Jump to content

South Carolina Heritage Act

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
South Carolina Heritage Act
South Carolina State Legislature
Assembly votedMay 18, 2000
Signed into lawMay 23, 2000
Sponsor(s)Robert Ford
GovernorJim Hodges
CodeS.C. Code Ann. Sec. 10-1-165
Websitehttps://law.justia.com/codes/south-carolina/2012/title-10/chapter-1/section-10-1-165
Status: Current legislation

The South Carolina Heritage Act is a South Carolina statute that forbids the removal or alteration of historic monuments located on public property in South Carolina as well as the rededication of any public areas or structures named after a historic person or event. The historic monuments protected include war monuments (such as monuments to the American Civil War and both World Wars) as well as monuments representing Native American and African American history.

When the Act was enacted in 2000, it was seen as a compromise by state legislators who were seeking to remove the Confederate flag from the South Carolina State House and those who wished for it to remain. Nonetheless, the Act has been controversial within the state. It has prevented municipalities from removing memorials to controversial figures and public universities from changing the names of school buildings in the wake of the George Floyd protests.

A lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the Heritage Act went before the South Carolina Supreme Court on May 25, 2021. On September 23, the court upheld the majority of the act as constitutional but struck down its two-thirds legislative majority requirement. The court held that the two-thirds requirement restricted the General Assembly's legislative power.

Statutory language

[edit]

(A) No Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican War, War Between the States, Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, Persian Gulf War, Native American, or African-American History monuments or memorials erected on public property of the State or any of its political subdivisions may be relocated, removed, disturbed, or altered. No street, bridge, structure, park, preserve, reserve, or other public area of the State or any of its political subdivisions dedicated in memory of or named for any historic figure or historic event may be renamed or rededicated. No person may prevent the public body responsible for the monument or memorial from taking proper measures and exercising proper means for the protection, preservation, and care of these monuments, memorials, or nameplates.

(B) The provisions of this section may only be amended or repealed upon passage of an act which has received a two-thirds vote on the third reading of the bill in each branch of the General Assembly.[1]

Enactment

[edit]
The Confederate Memorial on SC Statehouse grounds with the Confederate Flag still flying.
The Confederate flag was moved to the Confederate Memorial on the statehouse grounds as a compromise which included the Heritage Act.

The Heritage Act was signed into law on May 23, 2000, by Governor Jim Hodges.[2] Although the law requires approval from two-thirds of both houses to amend or repeal the law, the law itself was passed with less than that threshold.[3] In a nonbinding opinion in 2020, Attorney General Alan Wilson's office stated that the requirement was unlawful.[4]

The act was seen as a compromise by state legislators who were seeking to remove the Confederate flag from the South Carolina State House and legislators who wanted it to remain.[5] The placement of the flag on top of the State House had become a topic of interest during the 2000 Republican Party presidential primaries.[6] The flag was removed on July 2, 2000, from the State House and moved to a nearby Confederate Soldiers monument.[7] The flag was removed from the statehouse grounds altogether in 2015 following the Charleston church shooting.[8]

Since its enactment, the Heritage Act has been controversial.[9] In 2018, plaintiffs who sought to change a memorial in Greenwood County, South Carolina, dedicated to soldiers of both World Wars which categorized soldiers by race successfully argued that the memorial did not fall under the Act. The court stated that the memorial could be changed to list soldiers' names alphabetically because it was owned by a private entity and not the government. The court declined to adjudicate the constitutionality of the Act itself.[10]

Use of the Act after the George Floyd protests

[edit]
Tillman Hall at Clemson University
The Heritage Act has prevented Clemson University from renaming Tillman Hall.

The Heritage Act became particularly polarizing following the George Floyd protests in 2020.[11] That year, activists across the country made calls to remove public memorials of historical figures arguing that the monuments were "a constant reminder of the dehumanization of African-Americans and the pushback against [their] civil and human rights."[12] Since then, movements to rename structures or remove monuments within South Carolina have had varying degrees of success in South Carolina:

  • In June 2020, Clemson University's Board of Trustee passed a resolution asking the General Assembly to amend the Heritage Act so that the University could rename Tillman Hall, a campus building named after Ben Tillman.[13][14] Tillman was a seminal figure in the state's history who was instrumental in the creation of Clemson University. However, he was also a white supremacist who the Board considered divisive.[14] On June 12, 2020, the University removed John C. Calhoun's name from its Honors College.[15]
  • The University of South Carolina has requested permission from the state legislature to rename the J. Marion Sims residence hall.[16] The University reviewed whether it would rename multiple buildings on campus, including the Strom Thurmond Fitness Center. Any name change would require the Heritage Act to be amended.[17] The University ultimately decided that they would not push to rename the controversial buildings due to the Heritage Act.[18]
  • In June 2020, Alan Wilson's office stated in a nonbinding opinion that the Heritage Act did not apply to Charleston's controversial removal of the John C. Calhoun Monument in Marion Square. The opinion stated that Calhoun did not fall under the provisions of the Act and that the monument itself was located on private property.[19]
  • Alan Wilson's office determined that the Meriwether Monument in North Augusta did not fall under the Heritage Act.[20] The monument honored the lone white man killed during the Hamburg massacre but not the six Black men who were murdered by that man's militia.[21] Nonetheless, the General Assembly must approve the monument's removal as the General Assembly erected it in the first place.[20]

