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Solar dynasty

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"Ikshvaku dynasty" redirects here. For early ruling dynasty of Andhra Pradesh, see Andhra Ikshvaku. For other uses, see Ikshvaku (disambiguation). For other uses, see Suryavamsam (disambiguation).

House of Ikshvaku
Suryavamsha
CountryKingdom of Kosala, Kingdom of Videha, Shakya Kingdom
FounderIkshvaku
Final rulerSumitra (historical claimant)[1]
Style(s)Raja of Kosala
Deposition362 BCE
Cadet branches

The Solar dynasty or Sūryavaṃśa (lit. 'Descendants of the Sun'; Sanskrit: सूर्यवंश), also called the Ikshvaku dynasty, is a legendary Indian dynasty said to have been founded by Ikshvaku. In Hindu literature, it ruled the Kosala Kingdom with their capital at Ayodhya and later at Shravasti. They prayed to their clan deity Surya (a Hindu solar deity), after whom the dynasty formed its namesake. Along with the Lunar dynasty, the Solar dynasty comprises one of the main lineages of the Kshatriya varna in Hinduism.[2]

According to Jain literature, the first Tirthankara of Jainism, Rishabhanatha himself, was King Ikshvaku. Twenty-one further Tirthankaras were born in this dynasty.[3][4]

According to Buddhist literature, Gautama Buddha descended from the this dynasty.

The important personalities belonging to this royal house are Mandhatri, Muchukunda, Ambarisha, Bharata, Bahubali, Harishchandra, Dilīpa, Sagara,[5] Raghu, Dasharatha, Rama, and Pasenadi. Both the Hindu Puranas and the Buddhist texts include Shuddodhana, Gautama Buddha, and Rahula in their accounts of the Ikshvaku dynasty but, according to the Buddhist texts, Mahasammata, an ancestor of Ikshvaku who was elected by the people as the first king of the present era, was the founder of this dynasty.[6]

Origins

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Suryavamsha, or the Solar Dynasty, is one of the two major legendary Kshatriya dynasties found in Hindu Puranic and epic literature, the other being Chandravamsha or the Lunar dynasty. According to Harivamsa, Ikshvaku is considered the primogenitor of the dynasty of, and was granted the kingdom of Aryavarta by his father Vaivasvata Manu. Manu settled down in the Aryavarta region after he survived the great flood. A. K. Mozumdar states that Manu is the one who built a city on the Sarayu (being the river that his mother Sanjana was the goddess of) and called it Ayodhya meaning the 'invincible city'. This city served as the capital of many kings from the solar dynasty and is also believed to be the birthplace of Rama.[7]

Some Hindu texts suggest Rishi Marichi, one of the seven sages and first human creations of Brahma as the progenitor of the dynasty. Marichi's eldest son Kashyapa is said to have settled down in Kashmir (Kashyapa-Meru or Kashyameru). He also contributed to the verses of the Vedas. Later, Vivasvan, son of Kashyapa and Aditi, famously known as the Hindu god Surya married Saranyu who was the daughter of Vishvakarman, the architect of devas. He had many children but Manu was given the responsibility of building the civilization and as a result it formed a dynasty that was named 'Suryavamsha' or the solar dynasty. Manu is also the progenitor of the Lunar Dynasty because he married his daughter Ila to Budha, the son of Chandra or the moon god and the couple gave birth to the magnanimous King Pururavas who became the first king of the Chandravamsha, or the Lunar dynasty.[8]

Historical claimants

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After the death of the powerful king Prasenjit and disappearance of his successor Viḍūḍabha after defeating the Shakyas, the kingdom of Kosala declined. King Sumitra, who regarded himself to be the last Suryavamsha ruler, was defeated by the powerful emperor Mahapadma Nanda of Magadha in 362 BCE. However, he wasn't killed, and fled to Rohtas, located in present-day Bihar.[9]

Bhagavata Purana

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Ikshvaku and his ancestor Manu are also mentioned in the Bhagavata Purana (Canto 9, Chapter 1),

[10]

