South Fork Kern River

South Fork Kern River
South Fork Kern River
	Headwaters of the South Fork Kern River in Tulare County
	Map showing the Kern River and the South Fork Kern River (to the east of the main stem)
Location
Country	United States
State	California
Region	Inyo County, Tulare County, Kern County
Cities	Onyx, Weldon
Physical characteristics
Source	Southwest side of unnamed peak
• location	near Horseshoe Meadow, Inyo National Forest, Tulare County
• coordinates	36°25′55″N 118°12′48″W / 36.43194°N 118.21333°W
• elevation	10,850 ft (3,310 m)
Mouth	Lake Isabella
• location	Mountain Mesa, Kern County
• coordinates	35°39′34″N 118°27′51″W / 35.65944°N 118.46417°W
• elevation	2,490 ft (760 m)
Length	95 mi (153 km), North-south
Basin size	982 sq mi (2,540 km2)
Discharge
• location	Isabella, California
• average	105 cu ft/s (3.0 m3/s)
• minimum	4 cu ft/s (0.11 m3/s)
• maximum	4,100 cu ft/s (120 m3/s)
Basin features
River system	Kern River watershed
Tributaries
• left	Canebrake Creek
• right	Trout Creek (Kern River)
National Wild and Scenic River
Designated	November 24, 1987

The South Fork Kern River is a tributary of the Kern River in the Sierra Nevada of the U.S. state of California. It is one of the southernmost rivers on the western slope of the mountains, and drains a high, relatively dry plateau country of 982 square miles (2,540 km²) along the Sierra Crest. The upper South Fork flows through a series of rugged canyons, but it also drains a flat, marshy valley before joining the Kern River at Lake Isabella.

Course

It rises in the Inyo National Forest on the Tulare side of the Inyo County-Tulare County line, in a small meadow on the Sierra Crest near the Pacific Crest Trail. The river flows south through meadows and broad valleys, drawing very close to Golden Trout Creek, a tributary of the Kern River to the west. Much of the river's course south is just to the west of Owens Valley, which lies to the east at the base of the Sierra.^[5]

The river then enters the Sequoia National Forest and receives Trout Creek from the right. Entering a gorge, the river courses through a 2,000-foot (610 m)-deep canyon before coming out of the mountains near Onyx. There it receives Canebrake Creek and turns southwest. The South Fork Kern then passes Weldon and the Kern River Preserve. As it nears Lake Isabella its fast waters slow and spread into extensive marshes. The river enters the reservoir at the end of a small delta. Its original confluence with the Kern is submerged under the lake, which is formed by Isabella Dam.^[5]

History

The valley of the lower South Fork Kern River was once inhabited by the Tübatulabal and Kawaiisu tribes. Humans have lived along the river for approximately 3,000 years.^[6] In 1834, Joseph R. Walker and his company of explorers surveyed along the river trying to find a low pass over the Sierra Nevada mountains. During their journey, they discovered Walker Pass, a mile above sea level, which lies at the headwaters of Canebrake Creek,^[7] a major tributary of the South Fork. Walker returned in 1843, leading an early party of emigrants over the Sierra by way of the pass.^[8] Gold strikes brought miners to the area in the 1850s and 1860s, and the first permanent settlements along the river were built in 1859. Conflicts ensued between the newcomers and the native inhabitants, and a U.S. Army outfit, Camp Leonard, was established on the river to provide military control over the area.^[6]

River modifications

Most of the river is free-flowing – with no dams and few diversions – with one exception. In 1953, the Isabella Dam was built on the Kern River near Bodfish by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, flooding the lower parts of the North Fork Kern (the main stem above Isabella) and the South Fork Kern under Isabella Lake to provide flood control and hydroelectric power.^[9] However, problems have developed with the dam's structure, creating a high risk of failure. A collapse of the dam, which could be caused by a quake on the Kern Canyon fault that lies directly under the structure, could inundate the city of Bakersfield within hours.^[10]

