Spot-fin porcupinefish

Diodon hystrix
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Tetraodontiformes
Family:	Diodontidae
Genus:	Diodon
Species:	D. hystrix
Binomial name
	Diodon hystrix; Linnaeus, 1758

Pair of Spotted Porcupinefish (Diodon hystrix) swimming in the reefs of Lady Musgrave Island, Queensland, Australia.

Spot-fin porcupinefish swimming in an aquarium.

The spot-fin porcupinefish (Diodon hystrix), also known as the spotted porcupinefish, black-spotted porcupinefish or simply porcupinefish, is a member of the family Diodontidae.

Description

The spot-fin porcupinefish is a medium-sized fish which grows up to 91 cm, but the average size mostly observed is 40 cm.^[2] Its body is elongated with a spherical head with big round protruding eyes, and a large mouth which is rarely closed. The pectoral fins are large, the pelvic fins are absent, and the anal and dorsal fins are close to the caudal peduncle. The latter move simultaneously during swimming. The skin is smooth and firm; the scales are modified into spines. The body coloration is beige to sandy-yellow marbled with dark blotches and dotted with numerous small black spots.

In case of danger, the porcupinefish can inflate itself by swallowing water to deter the potential predator with its larger volume and it can raise its spines.

The porcupinefish concentrates tetrodotoxin in certain parts of its body such as the liver, skin, gonads and the viscera. This defensive system constitutes an additional device to dissuade potential predators.^[3]

Distribution and habitat

The porcupinefish is circumglobal, found in tropical and subtropical waters.^[2] It has been recorded twice in the Mediterranean Sea, off southern Italy (1963) and the Balearic islands (2016).^[4]

Juveniles are pelagic up to the time that they are about 20 cm in length. Adults favour lagoons, top reefs and seaward coral or rocky reefs from one to 50 m depth, sheltering under ledges or in caves during the day.^[2]

Feeding

The porcupinefish's diet is based on sea urchins, gastropods, clams^[5] and crustaceans.^[6]

Behavior

This fish is solitary, except during mating periods, and it has a nocturnal activity with a maximal activity at sunset and sunrise.

Parasites

As with most fish, the porcupinefish is infected by a variety of parasites. Spectacular parasites are the cysts of the larvae of the trypanorhynch cestode Molicola horridus, often found in great numbers in the liver.^[7] These parasites represent no danger to humans.

References

^ Liu, J.; Zapfe, G.; Shao, K.-T.; Leis, J.L.; Matsuura, K.; Hardy, G.; Liu, M.; Robertson, R.; Tyler, J. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Diodon hystrix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T193668A97664783. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Diodon hystrix summary page". FishBase.
^ Grignard JC, Mitel C, in : DORIS, 2/9/2012: Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758, http://doris.ffessm.fr/fiche2.asp?fiche_numero=2379
^ Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Diodon hystrix). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Diodon_hystrix.pdf
^ "Diodon hystrix (Giant porcupinefish)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ Leis, J.M., 2001. Diodontidae. Porcupine fishes (burrfishes). p. 3958-3965. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome.
^ Beveridge, Ian; Bray, Rodney A.; Cribb, Thomas H.; Justine, Jean-Lou (2014). "Diversity of trypanorhynch metacestodes in teleost fishes from coral reefs off eastern Australia and New Caledonia". Parasite. 21: 60. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014060. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4234045. PMID 25402635.

External links

[1] Liu, J.; Zapfe, G.; Shao, K.-T.; Leis, J.L.; Matsuura, K.; Hardy, G.; Liu, M.; Robertson, R.; Tyler, J. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Diodon hystrix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T193668A97664783. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

[fishbase.org-2] "Diodon hystrix summary page". FishBase.

[3] Grignard JC, Mitel C, in : DORIS, 2/9/2012: Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758, http://doris.ffessm.fr/fiche2.asp?fiche_numero=2379

[ciesm-4] Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Diodon hystrix). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Diodon_hystrix.pdf

[5] "Diodon hystrix (Giant porcupinefish)". Animal Diversity Web.

[6] Leis, J.M., 2001. Diodontidae. Porcupine fishes (burrfishes). p. 3958-3965. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome.

[BeveridgeBray2014-7] Beveridge, Ian; Bray, Rodney A.; Cribb, Thomas H.; Justine, Jean-Lou (2014). "Diversity of trypanorhynch metacestodes in teleost fishes from coral reefs off eastern Australia and New Caledonia". Parasite. 21: 60. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014060. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4234045. PMID 25402635.

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