Buddhism

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The Buddhist text, Buddhavaṃsa and Mahāvaṃsa (II, 1–24) traces the origin of the Shakyas to king Okkaka (Pali equivalent to Sanskrit Ikshvaku) and gives their genealogy from Mahasammata, an ancestor of Okkaka. This list comprises the names of a number of prominent kings of the Ikshvaku dynasty, namely, Mandhata and Sagara.[11] The genealogy according to the Mahavamsa is as follows:[12][13]

  1. Okkāka[14]
  2. Okkāmukha
  3. Sivisamjaya
  4. Sihassara
  5. Jayasena
  6. Sihahanu
  7. Suddhodana
  8. Gautama Buddha
  9. Rāhula

Jainism

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Medieval era Indian art depicting King Ikshvaku (Rishabhanatha) imparting the skill of pottery to his people.

Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara, is identified with King Ikshvaku and the founder of the Ikshvaku dynasty. The earliest recorded reference to the Ikshvaku dynasty can be found in the Swayambhustotra, a Sanskrit epic poem composed by Acharya Samantabhadra, a Jain poet originally from Tamil Nadu. The Swayambhustotra praises the 24 Tirthankaras, including Rishabhanatha, and mentions the lineage of the Ikshvaku dynasty:

Rishabhanatha or Ikshvaku, the first of the kings of the Ikshvaku dynasty, was the seeker of liberation, won over His senses to get established in the pure Self, independent, endured afflictions, and steadfast in His resolve. He relinquished the expanse of the faithful lady earth, clothed, as it were, up to the ocean, and embraced the noble asceticism.[15] The Ikshvaku dynasty has a significant place in Jainism, as twenty-two Tirthankaras were born in this dynasty.[16]

Rulers

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See also: Ancestors of Rama and List of Ikshvaku dynasty kings in Hinduism

Suryavanshi Kings before Lord Rama

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  1. Vaivasvata Manu or Satyavrata or Nabhi[20]
  2. Ikshvaku
  3. Kukshi[21] or Vikukshi[a] or Śaśāda
  4. Bāna or Shakuni
  5. Kakutstha or Puranjaya (Purañjaya) or Anaranya I
  6. Anena (Anenā)[b]
  7. Prithu (Pṛthu)
  8. Vishtarashva (Viṣṭarāśva), Visvarandhi, or Viśvagandhi
  9. Chandra (Cāndra-yuvanāśva)
  10. Yuvanashva I (Yuvanāśva)
  11. Shravasta (Śrāvasta)
  12. Brihadashva (Bṛhadaśva)
  13. Dhundumār (Dhundhumāra) or Kuvalayashva (Kuvalayāśva)
  14. Dhreedhashva (Dṛḍhāśva) or Kapilashva (Kapilāśva) or Bhadrashva (Bhadrāśva)
  15. Pramoda
  16. Haryashva I
  17. Nikumbha
  18. Baharnashva (Barhaṇāśva)
  19. Giritashva
  20. Amitashva (Amitāśva)
  21. Krishashva (Kṛśāśva) or Akrutashva
  22. Prasenajit I
  23. Yuvanashva II
  24. Mandhata
  25. Purukutsa I (or Vasuda) and Muchukunda
  26. Ambarisha
  27. Trasadasyu
  28. Sambhruta
  29. Anaranya II
  30. Preeshadashva
  31. Haryashva II
  32. Hastya
  33. Sumana
  34. Tridhanva
  35. Trayyaruni
  36. Trishanku or Satyavrata II
  37. Harishchandra
  38. Rohitashva
  39. Harita
  40. Chanchu
  41. Chakshu or Sudeva
  42. Vijaya
  43. Ruruka or Brahuka
  44. Pratapendra
  45. Bruka
  46. Sushandhi
  47. Bahuka
  48. Vrika or Bharata II
  49. Bahu or Asita
  50. Sagara
  51. Amshuman
  52. Dilipa I
  53. Bhagiratha
  54. Suhotra
  55. Shruti
  56. Kukutsa II
  57. Raghu I
  58. Nabhaga
  59. Ambarisha II
  60. Shindhudvipa
  61. Ayutayu
  62. Pratayu
  63. Rituparna
  64. Sarvakama I
  65. Sudasa
  66. Kalmashapada
  67. Asmaka (Aśmaka)
  68. Mulaka or Sarvakama II
  69. Dasharatha I
  70. Ilibil or Ananaranya III
  71. Vishvamashaha
  72. Nidhna
  73. Animitra (Anamitra)
  74. Duliduh or Mūlaka
  75. Dilipa II or Dirghabhahu or Khaṭvāṅga
  76. Raghu II
  77. Aja
  78. Dasharatha II
  79. Bharata III
  80. Rama

