egho konong at taka ok sva vrækæ ("it is the Swedes who have the right to elect king and to dethrone him").

[31] Swerikis rike är af hedna värld samman kommit, af swea och gotha land ("The kingdom of Sweden is from pagan times a union of Swedish and Geatish/Gothic lands") (Lundström, 1972:6).

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