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St. Augustine Catholic Church and Cemetery (Natchez, Louisiana)

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Coordinates: 31°35′37″N 92°58′22″W / 31.59361°N 92.97278°W / 31.59361; -92.97278
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St. Augustine Catholic Church and Cemetery
Medium sized white church with small steeple and red roof surrounded by some plant beds with brick borders.
The church in 2019
St. Augustine Catholic Church and Cemetery (Natchez, Louisiana) is located in Louisiana
St. Augustine Catholic Church and Cemetery (Natchez, Louisiana)
St. Augustine Catholic Church and Cemetery (Natchez, Louisiana) is located in the United States
St. Augustine Catholic Church and Cemetery (Natchez, Louisiana)
Location2262 Louisiana Highway 484, Natchez, Louisiana
Coordinates31°35′37″N 92°58′22″W / 31.59361°N 92.97278°W / 31.59361; -92.97278
Built1917 (1917)
NRHP reference No.14000679
Added to NRHPSeptember 24, 2014

St. Augustine Catholic Church and Cemetery, or the Isle Brevelle Church, is a historic Catholic parish property founded in 1829 near Melrose, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. It is the cultural center of the Cane River area's historic French, Spanish, Native American and Black Creole community. It is also the oldest surviving Black Catholic church in the United States.[1]

Established as a mission church by Louisiana Creole Nicolas Augustin Metoyer, St. Augustine is celebrated as the first church in Louisiana to be built by and for free people of color. It is also among the oldest churches founded and built by and for African Americans.[2]

The church and cemetery are within the Cane River National Heritage Area, and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[3] Because of its significance in Catholic and Creole history, St. Augustine also is a marked destination on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.[4]

History

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19th century

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Nicholas Augustin Metoyer founder of Church

Tradition holds that the church was established by Nicolas Augustin Metoyer in 1803 and that services have been held continuously since then. Historical records challenge the local lore. Parish records document the founding of the Chapel of St. Augustine "as a mission of the church of St. François of Natchitoches" in July 1829, shortly after the church was constructed.[5] The mission was recognized in 1856 as a parish in its own right, and authorized a resident priest.

When Father Jean Baptiste Blanc consecrated the chapel for religious use (19 July 1829), he reported that it had been "erected on Isle Brevelle on the plantation of Sieur Augustin Metoyer through the care and generosity of the above-named Augustin Metoyer, aided by Louis Metoyer, his brother. ... The said chapel ... having been dedicated to St. Augustine, shall be considered as under the protection of this great doctor."[6] Tradition also describes the role of Augustin's brother Louis (founder of the nearby Melrose Plantation, a National Historic Landmark ), as the chapel's designer and builder.[7]

The Church of St. Augustine is distinctive among Southern churches of all denominations for its racial role reversals. Surviving pew records show that the front seats were occupied by the Créole de couleur Metoyer family who built the chapel. Seated behind them were the families of prominent white planters and other Creoles within the community with surnames Blanchard, Brevelle, Garcia, Landry, and Lemoine.[8] Post-Civil War, St. Augustine chalked up another apparent first in U.S. racial history: its own congregation by this time was almost exclusively people of color; but, it served as the mother church for the predominantly white congregation of Mission Ste. Anne on Old River.

The original structure has not survived. Union forces during the Red River Campaign of May 1864 were said to have torched the first church.[9]

On March 11, 1856, the mission of St. Augustine at Isle Brevelle was decreed by Bishop Auguste Martin to be a parish in its own right and assigned Fr. Francois Martin to be its first resident pastor. As a parish in its own right, St. Augustine expanded to serve four other churches in the area: St. Charles Chapel at Bermuda, St. Anne Church (Spanish Lake) (serving the Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana), St. Joseph's Catholic Mission at Bayou Derbonne, and St. Anne Chapel at Old River.[8]

20th century

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View of the church from the Historic American Buildings Survey, date unknown

A second church burned in the early 1900s. It was replaced by the present-day church building, which was completed in 1917. Tradition holds that early furnishings included paintings of patron saints Augustine and Louis, in honor of the Metoyer brothers,[10] as well as an altar brought from Europe by other family members. The original bell that hung in the belfry above the vestibule is said to be the one still in use.[11] An image of the original church survives as a backdrop in the contemporary oil portrait of its founder that hangs in the church today.[12]