Suryavanshi Kings after Lord Rama

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  1. Kusha and Lava
  2. Atithi
  3. Nishadha
  4. Nala II
  5. Nabhas
  6. Paundrika
  7. Kshemadhanva
  8. Devanika
  9. Ahinagu
  10. Ruru
  11. Pariyatra
  12. Sala
  13. Dala
  14. Bala
  15. Uktha
  16. Sahasrasva
  17. Para II
  18. Chandravaloka
  19. Rudraksh
  20. Chandragiri
  21. Banuchandra
  22. Srutayu
  23. Uluka
  24. Unnabha
  25. Vajranabha
  26. Sankhana
  27. Vyusitasva
  28. Visvasaha
  29. Hiranyanabha Kausalya
  30. Para III
  31. Brahmistha
  32. Putra
  33. Pusya
  34. Arthasidhi
  35. Dhruvasandhi
  36. Sudarsana
  37. Agnivarna
  38. Sighraga
  39. Maru
  40. Parsusruta
  41. Susandhi
  42. Amarsana
  43. Mahasvana
  44. Sahasvana
  45. Visrutvana
  46. Visvabhava
  47. Visvasahva
  48. Nagnajit
  49. Brihadbala

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Vikukshi is the son of Kukshi in the Balakanda.
  2. ^ also depicted as son of Vikukshi

References

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  1. ^ Debroy, Bibek (25 October 2017). The Valmiki Ramayana, Volume 3. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 9789387326286.
  2. ^ Zimmer 1952, p. 218
  3. ^ Jain, Champat Rai (1929). "Riṣabha Deva, the Founder of Jainism".
  4. ^ Zimmer 1952, p. 220
  5. ^ Ikshaku tribe The Mahabharata translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli (1883 -1896), Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CVI, p. 228 'There was born in the family of the Ikshaku, a ruler of the earth named Sagara, endued with beauty, and strength...".
  6. ^ Malalasekera, G. P. (2007) [1937]. Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names: A-Dh. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 461–2. ISBN 978-81-208-3021-9.
  7. ^ A.K.Mazumdar 2008, p. 161.
  8. ^ A.K.Mazumdar 2008, p. 159.
  9. ^ Debroy, Bibek (25 October 2017). The Valmiki Ramayana, Volume 3. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 9789387326286.
  10. ^ "ŚB 9.1.2-3". vedabase.io. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  11. ^ Law, B.C. (1973). Tribes in Ancient India, Bhandarkar Oriental Series No.4, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, p.246
  12. ^ Misra, V.S. (2007). Ancient Indian Dynasties, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-413-8, p.286
  13. ^ Geiger, Wilhelm (tr.) (1912). "Mahavamsa, Chapter II". Ceylon Government Information Dept., Colombo (in lakdvia.org website). Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  14. ^ "Okkāka". Palikanon. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  15. ^ "Svayambhūstotra (स्वयम्भूस्तोत्र)". 2015.
  16. ^ Jain 1991, p. 2.
  17. ^ Jain 1991, p. 5.
  18. ^ Shah 2004, p. 15.
  19. ^ Shah, Chandraprakash, Shri Shantinatha, 16th Tirthankara
  20. ^ Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1993), Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
  21. ^ Ramayana, Balakanda,verse 70

Sources

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Preceded by
Kulakara (in Jainism)
 Ikshvaku Dynasty Succeeded by
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