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Strychnos nux-blanda

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Strychnos nux-blanda
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Loganiaceae
Genus: Strychnos
Species:
S. nux-blanda
Binomial name
Strychnos nux-blanda

Strychnos nux-blanda is a shrub or small tree in the Loganiaceae family. It is native to Southeast Asia and Assam. The wood is used as fuel; seeds are toxic, but used in folk-medicine. It is one of the plants featured in the garden of King Narai (1633–88) at Lopburi, Thailand.

Description

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This species grows as a deciduous shrub or small tree, some 4–15 m tall.[1][2] Leaves are broadly ovate, elliptic or suborbicular; some 9–22 × 7–16 cm in size, papery, smooth with a round base, acute to acuminate apex and 5–7 basal veins. The axillary thyrses are 4–6 cm in size. There are puberulent bracteoles. Flowers are present in fives, with a puberulent pedicel. Calyx has narrow oblong lobes some 3mm in size, outside glandular. White corolla are salverform, some 1–2 cm long, the tube is around 9 mm, the outside is villous near the base, narrowly elliptic lobes some 3mm, with there outside gandular. The stamens are inserted at the corolla mouth, with very short filament, the anthers are subovate, around 2 mm long with an exserted apex. The ovary is ovoid and smooth. Smooth style is up to 1.2 cm long. The stigma are capitate. The fruit, berries, are globose, 6–8 cm in diameter and have 4–15 seeds. Seeds are ovoid to suborbicular to ellipsoid in shape, some 1.5–2.2 by 1.3–2 cm in size, plano-compressed. In China the flowers appear from March to June with fruiting is from August to December.

Traits that distinguish it from other Strycnos species include: the narrowly oblong sepals which are subglabrous; the fruit is 6–8 cm in diameter.[3]

The wood of the species has the unusual anatomical trait (in wood generally and Loganiaceae in particular) of having perforations in the ray cells.[4]

The wood measured higher than average density, 0.88 g/cm3 (average: 0.64 g/cm3), and lower than average water content, 0.344 g/cm3 (average: 0.42 g/cm3), amongst the tree taxa of a dry deciduous forest in Cambodia.[5]

Distribution

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The species is native to Southeast Asia and Assam. Countries and regions where it grows include: Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and India (Assam).[6]

The species is cultivated in south and southwest Guangdong, Zhōngguó/China.[2]

Habitat, ecology

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The plant grows in subcanopy, in open forest, usually at some distance from other specimens, often in gritty soil.[1][5] It grows in Guangdong at between 300 and 600 m elevation.[2]

In the deciduous dipterocarp forest of Somdej Ya Learning Community Demonstration School (Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand), the species is of low frequency in a community dominated by Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Shorea obtusa and Gluta usitata.[7]

In Xonboury District (Savannakhet Province, southern Laos), there is a sanctuary for the endangered Eld's deer.[8] This tree grows both below the canopy and as canopy in the open dipterocarp forest, evergreen forest and agricultural vegetation communities. The open dipterocarp forest with grassy understory is a crucial habitat for the deer, these forests are dominated by Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Shorea obtusa, and Shorea siamensis.

Sap oozing from the fruit of this species is eaten by the fruit fly Bactrocera flavoverticalis.[9] Male tephritid fruit flies display aggressive behaviour when maintaining a territory, during courtship or occasionally when protecting temporarily a feeding site. During daylight both males and females of the above species feed on this fruit peacefully, however at dusk the males start to fight and court females.

Vernacular names

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Uses

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The wood furnishes firewood.[1] The fruit is toxic, in the indigenous medicine of Cambodia the seeds are often sold in a mixture with the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica to be used as an emetic. Warning: taking these seeds is often fatal, and their effective use as an emetic is not verified by science. The plant is also used for folk medicine in Thailand.[7]

Use of the trunk bark is described by the chief herbalist of Khao Kho District (Phetchabun Province, northern Thailand) to treat liver cancer, in a mixture with Enydra fluctuans and Myxopyrum smilacifolium ssp. confertum.[10]

There are palm-leaf manuscripts written by Isan people (Sakon Nakhon Province, northeastern Thailand) in the recent-past. One describes a treatment for abscesses using the bark stem of this species (in a mixture with Alpinia galanga, Momordica cochinchinensis and Mimosa pudica).[12]

Amongst Kuy- and Khmer-speaking people living in the same villages in Stung Treng and Preah Vihear Provinces of north-central Cambodia, the tree is used as source of medicine.[14]

The Bunong people of Mondulkiri Province, northeastern Cambodia, gather the bark and wood from wild trees for various folk remedies, to clean wounds, to treat headaches (sometimes mixed with Helicteres angustifolia wood), and for post-natal care.[13]

History

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The species was described in 1917 by the noted English botanist and taxonomist Arthur William Hill (1875-1941).[15] He was Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 1922 to 1941. The plant was described in the Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew.

