Spectralon
Spectralon is a fluoropolymer that has the highest diffuse reflectance of any known material or coating over the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions of the spectrum.[1] It exhibits highly Lambertian behavior, and can be machined into a wide variety of shapes for the construction of optical components such as calibration targets, integrating spheres, and optical pump cavities for lasers.[1][2][3]
Characteristics
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Spectralon's reflectance is generally >99% over a range from 400 to 1500 nm and >95% from 250 to 2500 nm.,[1] however grades are available with added carbon to achieve various gray levels.[5] The material consists of PTFE powder that has been compressed into solid forms and sintered for stability, with approx. 40% void volume to enhance scattering of light.[6] Surface or subsurface contamination may lower the reflectance at the extreme upper and lower ends of the spectral range. The material is also highly lambertian at wavelengths from 257 nm to 10,600 nm, although reflectivity decreases at wavelengths beyond the near infrared. Spectralon exhibits absorbances at 2800 nm, then absorbs strongly (<20% reflectance) from 5400 to 8000 nm. Although the high diffuse reflectance allows efficient laser pumping, the material has a fairly low damage threshold of 4 joules per square centimeter, limiting its use to lower-powered systems.[7]
The Lambertian reflectance arises from the material's surface and immediate subsurface structure. The porous network of thermoplastic produces multiple reflections in the first few tenths of a millimeter. Spectralon can partially depolarize the light it reflects, but this effect decreases at high incidence angles.[8] Although it is extremely hydrophobic, this open structure readily absorbs non-polar solvents, greases and oils. Impurities are difficult to remove from Spectralon; thus, the material should be kept free from contaminants to maintain its reflectance properties.
The material has a hardness roughly equal to that of high-density polyethylene and is thermally stable to > 350 °C.[1] It is chemically inert to all but the most powerful bases such as sodium amide and organo-sodium or lithium compounds. The material is extremely hydrophobic.[1] Gross contamination of the material or marring of the optical surface can be remedied by sanding under a stream of running water.[citation needed] This surface refinishing both restores the original topography of the surface and returns the material to its original reflectance. Weathering tests on the material show no damage upon exposure to atmospheric UV flux[citation needed]. The material shows no sign of optical or physical degradation after long-term immersion testing in sea water[citation needed].
Applications
[edit]Three grades of Spectralon reflectance material are available: optical grade, laser grade, and space grade. Optical-grade Spectralon has a high reflectance and Lambertian behavior, and is used primarily as a reference standard or target for calibration of spectrophotometers. Laser-grade Spectralon offers the same physical characteristics as optical-grade material, but is a different formulation of resin that gives enhanced performance when used in laser pump cavities. Spectralon is used in a variety of "side pumped" lasers.[7] Space-grade Spectralon combines high reflectance with an extremely lambertian reflectance profile, and is used for terrestrial remote sensing applications.
Spectralon's optical properties make it ideal as a reference surface in remote sensing and spectroscopy. For instance, it is used to obtain leaf reflectance and bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) in the laboratory. It can also be applied to obtain vegetation fluorescence using the Fraunhofer lines.[9] Spectralon allows removal of contributions in the emitted light that are directly linked not to the surface (leaf) properties but to geometrical factors.
History
[edit]Spectralon was developed by Labsphere and has been available since 1986.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Georgiev, Georgi T.; Butler, James J. (2007). "Long-term calibration monitoring of Spectralon diffusers BRDF in the air-ultraviolet". Applied Optics. 46 (32): 7893. Bibcode:2007ApOpt..46.7892G. doi:10.1364/AO.46.007892. PMID 17994141.
- ^ Stiegman, Albert E.; Bruegge, Carol J.; Springsteen, Arthur W. (1 April 1993). "Ultraviolet stability and contamination analysis of Spectralon diffuse reflectance material". Optical Engineering. 32 (4): 799. Bibcode:1993OptEn..32..799S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.362.2910. doi:10.1117/12.132374.
- ^ Voss, Kenneth J.; Zhang, Hao (2006). "Bidirectional reflectance of dry and submerged Labsphere Spectralon plaque". Applied Optics. 45 (30): 7924–7927. Bibcode:2006ApOpt..45.7924V. doi:10.1364/AO.45.007924. PMID 17068529.
- ^ Raymond F. Kokaly; Andrew K. Skidmore (December 2015). "Plant phenolics and absorption features in vegetation reflectance spectra near 1.66 μm". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 43: 55–83. doi:10.1016/J.JAG.2015.01.010. ISSN 1569-8432. Wikidata Q58321875.
- ^ Geladi, Paul (2007) Techniques and Applications of Hyperspectral Image Analysis. John Wiley & Sons. p. 133. ISBN 9780470010884
- ^ "Space Grade Spectralon". Labsphere, Inc. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Optimization Of Spectralon Through Numerical Modeling And Improved Processes And Designs". Photonics Online. Labsphere.
- ^ Fischer, Robert Edward; Tadic-Galeb, Biljana and Yoder, Paul R. (2008) Optical system design. McGraw-Hill. p. 534. ISBN 0071472487
- ^ Evain S, Flexas J, Moya I (2004). "A new instrument for passive remote sensing: 2. Measurement of leaf and canopy reflectance changes at 531 nm and their relationship with photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence". Remote Sensing of Environment. 91 (2): 175–185. Bibcode:2004RSEnv..91..175E. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.012.
- ^ Goldstein, Dennis H.; et al. (February 2003). Polarimetric characterization of Spectralon (PDF). Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate. p. 16. AFRL-MN-EG-TR-2003-7013. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2011.