In addition, the lower Kern, South Fork Kern and Canebrake Creek valleys provide an important transportation route. California State Route 178 runs through them, linking Bakersfield and Inyokern, which lie on opposite sides of the Sierra, via Walker Pass. SR178 is one of the few routes that cross this section of the mountain range. The road was first built in the 1890s. It was added to the California state highway system in 1919, and was paved in 1940.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b "South Fork Kern River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 1981-01-19. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ Length derived from river mile markings on USGS topo maps. The uppermost labeled mile is 94, and the river extends about a mile beyond that point to the source meadow.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "USGS Gage #11190000 on the South Fork Kern River at Isabella (Monthly Streamflow)". National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. 1929–1952. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ "USGS Gage #11190000 on the South Fork Kern River at Isabella (Peak Streamflow)". National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. 1929–1952. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ ^a ^b USGS Topo Maps for United States (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. ACME Mapper. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ ^a ^b "Chronological Data". Kern River Valley Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ "Canebrake Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ Hoover, Mildred Brooke; Kyle, Douglas E. (2002). Historic spots in California. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4482-3.
^ "Lake Isabella". Lakes Online. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ Mayer, Steven (2009-10-24). "Scientists dig for answers under Isabella Dam". Bakersfield.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ Connelly, Russ. "Historical Tour of State Route 178 From The Kern Canyon to Freeman Junction". Historical Highways of Central and Southern California. Los Angeles Rocks N' Roads. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

[GNIS-1] "South Fork Kern River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 1981-01-19. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

[2] Length derived from river mile markings on USGS topo maps. The uppermost labeled mile is 94, and the river extends about a mile beyond that point to the source meadow.

[NWIS-3] "USGS Gage #11190000 on the South Fork Kern River at Isabella (Monthly Streamflow)". National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. 1929–1952. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

[4] "USGS Gage #11190000 on the South Fork Kern River at Isabella (Peak Streamflow)". National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. 1929–1952. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

[ACME-5] USGS Topo Maps for United States (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. ACME Mapper. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

[timeline-6] "Chronological Data". Kern River Valley Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

[7] "Canebrake Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.

[8] Hoover, Mildred Brooke; Kyle, Douglas E. (2002). Historic spots in California. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4482-3.

[9] "Lake Isabella". Lakes Online. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

[10] Mayer, Steven (2009-10-24). "Scientists dig for answers under Isabella Dam". Bakersfield.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16.

[11] Connelly, Russ. "Historical Tour of State Route 178 From The Kern Canyon to Freeman Junction". Historical Highways of Central and Southern California. Los Angeles Rocks N' Roads. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

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v t e Rivers of California's Central Valley watershed (north-to-south)
Sacramento River watershed	Pit River McCloud River Cow Creek Cottonwood Creek Battle Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Thomes Creek Big Chico Creek Stony Creek Butte Creek Feather River North Fork East Branch West Branch Middle Fork South Fork Yuba River Bear River American River North Fork Middle Fork South Fork Cache Creek Putah Creek
San Joaquin River watershed	Mokelumne River Cosumnes River Calaveras River Stanislaus River Tuolumne River Clavey River Cherry Creek Merced River Mariposa Creek Chowchilla River Fresno River
Tulare Basin	Kings River Kaweah River Tule River White River Poso Creek Kern River

v t e Kern River water infrastructure
Rivers	Kern River South Fork
Reservoirs	Lake Evans Lake Isabella Lake Ming Lake Webb
Dams	Isabella Dam
Canals	Beardsley Canal Buena Vista Canal Calloway Canal Carrier Canal Eastside Canal Kern Island Canal Pioneer Canal Stine Canal

v t e Tulare Basin hydrography
Kings River	North Fork Kings River South Fork Kings River Middle Fork Kings River Roaring River Dinkey Creek Kings Canyon Pine Flat Dam Pine Flat Lake Rodgers Crossing Dam (proposed)
Kaweah River	North Fork Kaweah River Middle Fork Kaweah River Marble Fork Kaweah River East Fork Kaweah River South Fork Kaweah River Lime Kiln Creek Paradise Creek Horse Creek St. John's River Kaweah Canyon Mineral King Terminus Dam Lake Kaweah
Tule River	North Fork Tule River Middle Fork Tule River South Fork Tule River North Branch Tule River South Branch Tule River Success Dam Lake Success
Kern River	Buena Vista Lake Buena Vista Slough Canebrake Creek Clear Creek Connecting Slough Golden Trout Creek Isabella Dam Lake Isabella Kern River Canyon Kern River Slough Kern Lake Lake Evans Lake Webb Little Kern River Poso Creek Rock Creek South Fork Kern River
Other	Tulare Lake California Aqueduct Friant-Kern Canal Mill Creek White River

Course

History

River modifications

See also

References