Streptopus amplexifolius

Streptopus amplexifolius
	Squak Mountain State Park
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Liliales
Family:	Liliaceae
Genus:	Streptopus
Species:	S. amplexifolius
Binomial name
	Streptopus amplexifolius; (L.) DC.
Synonyms
	Tortipes amplexifolius

Streptopus amplexifolius (twistedstalk,^[1] clasping twistedstalk,^[1] claspleaf twistedstalk,^[1] white twisted-stalk, or watermelon berry) is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae, native to North America, Europe and Asia.

It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 40–100 cm tall, with alternate, oblong-lanceolate leaves 5–14 cm long. The greenish-white flowers hang from axils on 1–2 cm thin kinked pedicels, each flower with six white tepals, 9–15 mm long. The plants leaves completely encircle the stem, and the stems have a kink at each leaf axil giving the plants stem a "twisted" and wiry appearance. The plants grow in a creeping habit in moist, dense undergrowth.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Distribution

Streptopus amplexifolius is widely distributed across North America (Greenland, northern United States including Alaska; and most of Canada including Yukon and Northwest Territories). The plant is most often found near shaded stream banks and in moist thickets of the montane and subalpine zones across most of North America.^[6] It is also found in central and southern Europe (from Spain to Ukraine and as far north as Germany and Poland) and in eastern Asia (Japan, Korea, Myanmar (Burma) and eastern Russia (Yakutia, Amur, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Khabarovsk, Primorye)).^[7]

Uses and edibility

Streptopus amplexifolius was used as a food plant by Native Americans in Eastern North America and as a medicine. The plant was referred to by early settlers of Eastern and Western North America as "wild cucumber" and as "scoot berries" for the mildly laxative effects of the berries if they are eaten in excessive quantities.

The tender young shoots of this plant were eaten by some aboriginal peoples as a salad green, but most considered the plant and berries poisonous.^[8] The shoots are sweet with a cucumber-like flavor. The berries are reported to be juicy and sweet, with a watermelon-like flavor.^[9] The juice of the berries was used as a soothing treatment for burns by Native American.

Streptopus amplexifolius has a superficial resemblance to False Solomon's Seal (Maianthemum racemosum), but Twisted Stalk produces axillary flowers and fruits along the stem, where False Solomon's Seal produces a terminal inflorescence. Also False Solomon's Seal is always a single unbranched stem, while Twisted Stalk can be branched at the bottom. In fruit, Twisted Stalk is easily identified by its large, juicy red berries which grow from each leaf axil and are highly visible, even in the thickest undergrowth, as they boldly contrast with the surrounding foliage.

When young, Twisted Stalk resembles members of the genus Veratrum, highly toxic plants that are members of the lily family, also. This plant should not be consumed unless identification is positive.

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c "Streptopus amplexifolius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
^ Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de & Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de. 1805. Flore Française. Troisième Édition 3: 174, Streptopus amplexifolius
^ Linnaeus, Carl von.1 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 304. as Uvularia amplexifolia
^ Krause, Ernst Hans Ludwig. 1906. Deutschlands Flora ed. 2, 1: 115, as Convallaria amplexifolia
^ Small, John Kunkel. 1933. Manual of the Southeastern Flora 298, as Tortipes amplexifolius
^ Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
^ "Streptopus amplexifolius". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ ^a ^b Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (1994). Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 1-55105-042-0.
^ Shallcross, Leslie; Marci Johnson (2012). "Watermelon Berries" (PDF). University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2014-08-24.

References

Media related to Streptopus amplexifolius at Wikimedia Commons

Blanchan, Neltje (2002). Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.

External links

Flora of North America: Streptopus amplexifolius

[ITIS-1] "Streptopus amplexifolius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

[2] Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de & Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de. 1805. Flore Française. Troisième Édition 3: 174, Streptopus amplexifolius

[3] Linnaeus, Carl von.1 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 304. as Uvularia amplexifolia

[4] Krause, Ernst Hans Ludwig. 1906. Deutschlands Flora ed. 2, 1: 115, as Convallaria amplexifolia

[5] Small, John Kunkel. 1933. Manual of the Southeastern Flora 298, as Tortipes amplexifolius

[6] Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1

[7] "Streptopus amplexifolius". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

[Pojar-8] Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (1994). Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 1-55105-042-0.

[Shallcross-9] Shallcross, Leslie; Marci Johnson (2012). "Watermelon Berries" (PDF). University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2014-08-24.

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