An oil painting titled Papa Augustin Metoyer (c. 1836) has hung in the church since the 1970s, featuring a portrait of Nicolas Augustin Metoyer posing in a Prince Albert coat and swath of green fabric.[13][14] This painting had been part of the Melrose Planation and went up for auction in the 1970s, the pastor of the church brought the oldest descendants of Nicolas Augustin Metoyer to the auction and they pleaded to be allowed to purchase the painting for the Isle Brevelle community and for display in the church.[14]

For many years an annual festival for the Isle Brevelle community has been held at St. Augustine Church.[15]

Créole community

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The first Creole to settle the area is Jean Baptiste Brevelle II. Isle Brevelle and Bayou Brevelle are named for him. Brevelle was an 18th-century explorer and soldier of the Natchitoches Militia.[16] He is the son of Jean Baptiste Brevelle, a Parisian-born trader and explorer, and his Adai Caddo Indian wife, Anne des Cadeaux. The baptism of Jean Baptiste Brevelle II is recorded on May 20, 1736 in the oldest Catholic Registry in the Louisiana colony.[17] Brevelle was granted the island by David Pain, the subdelegate at Natchitoches in 1765 for his service to the French and Spanish crowns as a Caddo Indian translator and explorer of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico.[18]

The Metoyer brothers were two of ten children of the French merchant Claude Thomas Pierre Metoyer and the former slave Marie Thérèse Coincoin, sometimes (albeit erroneously) called Marie Thérèse Metoyer. He had initially leased her services as a domestic and concubine. When the parish priest filed charges against the black Coincoin for bearing mixed-race children while living in the residence of a white man, and threatened to sell her away to New Orleans, Metoyer bought her from her owner and privately manumitted her.[19] Across the next thirty-seven years, he manumitted each of their children.[20]

Coincoin, as a médecine, planter, and businesswoman, worked to buy the freedom of her five older black children from an earlier union with another slave. She secured that freedom for three of them. Together, her offspring and their families created a large Créole of color community in Natchitoches Parish that spread the length of Cane River Lake.

Its core would be, and still is, St. Augustine Parish on Isle Brevelle.[21]

Representation in other media

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  • Elizabeth Shown Mills's historical novel, Isle of Canes, draws upon her research in both family tradition and primary sources. She explores the founding of St. Augustine and the character of the religious leadership of the Isle Brevelle community in Creole Louisiana.[22]
  • The Church is depicted in the 1982 historical romantic drama Cane River, which was lost for decades before being rediscovered a distributed digitally and in theaters beginning in 2020.

See also

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Notable people

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  • Clementine Hunter (c. 1887–1988), self-taught folk artist, she lived at the Melrose Plantation within Isle Brevelle and attended mass at St. Augustine.[23]
  • Marie Thérèse Coincoin (1742–1816), a planter, former slave turned slave owner, and businesswoman. Her sons were the architect and patron families of St. Augustine.
  • Anne des Cadeaux (unknown–1754), former Native American slave, mother of Jean Baptiste Brevelle II, and buried on Isle Brevelle at the Brevelle Plantation. St. Augustine is built on her family's Spanish land grant. Her descendants were patron families of St. Augustine.
  • Jean Baptiste Brevelle (1698-1754), early 18th century explorer, trader and soldier of Fort Saint Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches. Husband of Anne des Cadeaux and father of the namesake of Isle Brevelle.
  • Robert Brevelle (born 1977), venture capitalist and tribal councilman of the nearby Adai Caddo Indian Nation, is a lineal descendant of Isle Brevelle founder and patron of St. Augustine.[24]