The tree is one of the plants mentioned as being in the gardens of King Narai the Great, in the poem Eulogy of King Narai (written shortly after 1680 CE). He was ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in what is now central and southern Thailand. The gardens were adjacent to the palace at Lopburi.[11]

Further reading

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  • Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
  • Lê, T.C. (2005). Danh lục các loài thục vật Việt Nam [Checklist of Plant Species of Vietnam] 3: 1-1248. Hà Noi  : Nhà xu?t b?n Nông nghi?p.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (eds.) (1997). Flora of Thailand 6(3): 179-245. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (1996). Flora of China 15: 1-387. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. pp. 14, 15.
  2. ^ a b c d Li, Bingtao; Leeuwenberg, Antony J. M. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 15: Loganiaceae: Strychnos: 2. Strychnos nux-blanda Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 1917: 189. 1917". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  3. ^ Li, Bingtao; Leeuwenberg, Antony J. M. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 15: Loganiaceae: 4. Strychnos Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 189. 1753". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  4. ^ Daya, R.; Rao, R. Vijendra; Sharrna, Babulal (1984). "Perforated ray cells in woods of Indian Mysinaceae and Loganiaceae" (PDF). IAWA Bulletin. New Series. 5 (3): 225–8. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000895. S2CID 84684687. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  5. ^ a b Kenzo, Tanaka; Sano, Makoto; Yoneda, Reiji; Chann, Sophal (2017). "Comparison of wood density and water content between dry evergreen and dry deciduous forest trees in central Cambodia". JARQ. 51 (4): 363–74. doi:10.6090/jarq.51.363. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  6. ^ "Strychnos nux-blanda A.W.Hill". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  7. ^ a b Larpkerna, Panadda; Eriksenb, Marit; Waiboonyaa, Panya (2017). "Diversity and Uses of Tree Species in the Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest, Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand". Naresuan University Journal: Science and Technology. 25 (3): 43–55. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  8. ^ a b Stenhouse, R.N.; with seven others (2005). Eld's deer habitat in the Eld's Deer Sanctuary, Chonbuly, Savannakhet, Lao PDR: Vegetation types, foragable plants, and land use. Wildlife Conservation Society: Lao PDR Program. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  9. ^ Kovac, Damir (2015). "Reproductive Behavior and Basic Biology of the Oriental Bamboo-Inhabiting Anoplomus rufipes and a Comparison with Frugivorous Dacinae Fruit Flies". Insects. 6 (4): 869–896. doi:10.3390/insects6040869. PMC 4693176. PMID 26512699. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  10. ^ a b Chuakul, Wongsatit (2000). "Medicinal plants in Khao Kho District, Phetchabun Province, Thailand". Pharmaceutical Biology. 38 (1): 61–67. doi:10.1076/1388-0209(200001)3811-BFT061. PMID 21214442. S2CID 205389812.
  11. ^ a b Dhiravat na Pombejra (2019). "The Eulogy of King Narai". Journal of the Siam Society. 107 (2): 1–16. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  12. ^ a b เฉลิมรัมย์ Chaloemram, ชินพัฒน์ Chinnaphat; เซดลัค Sedlak, สุทธิรา Sutthira (2020). "เวชกรรมพื้นบ้านในเอกสารใบลานอีสาน: กรณีศึกษาโรคผิวหนัง" [Folk medicine recorded in Palm Leaf Manuscripts of Isan: A case study of skin disorders] (PDF). J Sci Technol MSU: 458–70. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  13. ^ a b Chassagne, François; Hul, Sovanmoly; Deharo, Eric; Bourdy, Geneviève (2016). "Natural remedies used by Bunong people in Mondulkiri province (Northeast Cambodia) with special reference to the treatment of 11 most common ailments". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 191: 41–70. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.003. PMID 27282662. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  14. ^ a b Turreira Garcia, Nerea; Argyriou, Dimitrios; Chhang, Phourin; Srisanga, Prachaya; Theilade, Ida (2017). "Ethnobotanical knowledge of the Kuy and Khmer people in Prey Lang, Cambodia" (PDF). Cambodian Journal of Natural History (1). Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh: 76–101. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  15. ^ "Strychnos nux-blanda A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1917(4&5): 189 (1917)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
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