Stomatogastric ganglion
The stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is a much-studied ganglion (collection of neurons) found in arthropods and studied extensively in decapod crustaceans.[1] It is part of the stomatogastric nervous system.
Anatomy
[edit]The neurons comprising the stomatogastric ganglion have cell bodies located dorsal to the stomach within the lumen of the opthalmic artery.[2][3] Most are motor neurons, with neurites that exit through motor nerves and innervate the muscles of the gastric mill and pylorus.[3][4][5] These STG motor neurons also form direct synaptic connections with one another. In crabs and lobsters, in which it has been well-studied, the stomatogastric ganglion is a collection of approximately 25-30 neurons. The circuit varies slightly between different crustacean species and between individuals of the same species, but most of the neurons are conserved, and most stomatogastric muscles are innervated by just one motor neuron.[5] The electrical and chemical synaptic connections between all of the STG neurons have been fully mapped and characterized, forming a complete wiring diagram (also called a connectome).[5]
Function
[edit]Neural activity in the stomatogastric ganglion produces rhythmic movements of the gastric mill and pyloric region of the digestive system.[6] Neural circuits within the STG are prominent examples of central pattern generators, and their rhythm-generating properties have been studied in detail. The characteristic gastric mill rhythm and pyloric rhythm arise from the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of the neurons and from the strength of synaptic connections between neurons.[7][8] The stomatogastric ganglion also receives many modulatory inputs.[9] These neuromodulators, such as serotonin, dopamine, proctolin, FLRFamide-like peptides, and red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH) can change the speed and form of the rhythmic activity.[9][10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Allen Selverston (2007). "Stomatogastric ganglion". Scholarpedia. 3 (4): 1661. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1661.
- ^ Mulloney, Brian; Selverston, Allen I. (1974-03-01). "Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 91 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1007/BF00696154. ISSN 1432-1351.
- ^ a b Selverston, Allen I.; Russell, David F.; Miller, John P.; King, David G. (1976-01-01). "The stomatogastric nervous system: Structure and function of a small neural network". Progress in Neurobiology. 7 (3): 215–289. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(76)90008-3. ISSN 0301-0082. PMID 11525.
- ^ Maynard, Donald M. (August 1972). "SIMPLER NETWORKS*". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 193 (1): 59–72. Bibcode:1972NYASA.193...59M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb27823.x. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 4564740.
- ^ a b c Marder, Eve; Bucher, Dirk (2007-03-01). "Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous System of Lobsters and Crabs". Annual Review of Physiology. 69 (1): 291–316. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.69.031905.161516. ISSN 0066-4278. PMID 17009928.
- ^ Hartline, Daniel K.; Maynard, Donald M. (1975-04-01). "Motor patterns in the stomatogastric ganglion of the lobster Panulirus argus". Journal of Experimental Biology. 62 (2): 405–420. doi:10.1242/jeb.62.2.405. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 173787.
- ^ Prinz, Astrid A.; Bucher, Dirk; Marder, Eve (21 November 2004). "Similar network activity from disparate circuit parameters". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (12): 1345–1352. doi:10.1038/nn1352. ISSN 1546-1726.
- ^ Goaillard, Jean-Marc; Taylor, Adam L.; Schulz, David J.; Marder, Eve (18 October 2009). "Functional consequences of animal-to-animal variation in circuit parameters". Nature Neuroscience. 12 (11): 1424–1430. doi:10.1038/nn.2404. ISSN 1546-1726. PMC 2826985. PMID 19838180.
- ^ a b Marder, Eve (2012-10-04). "Neuromodulation of Neuronal Circuits: Back to the Future". Neuron. 76 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.010. ISSN 0896-6273. PMC 3482119. PMID 23040802.
- ^ Marder, Eve; Weimann, James M. (1992-01-01), Kien, Jenny; McCrohan, Catherine R.; Winlow, William (eds.), "1 - Modulatory control of multiple task processing in the stomatogastric nervous system", Neurobiology of Motor Programme Selection, Pergamon Studies in Neuroscience, Amsterdam: Pergamon, pp. 3–19, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-041986-2.50006-0, ISBN 978-0-08-041986-2, retrieved 2024-07-25