References

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  1. ^ "Church once featured in Steel Magnolias was first Black-founded, financed, and attended church for Catholics in the U.S." KTALnews.com. 2023-12-19. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
  2. ^ Boston's African Meeting House is recognized as the oldest church built by and for African Americans that is still standing in the United States. See [1] Early black Baptist churches were founded in South Carolina and Virginia around the time of the American Revolutionary War.
  3. ^ "Creoles in the Cane River Region", Cane River National Heritage Area: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary, National Park Service, accessed 15 Jul 2008
  4. ^ Ron Stodghill, "Driving Back Into Louisiana’s History", New York Times, 25 May 2008, accessed 7 Jul 2008
  5. ^ The parish registers from 1803–29 document each time the parish priest traveled to Cane River and Isle Brevelle to conduct services. They explicitly name the site at which the services were held. Those records repeatedly document that Augustin Metoyer and his family brought their children and slaves to one or another named site for baptism or marriage. The first services were held on Augustin's plantation on 19 July 1829; see Parish of St. François of Natchitoches, Register 6: 116. The second occurred four days later when Augustin's great-nephew Louis Monet married at the Chapel of St. Augustine; see St. François Register 11, entry 1829-#10. [non-primary source needed]
  6. ^ Fr. J.B. Blanc, Reg. 6: 116. For a lengthy analysis of the evidence surrounding the construction of the chapel, see Gary B. Mills, The Forgotten People: Cane River's Créoles of Color (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 197), 145–150.
  7. ^ Clyde Roque, "St. Augustine Church", Diocese of Alexandria, accessed 15 Jul 2008.
  8. ^ a b "History of St. Augustine Catholic Church". St. Augustine Catholic Church ([non-primary source needed]). Roman Catholic Church. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  9. ^ Mills, The Forgotten People, chapter 9, summarizes the testimony in the numerous Civil War damage claims by St. Augustine parishioners.
  10. ^ Clyde Roque, "St. Augustine Church", Diocese of Alexandria, accessed 15 Jul 2008
  11. ^ Father J. J. Callahan et al., The History of St. Augustine's Parish; Isle Brevelle, Natchez, La.; 1803–1853; 1829–1954; 1856–1856 (Natchitoches: The Parish, 1956).
  12. ^ A black-and-white image of the portrait is reproduced online in the archived edition of Ken Ringle, "Up through Slavery," The Washington Post, 12 May 2002 Washingtonpost.com."
  13. ^ Laney, Ruth (2018-07-24). "As Seen by Clementine". Country Roads Magazine. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  14. ^ a b Dowdy, Verdis (21 September 1975). "Discovering Cenla, Grandpere, a Church, and a Portrait". Newspapers.com. The Town Talk. p. 43. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  15. ^ Dowdy, Verdis (5 October 1975). "Isle Brevelle and Festival". Newspapers.com. The Town Talk. p. 7. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  16. ^ Mills, Gary (1977). The Forgotten People: Cane River's Creoles of Color. LSU Press. p. 50-67. ISBN 0807137138.
  17. ^ Mills, Elizabeth (2007). Natchitoches. Abstracts of the Catholic Church Registers of the French and Spanish Post of St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches in Louisiana 1729-1803. Heritage Books Inc. p. 4-8. ISBN 0931069106.
  18. ^ Mills, Gary (1977). The Forgotten People: Cane River's Creoles of Color. LSU Press. p. 50-67. ISBN 0807137138.
  19. ^ Elizabeth Shown Mills, "Quintanilla's Crusade, 1775–1783: 'Moral Reform' and Its Consequences on the Natchitoches Frontier", Louisiana History 42 (Summer 2001): 277–302.[2]
  20. ^ Metoyer to Augustin, doc. 2409 (1792) and Metoyer to Dominique, doc. 2584 (1795), Colonial Archives, Office of the Clerk of Court, Natchitoches. Metoyer to Louis, Pierre, and Marie Susanne, Misc. Book 2: 207–11, Office of the Clerk of Court, Natchitoches.
  21. ^ Mills, The Forgotten People. "Creoles in the Cane River Region", Cane River National Heritage Area: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary, National Park Service, accessed 15 Jul 2008
  22. ^ Elizabeth Shown Mills, Isle of Canes (Provo: Ancestry.com, 2004).
  23. ^ Catlin, Roger. "Self-Taught Artist Clementine Hunter Painted the Bold Hues of Southern Life". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  24. ^ Whitney, Amber (September 2023). "Robert Brevelle CEO". thetop100magazine.com. p. 64. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
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