South Carolina Supreme Court case

[edit]

In July 2020, Jennifer Pinckney (the widow of Clementa C. Pinckney), Columbia City Councilmember Howard Duvall, and former state Senator Kay Patterson filed a lawsuit with the South Carolina Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the Heritage Act.[22] The parties allege that the Act's two-thirds threshold is unconstitutional and that the law violates Home rule.[22] The SC Supreme Court, which had original jurisdiction, heard arguments on May 25, 2021.[3] The court focused on four issues: (1) whether the claim was ripe; (2) whether the two-thirds threshold was constitutional; (3) whether the threshold was severable from the other parts of the law; and (4) whether the list of applicable monuments was unduly specific.[23]

On September 23, the court upheld the majority of the act as constitutional but struck down the two-thirds legislative majority requirement due to its restriction on the General Assembly's legislative power.[24]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ S.C. Code Ann. Sec. 10-1-165.
  2. ^ "HOUSE JOURNAL for May 18, 2000 - South Carolina Legislature Online". www.scstatehouse.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  3. ^ a b Schechter, Maayan (May 24, 2021). "SC Supreme Court set to weigh whether controversial Heritage Act is unconstitutional". The State. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  4. ^ Monk, John (June 25, 2020). "SC AG finds Heritage Act constitutional but says no supermajority needed to change it". The State. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  5. ^ Firestone, David (April 13, 2000). "S. Carolina Senate Votes To Remove Confederate Flag". New York Times. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  6. ^ Neal, Terry (April 20, 2000). "McCain Reverses Flag Stance". Washington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  7. ^ Ridder, Knight (July 2, 2000). "Confederate flag removed from dome of S.C. Statehouse". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  8. ^ McCrummun, Stephanie (July 10, 2015). "Confederate flag comes down on South Carolina's statehouse grounds". Washington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  9. ^ Schechter, Maayan (May 24, 2021). "SC Supreme Court set to weigh whether controversial Heritage Act is unconstitutional". The State. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  10. ^ Benson, Adam (May 18, 2018). "'That's not honor': Greenwood wins Heritage Act challenge to update segregated war memorials". Index-Journal. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  11. ^ Monk, John (August 23, 2020). "Top senator warns SC Supreme Court of 'chaotic scenes' if Heritage Act overturned". The State. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  12. ^ Ortiz, Aimee; Diaz, Johnny (2020-06-03). "George Floyd Protests Reignite Debate Over Confederate Statues". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  13. ^ Radebaugh, Sophia (2020-06-28). "Students demanding change in Heritage Act". WSPA 7News. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  14. ^ a b Bustos, Joseph (June 12, 2020). "Clemson wants to drop Tillman Hall name. It wants SC lawmakers' help". The State. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  15. ^ Poag, Holly (June 26, 2020). "Students, alumni call for repeal of Heritage Act". The Daily Gamecock at University of South Carolina. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  16. ^ Nicholson, Zoe (June 19, 2020). "UofSC asks Legislature to remove J. Marion Sims' name from women's dorm". The Greenville News. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  17. ^ Shain, Andy (May 23, 2021). "USC boss called Strom center renaming debate a 'train wreck' that is 'going to get ugly'". Post and Courier. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  18. ^ Holdman, Jessica (July 15, 2021). "USC won't rename 'The Strom,' other buildings; will shift focus to honoring Black leaders". Post and Courier. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  19. ^ Phillips, Patrick (June 2020). "Heritage Act did not apply to Calhoun statue, SC attorney general says". Live 5 News. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  20. ^ a b "July 21, 2020: Meriwether Monument Opinion". South Carolina Attorney General. 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  21. ^ Hodges, Lindsey (June 26, 2020). "City seeks opinion on Meriwether Monument related to Heritage Act". Post and Courier. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  22. ^ a b Monk, John (July 22, 2020). "Lawsuit asks SC Supreme Court to declare Heritage Act unconstitutional". The State. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  23. ^ Lovegrove, Jamie (May 25, 2021). "SC Supreme Court hears arguments on constitutionality of Heritage Act shielding monuments". Post and Courier. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  24. ^ "Statehouse Report – NEWS BRIEFS: Court upholds most of Heritage Act". www.statehousereport.com. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_Heritage_Act&oldid=1177525139"